特殊结构光纤光栅的研究和应用
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摘要
各种特殊结构和复杂结构的光纤光栅以其独特的光谱特性以及可集成性能好等优势将在各种光有源和无源器件中扮演重要的角色,在光通信和传感领域中发挥重要的作用。本论文对几种特殊结构的光纤光栅进行了深入研究,发现一些具有潜在应用价值的新特性,提出了理论分析方法上的改进以及新的应用,取得的主要创新成果如下:
1.将谐振理论与传输矩阵法相结合,分析并实验验证了啁啾相移光纤光栅区别于并优于普通均匀相移光纤光栅的特有性质:可实现信道间隔均匀、各信道均衡的理想透射型梳状滤波器,将在多通道滤波、多波长光纤激光器方面具有很好的应用潜力和前景。为了满足不同透射型滤波要求,提出在啁啾相移光纤光栅相移点两侧分段切趾的方法:改善了滤波器的幅度和相位响应,降低了制作难度,提高了啁啾相移光纤光栅滤波器设计的灵活性以及制作的可行性。
2.采用移动相位掩模板二次曝光法,通过控制位移量制作了具有不同透射峰数量的啁啾莫尔光纤光栅。利用啁啾莫尔光纤光栅和半导体光放大器(SOA),提出一种简单的环腔结构光纤激光器,实现了室温下稳定的多波长同时输出。由于啁啾莫尔光栅较窄的频率选择特性,比应用其它滤波器件的激光器获得了更高的光信噪比和更窄的线宽;且具有良好的波长和功率稳定性。
3.提出一种利用啁啾莫尔光纤光栅和可调窄带均匀光纤光栅的掺铒光纤环腔激光器结构,实现了多个波长的可选调谐输出。每个波长的激光输出都具有良好的波长和功率稳定性,以及高的光信噪比,且各信道出光功率均衡。通过在环腔结构中引入可调谐光纤环镜滤波器进行改进,在保证波长和功率稳定性的前提下,大幅提高了输出激光的信噪比,分析了性能改善的原因;改进后的激光器不需要光环形器的辅助,进一步降低了成本。
4.针对闪耀光纤光栅中的辐射模耦合,首次提出了一种简化的CMT方法。通过对相位匹配条件和耦合模方程相位项的分析,简化了完整CMT方法中复杂的二元微分耦合模方程组,并将其适用范围拓展到倾斜角度大于45度的情况,最终推导出一个适用于各种倾斜角度闪耀光栅的简单公式,用以分析闪耀光纤光栅的损耗谱特性。通过与完整CMT方法和VCM方法仿真结果的比较,验证了简化CMT方法的有效性和准确性。
5.利用简化CMT方法,对闪耀光栅中的辐射模耦合进行了详尽的分析,比较了不同光栅参数下损耗谱特性的变化;基于对闪耀光纤光栅中辐射模耦合的偏振依赖特性分析,讨论了如何通过适当的参数设计对偏振消光比和插入损耗折中考虑来获得高性能的偏振器。
Fiber gratings of special and complex structure play important roles in optical active and passive devices,and will be widely applied in optical communication and sensor systems,because of their unique spectrum properties and excellent integratability. This thesis is mainly devoted to the detailed researches on several kinds of fiber gratings of special structures:new characteristics,improvement on research method and new applications.And the main achievements of this thesis are listed as follows:
1.Spectral characteristics of chirped phase-shifted fiber gratings are analyzed by the transfer matrix method combined with resonance theory.Unique properties that are different from and superior to uniform phase-shifted fiber gratings are found and experimentally demonstrated,which make chirped phase-shifted gratings an ideal choice to realize a comb-like filter and having a good application prospect in multi-channel filters and multi-wavelength fiber lasers.Sectional apodization is used on chirped phase-shifted grating to obtain appropriate filtering properties:the amplitude and the phase responses of the filter are improved,and this method brings great advantages of flexible design and easy fabrication for chirped phase-shifted fiber gratings.
2.Several chirped moir(?) gratings with different amounts of transmission peaks are experimentally fabricated by the dual-phase-mask exposure method.A simple multi-wavelength fiber ring laser based on a chirped moir(?) fiber grating and a semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA) is proposed,and stable triple-wavelength lasing oscillations at room temperature are experimentally demonstrated.The lasing oscillation shows a narrower bandwidth and a higher optical signal-to-noise ratio than SOA-based multi-wavelength fiber lasers utilizing some other kinds of wavelength selective components.Meanwhile,the wavelength stability and the power stability of the lasing are tested to be good.
3.A novel wavelength-switchable erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on a chirped moir(?) fiber grating and a wavelength-tunable uniform fiber grating is proposed,and stable wavelength lasing oscillations at room temperature is experimentally demonstrated.The wavelength stability and the power stability of each lasing are tested to be good,and high optical signal-to-noise ratio and uniform output power of each lasing are obtained.The optical signal-to-noise ratio is increased greatly by introducing a wavelength-tunable Sagnac loop interferometer(FSI) filter into the ring laser,on the premise that the lasing wavelength and the output power are stable. The cost of the laser is cut down due to the absence of the optical circulator.
4.A simplified coupled-mode theory(CMT) approach to the analysis of radiation-mode coupling in tilted fiber gratings is proposed for the first time.Based on consideration of the vectorial phase-matching conditions and the phase terms of the complete CMT equations,the complex two-element differential equations are simplified to a simple formula,which is suitable for both reflective(tilt angle≤45 degrees) and transmissive(tilt angle≥45 degrees) tilted gratings.The validity and accuracy of the simplified CMT method is demonstrated by comparing its simulation results with that of the complete CMT equations and the volume current method(VCM).
