三维地震数据场可视化并行算法研究
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摘要
三维地震数据场的可视化对石油勘探起着重要的作用,它把采集到的物理数据转换成图形、图像,并通过给体数据赋颜色和不透明度,以及改变观察角度等方式来展现三维地震数据场的各种特征。而直接体绘制技术是三维数据场可视化的主要技术手段之一,它不仅能够表现出三维对象的表面特征,也能显示其内部信息,因此被广泛地应用于三维地震数据场的可视化中。然而,直接体绘制技术却有着计算量大、计算时间长的缺点。
实际生产过程中的三维地震数据场的数据量往往十分巨大,目前即使应用高性能的单台计算机,在对三维地震数据进行交互式可视化过程中也难以达到实时显示的效果。因此,研究大规模三维地震数据的并行可视化技术显得尤为重要。
本文基于直接体绘制中的光线投射算法,首先分析了该算法的原理,设计了三维地震数据可视化的程序,在分析了影响并行算法性能的多种因素后,结合具体的计算机集群设计了一套并行光线投射算法,并用实际三维地震数据对该算法进行了测试试验;最后,利用二叉树的特点对算法进行改进,以减少子图像的合成步骤。与串行算法相比,并行光线投射算法的绘制速度得到了很大的提高。
Visualization of 3D seismic data field plays an important role in oil prospecting. It transforms physical data collected into graphics and images, and shows the features of the 3D seismic data, by assigning color and opacity to volume data, and changing the viewing angle. Direct volume rendering technology is one of the main methods for 3D visualization. It can show not only the external features of the 3D objects, but also the inner information. So, it is applied widely for visualization of 3D seismic data filed. But volume rendering has a shortcoming, which is that it is often too computationally intensive.
The amount of the data in a 3D seismic field is usually huge in our practical production, so that the computer with the best performance can't have a real time effect when doing interactive visualization of 3D seismic data at present. So, it is necessary to research on parallel visualization technology of large-scale 3D seismic data.
Our paper is based on ray casting algorithm of direct volume rendering. First, ray casting algorithm is analyzed and realized. Then, after analyzing the factors which affect the performance of parallel algorithm, a parallel ray casting algorithm is designed and realized on a computer cluster for testing with 3D seismic data. Finally, the algorithm is improved, in use of the characteristic of binomial tree, to reduce steps of the sub-images' synthesis. Compared with the serial algorithm, the rendering speed of parallel ray casting algorithm is increased greatly.
实际生产过程中的三维地震数据场的数据量往往十分巨大,目前即使应用高性能的单台计算机,在对三维地震数据进行交互式可视化过程中也难以达到实时显示的效果。因此,研究大规模三维地震数据的并行可视化技术显得尤为重要。
本文基于直接体绘制中的光线投射算法,首先分析了该算法的原理,设计了三维地震数据可视化的程序,在分析了影响并行算法性能的多种因素后,结合具体的计算机集群设计了一套并行光线投射算法,并用实际三维地震数据对该算法进行了测试试验;最后,利用二叉树的特点对算法进行改进,以减少子图像的合成步骤。与串行算法相比,并行光线投射算法的绘制速度得到了很大的提高。
Visualization of 3D seismic data field plays an important role in oil prospecting. It transforms physical data collected into graphics and images, and shows the features of the 3D seismic data, by assigning color and opacity to volume data, and changing the viewing angle. Direct volume rendering technology is one of the main methods for 3D visualization. It can show not only the external features of the 3D objects, but also the inner information. So, it is applied widely for visualization of 3D seismic data filed. But volume rendering has a shortcoming, which is that it is often too computationally intensive.
The amount of the data in a 3D seismic field is usually huge in our practical production, so that the computer with the best performance can't have a real time effect when doing interactive visualization of 3D seismic data at present. So, it is necessary to research on parallel visualization technology of large-scale 3D seismic data.
Our paper is based on ray casting algorithm of direct volume rendering. First, ray casting algorithm is analyzed and realized. Then, after analyzing the factors which affect the performance of parallel algorithm, a parallel ray casting algorithm is designed and realized on a computer cluster for testing with 3D seismic data. Finally, the algorithm is improved, in use of the characteristic of binomial tree, to reduce steps of the sub-images' synthesis. Compared with the serial algorithm, the rendering speed of parallel ray casting algorithm is increased greatly.
