锆钛酸镧铅陶瓷制备及其应用研究
|
摘要
本研究系统论述了La元素掺杂对PLZT铁电陶瓷的微观结构及电性能的影响,解释了La元素含量变化对一组穿越准同型相界(MBP)的化学组分的PLZT铁电陶瓷微观结构演化机理的影响,建立了PLZT铁电陶瓷微观结构与电性能之间的关系,并采用传统的固相反应烧结工艺成功制备了高质量的准同型相界铁电陶瓷4/56/44PLZT。在这一工作的基础上,又通过Fe~(3+)离子掺杂PLZT起到的电位补偿效应对La元素掺杂导致的PLZT铁电陶瓷晶格的过分畸变进行一定程度的调节,使得烧结得到的陶瓷晶粒更为均匀和细小。另外,利用准同型相界铁电陶瓷4/56/44PLZT的光生伏特智能效应,进行了应用技术的理论探索,成功建立了微小型光电马达的模型,并从理论上验证了马达的可行性。
首先,通过传统的直接化学反应法制粉,并结合冷等静压技术(CIP)压片,采用PbZrO_3气氛粉埋烧的固相反应烧结工艺,成功制备了Pb_(1-x)La_x(Zr_(0.56)Ti_(0.44))_(1-x/4)O_3(x=0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.10,0.12,0.125)系列陶瓷,对其进行了XRD、SEM、介电测试、温谱测试及部分压电测试。经分析得出了La元素掺杂含量对PLZT陶瓷结构和电性能的影响关系,成功建立了PLZT铁电陶瓷微观结构演化机理与陶瓷电性能之间的关系模型。
其次,开展了Fe~(3+)离子掺杂PLZT的制备,着重研究了Fe元素掺杂含量变化对Pb_(0.96)(La_(1-z)Fe_z)_(0.04)[Zr_(0.56)Ti_(0.44)]_(0.99)O_3陶瓷微观结构和电性能的影响,以及烧结时间对陶瓷微观结构和电性能的影响。研究表明,Fe元素掺杂起到了电位补偿效应,对La元素掺杂导致的PLZT铁电陶瓷晶格的过分畸变在一定程度得到了调节,使得晶粒尺寸减小,晶粒分布更为均匀。其中Fe元素含量为3.6mol%时,在烧结时间均为2h条件下,制得的试样具有最高的密度和最小的晶粒尺寸,且粒径分布最均匀。在掺杂Fe元素矫正晶格畸变的同时,使得陶瓷的介电常数和介电损耗在较宽频率范围内减小。对烧结时间参数的研究结果表明,烧结时间为2h制得的系列陶瓷试样均具有最好的致密度。
最后,通过理论分析和有限元模拟论证了以光生伏特效应作为驱动的微小型光电马达的可行性,成功建立了微小型光电马达的理论模型和设计模型。
Microstructure evolutions and electrical properties of Pb_(1-x)La_x(Zr_(0.56)Ti_(0.44))_(1-x/4)O_3 (x=0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.125) ceramics with the La content increasing have been investigated, because these compositions are across the morphotropic phase boundary (MBP) area in the phase diagram of the PLZT solid-solution system. This research explains the influence of La content changing on the microstructure evolutions of the PLZT traversing the chemistry compositions of the morphotropic phase boundary (MBP), and establishes the relationships between microstructure evolutions and electrical properties of the PLZT. The high quality samples 4/56/44PLZT which were prepared by a conventional mixed oxide method followed by burying sintering in PbZrO_3 powder under air atmosphere have been obtained. Furthermore, Fe~(3+) modified PLZT ceramics were prepared and characterized. Fe~(3+) ions can compensate the electric charges produced by the crystal lattice aberration, which makes the size of the PLZT ceramics grains smaller and the structure more compact. Otherwise, making use of the characteristic of the PLZT ceramics of the MBP compositions which can change photic energy to electrical energy, this paper carries through the theory investigation of the application technology, hence model of the photoelectric micro-motor has been founded, and the feasibility approved theoretically successfully.The high purity PbO, La_2O_3, TiO_2 and ZrO_2 were as starting powder, the research adopted the solid-reaction method to gain the PLZT raw powder. Then the PLZT raw powder were cold uniaxial pressed with a definite pressure into cylindrically shaped specimens. Then the specimens were cold isostatically pressed at high pressure. The Pb_(1-X)La_x(Zr_(0.56)Ti_(0.44))_(1-x/4)O_3(x=0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.125) ceramics were synthesized using a high-temperature solid-state reaction technique. Then X-ray diffraction investigation, microstructure, dielectric properties of the ceramics are carried out. For all sets of samples the variation of La content induces changes in the physical properties. Otherwise, the mechanism of the microstructure evolutions of PLZT ceramics is discussed.The research of Fe~(3+) adopted the PLZT ceramics focused on the influences of iron element content increasing on the microstructure evolutions and dielectric
