基于布里渊散射的多波长光纤激光器及分布式光纤传感研究
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摘要
随着信息容量需求的日益增长，高速大容量长距离将成为下一代全光通信网络的发展趋势。为了有效的利用光纤中有限的频率资源，频率间隔20GHz，甚至10GHz将是未来密集波分复用技术发展方向之一。多波长的布里渊掺铒光纤激光器(MBEFL)具有窄线宽、宽调谐性、低阈值、低强度噪声、低成本，频率间隔固定，在室温下稳定的单纵模运转等特点，将可能成为未来最佳的通信光源之一。另外，布里渊光纤激光器(BFL)在光纤传感网络、频谱分析、RF等领域存在潜在的应用价值。分布式布里渊光纤温度与应变传感器具有分布式光纤传感器优点的同时，还具有其它光纤传感无法媲美的显著特点，能同时测量温度与应变，可以应用于电力，石油化工、核电站、公路、桥梁、隧道、大坝、铁路、航天航空等各行业，受到国外内广泛关注。然而分布式布里渊光纤传感存在系统复杂，技术不成熟，成本高，测试时间长等问题而难以广泛应用。
本论文在佛山市禅城区工业公关计划，国家自然科学基金和国家863计划支持下，围绕多波长布里渊光纤激光器(MBFL)和分布式布里渊光纤传感两个方向进行初步的理论和实验研究，概括全文的研究成果和贡献，有如下几个方面：
(1)根据布里渊耦合强度方程，推导出求解布里渊强度耦合方程一种快速有效近似解析方法，并数值解进行比较。分析了在四种情况下，光纤中的受激布里渊散射(SBS)阈值大小，用实验验证了光纤中的布里渊阈值与理论的一致性。研究了脉冲形式的布里渊泵浦光在光纤中的Stokes与泵浦光强演变，对光纤中的温度或应变引起的频率失谐对泵浦光与探测光光强的影响进行仿真研究，检测出失谐处的位置与失谐量。
(2)基于135m的高非线性光纤(HNLF)，利用光纤无源环形腔扩大激光器的自由频谱范围，和3m的非泵浦的掺铒光纤(EDF)产生自跟踪的窄带滤波和稳频特性，实验得到单纵模运转的布里渊光纤激光器，其功率波动不超过0.2dBm，该激光器可应用在分布式布里渊光纤传感系统做本征光。
(3)基于萨格纳克(Sagnac)环结构，通过9.4km的SMF实现双向的SBS，实验得到26个波长间隔为10GHz的多波长布里渊掺铒光纤激光器，研究了掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)的泵浦电流、布里渊泵浦功率对布里渊光纤激光器的波长数量和调谐性的影响，该激光器最大的调谐范围超过50nm。
(4)在9.4km布里渊光纤激光器中，利用SBS产生斯托克斯光(Stokes)，在20mW的泵浦功率下产生10.658GHz和21.316GHz的稳定的微波信号，最大的频率波动分别为0.9MHz和2MHz。
(5)通过理论分析了简并与非简并四波混频(FWM)的相位匹配条件，利用了布里渊激光器线宽压窄效应和FWM透明的波长转换特性，研究了多级四波混频(MFWM)支持的多波长的布里渊光纤激光器。在2.5km的环形腔和160mW泵浦光功率下，实验得到19个波长间隔为21GHz的多波长光纤激光器；通过135m的高非线性光纤，使用泵浦预放大技术，基于级联的SBS和MFWM效应，得到20nm的梳状光谱，其最大的波长数量超过150个。使用9.4km的SMF代替HNLF，实验取得25个通道的多波长布里渊掺铒光纤激光器，该激光器具有极低的阈值功率和50nm调谐范围，多波长的功率平坦性良好。
(6)基于实验室现有条件和布里渊光时域反射计(BOTDR)的研究现状，设计了一种基于双脉冲BOTDR分布式传感系统。系统使用布里渊光纤激光器作本征光与传感信号光外差，把高频信号降低为200MHz~1.5GHz的低频信号，降低了对光电器件的带宽要求，大大降低了传感系统成本。设计并制造了一种200MHz基于FPGA可编程的电脉冲信号源来驱动电光调制器来产生双脉冲光信号；双窄脉冲光利用声子的弛豫特性提高系统的分辨率、信噪比与测量速度。使用布里渊光纤激光器做本征光进行外差，实验得到1.4359GHz的外差信号，通过拟合可以测得布里渊温度系数为1.094MHz/℃。
With the increasing demand for information capacity, the high-speed, large-capacity andlong-distance telecommunication are the trends of development in the next generationall-optical network. In order to make good uses of the limited resource in communicationfrequency, the frequency spacing of20GHz or even10GHz is one of development directionfor the future DWDM. Mutiwavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser (MBEFL) has beenregarded as a potential and prosperous solution of communication source owing to severalimportant advantages, e.g. the narrow linewidth, rigid wavelength spacing, widely tunablility,low threshold, low intensity noise, the stable single-longitudinal-mode operation at roomtemperature. Moreover, there are potential applications in the fiber optics sensor network, RFand other areas.