引文
[1]Gerald Kidd.Fundamentals of 3D Seismic volume visualization.The Leading Edge,1999,18(6):702-709,712
[2]唐泽圣.三维数据场可视化.第1版.北京:清华大学出版社,1999
[3]李晓梅,黄朝晖,蔡勋等.并行与分布式可视化技术及应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2001
[4]马仁安.基于微机的三维地震数据可视化技术研究.南京理工大学博士学位论文,2004
[5]Shameem Akhter,Jason Roberts著;李宝峰,富弘毅,李韬译.多核程序设计:通过软件多线程提升性能.北京:电子工业出版社,2007
[6]Michael J.Quinn.Parallel Programming in C with MPI and OpenMP.第1版(影印版).北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[7]Alex Vrenios著;马朝晖译.Linux集群体系结构.北京:机械工业出版社,2003
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[10]Camahort E.Integrating Volume Data Analysis and Rendering on Distributed Memory Architectures.Parallel Rendering Symposium'93,1993
[11]Neumann U.Communication Costs for Parallel Volume Rendering Algorithms.IEEE Computer Graphics & Application,1994,14(4):49-58
[12]马在田.三维地震勘探方法.第1版.北京:石油工业出版社,1989
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[14]Max N.Optical Models for Direct Volume Rendering.IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,1995,1(2):99-108
[15]任继成.三维数据场并行体绘制技术及可视化系统的研究与实现.中国科学院计算技术研究所博士论文,1999
[16]Westover L.Footprint Evaluation for Volume Rendering.Computer Graphics,1990,24(4):367-376
[17]Lacroute P,Levoy M.Fast Volume Rendering Using a Shear-Warp Factorization of the Viewing Transformation.Computer Graphics,1994,28(5):451-457
[18]Wilhelms J,Gelder V.A Coherent Projection Approach for Direct Volume Rendering.Computer Graphics,1991,25(4):275-281
[19]Malzbender To Fourier Volume Rendering.ACM Transactions on Graphics,1993,12(3):233-250
[20]储璟骏,杨新,高艳.使用GPU编程的光线投射体绘制算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2007,19(2):257-262
[21]Levoy M.Volume Rendering by Adaptive Refinement.UNC Technical Report 88030,1988
[22]Drebin R A,Carpenter L,Hanrahan P.Volume Rendering.Computer Graphics,1988,22(4):65-74
[23]Porter T.Compositing Digital Images.Computer Graphics,1984,18(3):253-259
[24]Levoy M.Efficient Ray Tracing of Volume Data.ACM Transactions on Graphics,1990,9(3):245-261
[25]Donald Hearn,M.Pauline Baker著;蔡士杰,宋继强,蔡敏译.计算机图形学.第3版.北京:电子工业出版社,2005
[26]梁训东,李斌,刘慎权.光线投射体绘制算法的一种快速采样方法.中国计算机学会全国第八届CAD/Graphics'94学术年会论文专刊,1994:677-682
[27]李冠峰,黄毓瑜,杨光.体可视化的快速光线投射算法.工程图学学报,2000,3:97-102
[28]洪歧,张树生,杨敏等.基于三维规则数据场的快速光线投射法.计算机工程与应用,2007,43(5):39-40,123
[29]马仁安,杨静宇,王洪元.适用于地震数据可视化的体绘制模型与算法.计算机工程与应用,2003,22:226-228
[30]Richard S.Wright,Jr.Benjamin Lipchak著;徐波 译.OpenGL超级宝典.第3版.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[31]余盛明,李华,刘慎权.分布式计算环境下的并行体绘制算法.软件学报,1996,7(9):559-564
[32]Amdahl G M.Validity of the Single Processor Approach to Achieving Large Scale Computing Capabilities.In AFIPS Conference Proceedings,1967,30:483-485
[33]Gustafson,John L.Reevaluating Amdahl's Law.Communications of the ACM,1988,31(5):532-533
[34]Hsu William.Segmented Ray Casting for Data Parallel Volume Rendering.1993Parallel Rendering Symposium Proceedings,1993:7-13
[35]Ma Kwanliu,et al.A Data Distributed,Parallel Algorithm for Ray-traced Volume Rendering.1993 Parallel Rendering Symposium proceedings,1993:15-21
[36]Foster Ian.Designing and Building Parallel Programs:Concepts and Tools for Parallel Software Engineering.Reading,MA:Addison-Wesley,1995
[37]孟庆昌,吴健 等.Linux教程.北京:电子工业出版社,2004
[38]Christopher Negus著;韩东儒,白雪峰 译.Red Hat Fedora和Enterprise Linux 4宝典.北京:人民邮电出版社,2007
[39]梁峰,鲁强,曾绍群.一种基于MPI的并行体绘制算法.计算机工程,2007,31(13):171-173
[40]Gasmin Blanchette,Mark Summerfield著;齐亮 译.C++GUI Qt 3编程.第1版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2006
[41]John Goerzen著;魏永明 译.Linux编程宝典.北京:电子工业出版社,2000
[42]Kurt Wall等著;张辉 译.GNU/Linux编程指南.第2版.北京:清华大学出版社,2002
[2]唐泽圣.三维数据场可视化.第1版.北京:清华大学出版社,1999