properties, including the experimental parameter of sinter time. The results investigated that the iron element adopted in the PLZT ceramics makes an part in compensating the electric charges produced by the crystal lattice aberration and reducing the size of the grains. With the iron element content increasing to 3.6mol%, the gained samples with sintering under identical conditions (burying into PbZrCb powder, 1250°C, 2h, air atmosphere) have the highest densities and the least size of grains. On the other hand, the iron element leads to decreasing of the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss, while the iron ions compensated the electric charges produced by the crystal lattice aberration. The results indicated the perfect experimental parameter of sinter time is two hours. Under this condition, the gained ceramics have the highest densities.In addition, the other part research work focused on found of model of the photoelectric micro-motor, and the feasibility approved theoretically successfully in theory by using FEA (finite elements analysis) method.
首先,通过传统的直接化学反应法制粉,并结合冷等静压技术(CIP)压片,采用PbZrO_3气氛粉埋烧的固相反应烧结工艺,成功制备了Pb_(1-x)La_x(Zr_(0.56)Ti_(0.44))_(1-x/4)O_3(x=0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.10,0.12,0.125)系列陶瓷,对其进行了XRD、SEM、介电测试、温谱测试及部分压电测试。经分析得出了La元素掺杂含量对PLZT陶瓷结构和电性能的影响关系,成功建立了PLZT铁电陶瓷微观结构演化机理与陶瓷电性能之间的关系模型。
其次,开展了Fe~(3+)离子掺杂PLZT的制备,着重研究了Fe元素掺杂含量变化对Pb_(0.96)(La_(1-z)Fe_z)_(0.04)[Zr_(0.56)Ti_(0.44)]_(0.99)O_3陶瓷微观结构和电性能的影响,以及烧结时间对陶瓷微观结构和电性能的影响。研究表明,Fe元素掺杂起到了电位补偿效应,对La元素掺杂导致的PLZT铁电陶瓷晶格的过分畸变在一定程度得到了调节,使得晶粒尺寸减小,晶粒分布更为均匀。其中Fe元素含量为3.6mol%时,在烧结时间均为2h条件下,制得的试样具有最高的密度和最小的晶粒尺寸,且粒径分布最均匀。在掺杂Fe元素矫正晶格畸变的同时,使得陶瓷的介电常数和介电损耗在较宽频率范围内减小。对烧结时间参数的研究结果表明,烧结时间为2h制得的系列陶瓷试样均具有最好的致密度。
最后,通过理论分析和有限元模拟论证了以光生伏特效应作为驱动的微小型光电马达的可行性,成功建立了微小型光电马达的理论模型和设计模型。
Microstructure evolutions and electrical properties of Pb_(1-x)La_x(Zr_(0.56)Ti_(0.44))_(1-x/4)O_3 (x=0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.125) ceramics with the La content increasing have been investigated, because these compositions are across the morphotropic phase boundary (MBP) area in the phase diagram of the PLZT solid-solution system. This research explains the influence of La content changing on the microstructure evolutions of the PLZT traversing the chemistry compositions of the morphotropic phase boundary (MBP), and establishes the relationships between microstructure evolutions and electrical properties of the PLZT. The high quality samples 4/56/44PLZT which were prepared by a conventional mixed oxide method followed by burying sintering in PbZrO_3 powder under air atmosphere have been obtained. Furthermore, Fe~(3+) modified PLZT ceramics were prepared and characterized. Fe~(3+) ions can compensate the electric charges produced by the crystal lattice aberration, which makes the size of the PLZT ceramics grains smaller and the structure more compact. Otherwise, making use of the characteristic of the PLZT ceramics of the MBP compositions which can change photic energy to electrical energy, this paper carries through the theory investigation of the application technology, hence model of the photoelectric micro-motor has been founded, and the feasibility approved