The distributed Brillouin fiber sensor possesses a distinguishing feature besides otherfiber-optic sensors, can measure temperature and strain simultaneously, and can be appliedto electric power, petrochemical, nuclear power plants, highways, bridges, tunnels, dams,railways, aerospace and other industries, and has attracted more and more attentions in therecent decade. However, the distributed Brillouin sensor is difficult to extensive use due tocomplicated system, immature technology, high cost and long acquisition time.
Sponsored by the Industrial Key Projects Programs of Chancheng District of Foshan city,National Natural Science Foundation and Research and Development Program of China in thedissertation, the MBEFL and the distributed Brillouin sensing system are investigated bypreliminary theory and experiments. Several research achievements and contributions aresummarized as the followings:
Firstly, according to Brillouin coupled-intensity equations, an approximate analyticexpression is derived under the steady state Brillouin scattering without neglecting the fiberattenuation and pump depletion, and is compared with the exact numerical solution. Brillouinthresholds under the four different conditions are studied and verified by experiment.Temporal and intensity evolution of the Stokes and pump and the effect of frequency detuningcaused by temperature or strain, are simulated, obtain an effective method, which can detectthe position and size of the frequency detuning.
Secondly, using a135-m highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), exploiting passive feedbackfiber ring to enlarge the free spectral range and a3-m unpumped EDF to help theimplementation of ultra-narrow comb filter and frequency stabilization, Brillouin fiber laser(BFL) with a single-longitudinal-mode operation is obtained with the power fluctuations of0.2dBm, which can be used as a local light in the distributed Brillouin fiber sensor.
Thirdly, MBEFL is demonstrated Based on a Sagnac fiber ring with a9.4-km singlemode fiber (SMF). The proposed BFL is able to generate up to25Stokes lasing lines withwavelength spacing of10GHz and a tuning range of50nm. The impact of EDFA pumpcurrent and Brillouin pump (BP) power on the number of wavelength and tunableness areanalyzed.
Fourthly, a simple configuration for achieving stable and widely tunable dual-wavelengthBrillouin fiber laser is proposed and experimentally investigated.21.316GHz and10.658GHz microwave signals can be achieved simultaneously by beating the Brillouin fiber laser ata high-speed photodetector. The maximum frequency fluctuation of the microwave signal is0.3MHz and3dB linewidth is4.5MHz.
Fifthly, we qualitatively analyzed the phase-mismatch condition for degenerate andnon-degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) processes. Make good uses of linewidth narrowingof Brillouin fiber laser and transparent wavelength conversion of FWM, the tunablemultiwavelength generation based on Brillouin-erbium comb fiber laser assisted by MFWMprocesses is investigated. Under the condition of160-mW pump power using a2.5-km SMF,multiwavelength Brillouin fiber (MBFL) is experimentally achieved19lasing lines with awavelength spacing of21GHz. MBEFL utilizing Brillouin pump preamplification techniqueand cascaded and multiple SBS and FWM processes, is demonstrated experimentally. TheMBEFL with a135-m HNLF can generate20-nm comb spectrum with0.075-nm wavelengthspacing, which is more than150lasing lines in a single-longitudinal-mode operation.However, a9.4-km SMF instead of a135-m HNLF, the MBEFL with a low threshold, atunable range of50nm and good power flatness is achieved.