5.With the simplified approach,the radiation-mode coupling in tilted fiber gratings is investigated in detail,and variation of loss spectrum characteristics with the grating parameters is analyzed.Based on the polarization dependence property,an analysis is performed on how to obtain a high-performance in-fiber polarizer that involves a compromise between polarization extinction and insertion loss.
1.将谐振理论与传输矩阵法相结合,分析并实验验证了啁啾相移光纤光栅区别于并优于普通均匀相移光纤光栅的特有性质:可实现信道间隔均匀、各信道均衡的理想透射型梳状滤波器,将在多通道滤波、多波长光纤激光器方面具有很好的应用潜力和前景。为了满足不同透射型滤波要求,提出在啁啾相移光纤光栅相移点两侧分段切趾的方法:改善了滤波器的幅度和相位响应,降低了制作难度,提高了啁啾相移光纤光栅滤波器设计的灵活性以及制作的可行性。
2.采用移动相位掩模板二次曝光法,通过控制位移量制作了具有不同透射峰数量的啁啾莫尔光纤光栅。利用啁啾莫尔光纤光栅和半导体光放大器(SOA),提出一种简单的环腔结构光纤激光器,实现了室温下稳定的多波长同时输出。由于啁啾莫尔光栅较窄的频率选择特性,比应用其它滤波器件的激光器获得了更高的光信噪比和更窄的线宽;且具有良好的波长和功率稳定性。
3.提出一种利用啁啾莫尔光纤光栅和可调窄带均匀光纤光栅的掺铒光纤环腔激光器结构,实现了多个波长的可选调谐输出。每个波长的激光输出都具有良好的波长和功率稳定性,以及高的光信噪比,且各信道出光功率均衡。通过在环腔结构中引入可调谐光纤环镜滤波器进行改进,在保证波长和功率稳定性的前提下,大幅提高了输出激光的信噪比,分析了性能改善的原因;改进后的激光器不需要光环形器的辅助,进一步降低了成本。
4.针对闪耀光纤光栅中的辐射模耦合,首次提出了一种简化的CMT方法。通过对相位匹配条件和耦合模方程相位项的分析,简化了完整CMT方法中复杂的二元微分耦合模方程组,并将其适用范围拓展到倾斜角度大于45度的情况,最终推导出一个适用于各种倾斜角度闪耀光栅的简单公式,用以分析闪耀光纤光栅的损耗谱特性。通过与完整CMT方法和VCM方法仿真结果的比较,验证了简化CMT方法的有效性和准确性。
5.利用简化CMT方法,对闪耀光栅中的辐射模耦合进行了详尽的分析,比较了不同光栅参数下损耗谱特性的变化;基于对闪耀光纤光栅中辐射模耦合的偏振依赖特性分析,讨论了如何通过适当的参数设计对偏振消光比和插入损耗折中考虑来获得高性能的偏振器。
Fiber gratings of special and complex structure play important roles in optical active and passive devices,and will be widely applied in optical communication and sensor systems,because of their unique spectrum properties and excellent integratability. This thesis is mainly devoted to the detailed researches on several kinds of fiber gratings of special structures:new characteristics,improvement on research method and new applications.And the main achievements of this thesis are listed as follows:
1.Spectral characteristics of chirped phase-shifted fiber gratings are analyzed by the transfer matrix method combined with resonance theory.Unique properties that are different from and superior to uniform phase-shifted fiber gratings are found and experimentally demonstrated,which make chirped phase-shifted gratings an ideal choice to realize a comb-like filter and having a good application prospect in multi-channel filters and multi-wavelength fiber lasers.Sectional apodization is used on chirped phase-shifted grating to obtain appropriate filtering properties:the amplitude and the phase responses of the filter are improved,and this method brings great advantages of flexible design and easy fabrication for chirped phase-shifted fiber gratings.
2.Several chirped moir(?) gratings with different amounts of transmission peaks are experimentally fabricated by the dual-phase-mask exposure method.A simple multi-wavelength fiber ring laser based on a chirped moir(?) fiber grating and a semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA) is proposed,and stable triple-wavelength lasing oscillations at room temperature are experimentally demonstrated.The lasing oscillation shows a narrower bandwidth and a higher optical signal-to-noise ratio than SOA-based multi-wavelength fiber lasers utilizing some other kinds of wavelength selective components.Meanwhile,the wavelength stability and the power stability of the lasing are tested to be good.
3.A novel wavelength-switchable erbium-doped fiber ring laser based on a chirped moir(?) fiber grating and a wavelength-tunable uniform fiber grating is proposed,and stable wavelength lasing oscillations at room temperature is experimentally demonstrated.The wavelength stability and the power stability of each lasing are tested to be good,and high optical signal-to-noise ratio and uniform output power of each lasing are obtained.The optical signal-to-noise ratio is increased greatly by introducing a wavelength-tunable Sagnac loop interferometer(FSI) filter into the ring laser,on the premise that the lasing wavelength and the output power are stable. The cost of the laser is cut down due to the absence of the optical circulator.
4.A simplified coupled-mode theory(CMT) approach to the analysis of radiation-mode coupling in tilted fiber gratings is proposed for the first time.Based on consideration of the vectorial phase-matching conditions and the phase terms of the complete CMT equations,the complex two-element differential equations are simplified to a simple formula,which is suitable for both reflective(tilt angle≤45 degrees) and transmissive(tilt angle≥45 degrees) tilted gratings.The validity and accuracy of the simplified CMT method is demonstrated by comparing its simulation results with that of the complete CMT equations and the volume current method(VCM).
5.With the simplified approach,the radiation-mode coupling in tilted fiber gratings is investigated in detail,and variation of loss spectrum characteristics with the grating parameters is analyzed.Based on the polarization dependence property,an analysis is performed on how to obtain a high-performance in-fiber polarizer that involves a compromise between polarization extinction and insertion loss.
引文
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