theoretically successfully.The high purity PbO, La_2O_3, TiO_2 and ZrO_2 were as starting powder, the research adopted the solid-reaction method to gain the PLZT raw powder. Then the PLZT raw powder were cold uniaxial pressed with a definite pressure into cylindrically shaped specimens. Then the specimens were cold isostatically pressed at high pressure. The Pb_(1-X)La_x(Zr_(0.56)Ti_(0.44))_(1-x/4)O_3(x=0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.125) ceramics were synthesized using a high-temperature solid-state reaction technique. Then X-ray diffraction investigation, microstructure, dielectric properties of the ceramics are carried out. For all sets of samples the variation of La content induces changes in the physical properties. Otherwise, the mechanism of the microstructure evolutions of PLZT ceramics is discussed.The research of Fe~(3+) adopted the PLZT ceramics focused on the influences of iron element content increasing on the microstructure evolutions and dielectric
properties, including the experimental parameter of sinter time. The results investigated that the iron element adopted in the PLZT ceramics makes an part in compensating the electric charges produced by the crystal lattice aberration and reducing the size of the grains. With the iron element content increasing to 3.6mol%, the gained samples with sintering under identical conditions (burying into PbZrCb powder, 1250°C, 2h, air atmosphere) have the highest densities and the least size of grains. On the other hand, the iron element leads to decreasing of the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss, while the iron ions compensated the electric charges produced by the crystal lattice aberration. The results indicated the perfect experimental parameter of sinter time is two hours. Under this condition, the gained ceramics have the highest densities.In addition, the other part research work focused on found of model of the photoelectric micro-motor, and the feasibility approved theoretically successfully in theory by using FEA (finite elements analysis) method.
引文
[1] G. H. Haertling, Ferroelectric Ceramics: History and Technology, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 1999, 84(2): 797-818
[2] X. Yao, Z. L. Chen, L. E. Cross, Polarization and depolarization behavior of hot pressed lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ceramics, Journal of the Applied Physics, 1983 (54): 3399-3403
[3] 谢菊芳,张端明,王世敏,透明PLZT电光陶瓷材料的制备及应用研究进展,功能材料,1998,29(1):1-7
[4] 谢长生,人类文明的基石—材料科学技术,武汉:华中理工大学出版社,2000,165-666
[5] 钟维烈,铁电体物理学,北京:科学出版社,1998,22-31
[6] 李世普,特种陶瓷工艺学,武汉:武汉工业大学出版社,1995,213-218
[7] 许煜寰,铁电与压电材料,北京:科学出版社,1978,207-240
[8] Uchino K. Micro walking machines using piezoelectric actuators, J Rob Mech, 1989, (1-2): 124-127
[9] 郑鑫森等,PLZT陶瓷中的光致伏特效应的研究,功能材料,1991,22(6):351-355
[10] 张显奎,李洪人,许耀铭,PLZT陶瓷的光伏效应研究,功能材料,1996,27(4):311-314
[11] 张显奎,李洪人,许耀铭,PLZT陶瓷的光致电压效应和光致伸缩效应研究,哈尔滨工业大学学报,1997,29(3):1-3
[12] Nagata K and Furnno M, Properties of electrooptic (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 ceramics fabricated by partial co-precipitation method, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 1-Regular PAPERS Short Notes & Review Papers, 1992, 31 (9B): 3201-3204
[13] Ying H, Sun X D, Yang QB, Synthesis of ultrafme PLZT powder by a simple co-precipitation method, Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 1999, 10 (5): 1180-1183