[3]李晓梅,黄朝晖,蔡勋等.并行与分布式可视化技术及应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2001
[4]马仁安.基于微机的三维地震数据可视化技术研究.南京理工大学博士学位论文,2004
[5]Shameem Akhter,Jason Roberts著;李宝峰,富弘毅,李韬译.多核程序设计:通过软件多线程提升性能.北京:电子工业出版社,2007
[6]Michael J.Quinn.Parallel Programming in C with MPI and OpenMP.第1版(影印版).北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[7]Alex Vrenios著;马朝晖译.Linux集群体系结构.北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[8]Flynn,Michael J.Some Computer Organizations and their effectiveness.IEEE Transactions on Computers,1972,C-21(9):948-960
[9]Flynn,Michael J.,Kevin W.Rudd.Parallel Architectures.ACM Computing Surveys,1996,28(1):67-70
[10]Camahort E.Integrating Volume Data Analysis and Rendering on Distributed Memory Architectures.Parallel Rendering Symposium'93,1993
[11]Neumann U.Communication Costs for Parallel Volume Rendering Algorithms.IEEE Computer Graphics & Application,1994,14(4):49-58
[12]马在田.三维地震勘探方法.第1版.北京:石油工业出版社,1989
[13]Levoy M.Display of Surface from Volume Data.IEEE Computer Graphics and Application,1988,8(3):29-37
[14]Max N.Optical Models for Direct Volume Rendering.IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,1995,1(2):99-108
[15]任继成.三维数据场并行体绘制技术及可视化系统的研究与实现.中国科学院计算技术研究所博士论文,1999
[16]Westover L.Footprint Evaluation for Volume Rendering.Computer Graphics,1990,24(4):367-376
[17]Lacroute P,Levoy M.Fast Volume Rendering Using a Shear-Warp Factorization of the Viewing Transformation.Computer Graphics,1994,28(5):451-457
[18]Wilhelms J,Gelder V.A Coherent Projection Approach for Direct Volume Rendering.Computer Graphics,1991,25(4):275-281
[19]Malzbender To Fourier Volume Rendering.ACM Transactions on Graphics,1993,12(3):233-250
[20]储璟骏,杨新,高艳.使用GPU编程的光线投射体绘制算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2007,19(2):257-262
[21]Levoy M.Volume Rendering by Adaptive Refinement.UNC Technical Report 88030,1988
[22]Drebin R A,Carpenter L,Hanrahan P.Volume Rendering.Computer Graphics,1988,22(4):65-74
[23]Porter T.Compositing Digital Images.Computer Graphics,1984,18(3):253-259
[24]Levoy M.Efficient Ray Tracing of Volume Data.ACM Transactions on Graphics,1990,9(3):245-261
[25]Donald Hearn,M.Pauline Baker著;蔡士杰,宋继强,蔡敏译.计算机图形学.第3版.北京:电子工业出版社,2005
[26]梁训东,李斌,刘慎权.光线投射体绘制算法的一种快速采样方法.中国计算机学会全国第八届CAD/Graphics'94学术年会论文专刊,1994:677-682
[27]李冠峰,黄毓瑜,杨光.体可视化的快速光线投射算法.工程图学学报,2000,3:97-102
[28]洪歧,张树生,杨敏等.基于三维规则数据场的快速光线投射法.计算机工程与应用,2007,43(5):39-40,123
[29]马仁安,杨静宇,王洪元.适用于地震数据可视化的体绘制模型与算法.计算机工程与应用,2003,22:226-228
[30]Richard S.Wright,Jr.Benjamin Lipchak著;徐波 译.OpenGL超级宝典.第3版.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[31]余盛明,李华,刘慎权.分布式计算环境下的并行体绘制算法.软件学报,1996,7(9):559-564
[32]Amdahl G M.Validity of the Single Processor Approach to Achieving Large Scale Computing Capabilities.In AFIPS Conference Proceedings,1967,30:483-485
[33]Gustafson,John L.Reevaluating Amdahl's Law.Communications of the ACM,1988,31(5):532-533
[34]Hsu William.Segmented Ray Casting for Data Parallel Volume Rendering.1993Parallel Rendering Symposium Proceedings,1993:7-13
[35]Ma Kwanliu,et al.A Data Distributed,Parallel Algorithm for Ray-traced Volume Rendering.1993 Parallel Rendering Symposium proceedings,1993:15-21
[36]Foster Ian.Designing and Building Parallel Programs:Concepts and Tools for Parallel Software Engineering.Reading,MA:Addison-Wesley,1995
[37]孟庆昌,吴健 等.Linux教程.北京:电子工业出版社,2004
[38]Christopher Negus著;韩东儒,白雪峰 译.Red Hat Fedora和Enterprise Linux 4宝典.北京:人民邮电出版社,2007
[39]梁峰,鲁强,曾绍群.一种基于MPI的并行体绘制算法.计算机工程,2007,31(13):171-173
[40]Gasmin Blanchette,Mark Summerfield著;齐亮 译.C++GUI Qt 3编程.第1版.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2006
[41]John Goerzen著;魏永明 译.Linux编程宝典.北京:电子工业出版社,2000
[42]Kurt Wall等著;张辉 译.GNU/Linux编程指南.第2版.北京:清华大学出版社,2002