Finally, we propose a single and cost-effective technique that that can reduce theelectrical bandwidth for Brillouin frequency-shift sensors with heterodyne detection withoutthe need for expensive instruments or a complicated system. With this technique, a BFL isused as a local light for heterodyne detection and the bandwidth of photodetector and electronic devices are reduced to200MHz~1.5GHz. A double-pulse Brillouin pump makes agood use of the phonon relaxation properties in order to increase the spatial resolution,signal-to-noise ratio and acquisition time. Moreover, based on the FPGA techonlogy, wedesign and process a PCB with a frequency of200MHz to drive the electro-optic modulatorin order to produce double-pulse pump light. The heterodyne signal with1.4359GHz andBrillouin temperature coefficient of1.094MHz/℃are experimentally achieved by using theBFL with a135-m HNLF as a local light.
本论文在佛山市禅城区工业公关计划，国家自然科学基金和国家863计划支持下，围绕多波长布里渊光纤激光器(MBFL)和分布式布里渊光纤传感两个方向进行初步的理论和实验研究，概括全文的研究成果和贡献，有如下几个方面：
(1)根据布里渊耦合强度方程，推导出求解布里渊强度耦合方程一种快速有效近似解析方法，并数值解进行比较。分析了在四种情况下，光纤中的受激布里渊散射(SBS)阈值大小，用实验验证了光纤中的布里渊阈值与理论的一致性。研究了脉冲形式的布里渊泵浦光在光纤中的Stokes与泵浦光强演变，对光纤中的温度或应变引起的频率失谐对泵浦光与探测光光强的影响进行仿真研究，检测出失谐处的位置与失谐量。
(2)基于135m的高非线性光纤(HNLF)，利用光纤无源环形腔扩大激光器的自由频谱范围，和3m的非泵浦的掺铒光纤(EDF)产生自跟踪的窄带滤波和稳频特性，实验得到单纵模运转的布里渊光纤激光器，其功率波动不超过0.2dBm，该激光器可应用在分布式布里渊光纤传感系统做本征光。
(3)基于萨格纳克(Sagnac)环结构，通过9.4km的SMF实现双向的SBS，实验得到26个波长间隔为10GHz的多波长布里渊掺铒光纤激光器，研究了掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)的泵浦电流、布里渊泵浦功率对布里渊光纤激光器的波长数量和调谐性的影响，该激光器最大的调谐范围超过50nm。
(4)在9.4km布里渊光纤激光器中，利用SBS产生斯托克斯光(Stokes)，在20mW的泵浦功率下产生10.658GHz和21.316GHz的稳定的微波信号，最大的频率波动分别为0.9MHz和2MHz。
(5)通过理论分析了简并与非简并四波混频(FWM)的相位匹配条件，利用了布里渊激光器线宽压窄效应和FWM透明的波长转换特性，研究了多级四波混频(MFWM)支持的多波长的布里渊光纤激光器。在2.5km的环形腔和160mW泵浦光功率下，实验得到19个波长间隔为21GHz的多波长光纤激光器；通过135m的高非线性光纤，使用泵浦预放大技术，基于级联的SBS和MFWM效应，得到20nm的梳状光谱，其最大的波长数量超过150个。使用9.4km的SMF代替HNLF，实验取得25个通道的多波长布里渊掺铒光纤激光器，该激光器具有极低的阈值功率和50nm调谐范围，多波长的功率平坦性良好。
(6)基于实验室现有条件和布里渊光时域反射计(BOTDR)的研究现状，设计了一种基于双脉冲BOTDR分布式传感系统。系统使用布里渊光纤激光器作本征光与传感信号光外差，把高频信号降低为200MHz~1.5GHz的低频信号，降低了对光电器件的带宽要求，大大降低了传感系统成本。设计并制造了一种200MHz基于FPGA可编程的电脉冲信号源来驱动电光调制器来产生双脉冲光信号；双窄脉冲光利用声子的弛豫特性提高系统的分辨率、信噪比与测量速度。使用布里渊光纤激光器做本征光进行外差，实验得到1.4359GHz的外差信号，通过拟合可以测得布里渊温度系数为1.094MHz/℃。
With the increasing demand for information capacity, the high-speed, large-capacity andlong-distance telecommunication are the trends of development in the next generationall-optical network. In order to make good uses of the limited resource in communicationfrequency, the frequency spacing of20GHz or even10GHz is one of development directionfor the future DWDM. Mutiwavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser (MBEFL) has beenregarded as a potential and prosperous solution of communication source owing to severalimportant advantages, e.g. the narrow linewidth, rigid wavelength spacing, widely tunablility,low threshold, low intensity noise, the stable single-longitudinal-mode operation at roomtemperature. Moreover, there are potential applications in the fiber optics sensor network, RFand other areas.