[14] Haertling G H and Land C E, Hot-pressed (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 ferroelectric ceramic for electrooptic applications, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1971, 54: 1-11
[15] A. S. Bhalla, R. Y. Guo, E. F. Alberta, Some conments on the morphotropic phase boundary and property diagrams in ferroelectric relaxor systems, Materials Letters 54 (2002) 264-268
[16] S. Dutta, R. N. P. Choudhary, P. K. Sinha, Structural, dielectric and electrical properties of Al~(+3)-modified PLZT ceramics, Materials Letters, 2004, 58: 2735-2740
[17] Soma Dutta, R. N. P. Choudhary, P. K. Sinha, Ferroelectric phase transition in Bi-doped PLZT ceramics, Materials Science and Engineering B, 2003 (98): 74-80
[18] R. N. P. Choudhary, J. Mal, Phase transition in Bi-modified PLZT ferroelectrics, Materials Letters, 2002 (54): 175-180
[19] R. N. P. Choudhary, J. Mal, Diffuse phase transition in Cs-modified PLZT ferroelectrics, Materials Science and Engineering B2002 (90): 1-6
[20] John Ballato, Russell Esmacher, Robert Schwartz, Phonon sideband spectroscopy and 1550 nm luminescence from Eu~(3+) and Er~(3+)-doped ferroelectric PLZT for active electro-optic applications, Journal of Luminescence, 2000(86): 101-105
[21] Sachio Murakami, Markus Herren, Makoto Morita, Photoluminescence properties of Eu~(3+), Nd~(3+)-codoped PLZT ceramics involving energy-transfer processes, Journal of Luminescence, 1996(66&67): 294-298
[22] Sachio Murakami, Markus Herren, Doris Rau, Photoluminescence and decay profiles of undoped and Fe~(3+), Eu~(3+)-doped PLZT ceramics at low temperatures down to 10K, Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2000, (300-302): 1014-1021
[23] H. R. Rukmini, R. N. P. Choudhary, D. L. Prabhakara, etc. Effect of sintering temperature on Na-modified PLZT ceramics, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2000 (64): 171-178
[24] Soma Dutta, R. N. P. Choudhary, P. K. Sinha, Studies on structural, electrical and electromechanical properties of Sb~(3+)-modified PLZT, Materials Science and Engineering B, 2004(113): 215-223
[25] Radheshyam Rai, Seema Sharma, Structural and dielectric properties of Sb-doped PLZT ceramics, Ceramics International, 2004(30): 1295-1299
[26] Sachio Murakami, Markus Herren, Makoto Morita, Excitation energy transfer and low-temperature anomaly in luminescence of RE~(3+) codoped PLZT ceramics, Journal of Luminescence, 1998 (76&77): 460-463
[27] S. R. Shannigrahi, R. N. P. Choudhary, H. N. Acharya, Synthesis and characterisation of cesium doped PLZT(8/60/40) ceramics, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 1999 (58): 204-211
[28] Chandra Prakash, O. P. Thakur, Effects of samarium modification on the structural and dielectric properties of PLZT ceramics, Materials Letters, 2003, 57: 2310-2314
[29] S. Murakami, M. Morita, M. Herren, etc. Near-infrared luminescence and spectral anomaly in PLZT ceramics doped with Nd~(3+), Er~(3+), yb~(3+) and Cr~(5+) ions at low temperatures, Journal of Luminescence, 2000 (87-89): 694-696
[30] 张福学等编著,压电铁电应用,北京:国防工业出版社,1987
[31] Lines M E, Glass A M. Principle and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials, Clarenden Press, Oxford, 1977
[32] V M.Fridkin,Photoferroelectrics,Srpinger-Verlag,Beijin,1979.中译本:肖定全译,王以铭校,《光铁电体》,科学出版社,北京,1987