The distributed Brillouin fiber sensor possesses a distinguishing feature besides otherfiber-optic sensors, can measure temperature and strain simultaneously, and can be appliedto electric power, petrochemical, nuclear power plants, highways, bridges, tunnels, dams,railways, aerospace and other industries, and has attracted more and more attentions in therecent decade. However, the distributed Brillouin sensor is difficult to extensive use due tocomplicated system, immature technology, high cost and long acquisition time.
Sponsored by the Industrial Key Projects Programs of Chancheng District of Foshan city,National Natural Science Foundation and Research and Development Program of China in thedissertation, the MBEFL and the distributed Brillouin sensing system are investigated bypreliminary theory and experiments. Several research achievements and contributions aresummarized as the followings:
Firstly, according to Brillouin coupled-intensity equations, an approximate analyticexpression is derived under the steady state Brillouin scattering without neglecting the fiberattenuation and pump depletion, and is compared with the exact numerical solution. Brillouinthresholds under the four different conditions are studied and verified by experiment.Temporal and intensity evolution of the Stokes and pump and the effect of frequency detuningcaused by temperature or strain, are simulated, obtain an effective method, which can detectthe position and size of the frequency detuning.
Secondly, using a135-m highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), exploiting passive feedbackfiber ring to enlarge the free spectral range and a3-m unpumped EDF to help theimplementation of ultra-narrow comb filter and frequency stabilization, Brillouin fiber laser(BFL) with a single-longitudinal-mode operation is obtained with the power fluctuations of0.2dBm, which can be used as a local light in the distributed Brillouin fiber sensor.
Thirdly, MBEFL is demonstrated Based on a Sagnac fiber ring with a9.4-km singlemode fiber (SMF). The proposed BFL is able to generate up to25Stokes lasing lines withwavelength spacing of10GHz and a tuning range of50nm. The impact of EDFA pumpcurrent and Brillouin pump (BP) power on the number of wavelength and tunableness areanalyzed.
Fourthly, a simple configuration for achieving stable and widely tunable dual-wavelengthBrillouin fiber laser is proposed and experimentally investigated.21.316GHz and10.658GHz microwave signals can be achieved simultaneously by beating the Brillouin fiber laser ata high-speed photodetector. The maximum frequency fluctuation of the microwave signal is0.3MHz and3dB linewidth is4.5MHz.
Fifthly, we qualitatively analyzed the phase-mismatch condition for degenerate andnon-degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) processes. Make good uses of linewidth narrowingof Brillouin fiber laser and transparent wavelength conversion of FWM, the tunablemultiwavelength generation based on Brillouin-erbium comb fiber laser assisted by MFWMprocesses is investigated. Under the condition of160-mW pump power using a2.5-km SMF,multiwavelength Brillouin fiber (MBFL) is experimentally achieved19lasing lines with awavelength spacing of21GHz. MBEFL utilizing Brillouin pump preamplification techniqueand cascaded and multiple SBS and FWM processes, is demonstrated experimentally. TheMBEFL with a135-m HNLF can generate20-nm comb spectrum with0.075-nm wavelengthspacing, which is more than150lasing lines in a single-longitudinal-mode operation.However, a9.4-km SMF instead of a135-m HNLF, the MBEFL with a low threshold, atunable range of50nm and good power flatness is achieved.
Finally, we propose a single and cost-effective technique that that can reduce theelectrical bandwidth for Brillouin frequency-shift sensors with heterodyne detection withoutthe need for expensive instruments or a complicated system. With this technique, a BFL isused as a local light for heterodyne detection and the bandwidth of photodetector and electronic devices are reduced to200MHz~1.5GHz. A double-pulse Brillouin pump makes agood use of the phonon relaxation properties in order to increase the spatial resolution,signal-to-noise ratio and acquisition time. Moreover, based on the FPGA techonlogy, wedesign and process a PCB with a frequency of200MHz to drive the electro-optic modulatorin order to produce double-pulse pump light. The heterodyne signal with1.4359GHz andBrillouin temperature coefficient of1.094MHz/℃are experimentally achieved by using theBFL with a135-m HNLF as a local light.
引文
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