[33] Yuhuan Xu, Ferroelectric Materials and Their Application, Elsevier Press, Amsterdam, 1991
[34] K. Uchino, Ferroelectric Devices, Marcel Dekker. Inc, New York, 2000
[35] Cheng Z. Y, Elasto-optic and electro-optic studies of PZN-PT single crystals, Proceeding of IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics, 2000, 2: 549-552
[36] K. Murano, Electro-Optics and Nolinear Optic Materials, Ceramic Transactions, 1990, 14: 283
[37] P. Sun, C. Xu, M. Akiyama, and T. Watanabe, Controlled Oxygen Partial Pressure Sintering of(Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 Ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Soc, 1999, 82: 1447-1452
[38] 樊慧庆,PLZT透明光电陶瓷的无压烧结制各工艺研究,光电子技术与信息,2004,17(12): 18-20
[39] C. Galassi, D. Piazza, F. Craciun, P. Verardi, Electrical investigation of sintering factors influence on PLZT ceramics, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 24 (2004)1525-1528
[40] S. Dutta, R. N. P. Choudhary, P. K. Sinha, Structural, dielectric and electrical properties of Al~(3+)-modified PLZT ceramics, Materials letters 58 (2004)2735-2740
[41] N. X. Zhang, L. T. Long, Z. L. Gui, Frequency dependence of ferroelectric fatigue in PLZT ceramics, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 21 (2001)677-681
[42] D. Y. Kim, J. J. Choi, H. E. Kim, Random exchange-type electro-optic behavior of Pb0. 865La0. 09(Zr0.65Ti0.35)O3 relaxor ferroelectrics, Applied Physics Letters 81 (2002) 706-708
[43] Y. Zhang, A. L. Ding, P. S. Qiu, X. Y. He, X. S. Zheng, H. R. Zeng, Q. R. Yin, Effect of La content on characterization of PLZT ceramics, Materials Science and Engineering B99 (2003) 360-362
[44] A. P. Barranco, A. H. Tera, R. V. Monjaras, J. A. Eiras, D. Garcia, F. C. Pinar, O. P. Martinez, Influence of synthesis process on the AC response of PLZT(8/65/35) ferroelectric ceramics, Journal of the European Society 23(2003) 1337-1343
[45] G. A. Smolenskii, Physical phenomena in ferroelectric with diffused phase transition, Journal of Physics Society of Japan 28(Supplement) (1970) 26-30
[46] X. H. Dai, Z. Xu and D. Viehland, The Spontaneous Relaxor to Normal Ferroelectric Transformation in La-modified Lead Zirconate Titanate, Philosophical Magazine B 70(1) (1994)33-48
[47] H. Q. Fan, L. T. Zhang, L. Y. Zhang, X. Yao, Phase transitions due to polar region structure in disordered ferroelectrics, Journal of Materials Science 34 (1999)6143-6149
[48] 周铁英等.压电超声马达简介.物理,1991,20(5):298-302
[49] 陈在礼等.超声波马达的发展-国内最新动态.应用声学,1999年.18(2):1-5
[50] 陈永校,郭吉丰等.超声波电动机.杭州:浙江大学出版社.1994
[51] Jorg W. Contact mechanics of piezoelectric ultrasonic motor. Smart Master Struet, 1998: 369-381
[52] Glenn T S, Hagood N W. Development of a tow-side piezoelectric rotary ultrasonic motor for high torque. SPIE, 1997, (6): 326-328
[53] Sashida T. Trial construction and operation of an ultrasonic vibration driven motor, Qyo Butsuri, 1982, (51): 713-720
[54] U. Beerschwinger, N. G Milne, S. J. Yang, etc. Coupled Electrostatic and Mechanical FEA of a Mieromotor, Journal of Microelectromeehanical Systems, 1994, 4(3): 162-171
[2] X. Yao, Z. L. Chen, L. E. Cross, Polarization and depolarization behavior of hot pressed lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ceramics, Journal of the Applied Physics, 1983 (54): 3399-3403
[3] 谢菊芳,张端明,王世敏,透明PLZT电光陶瓷材料的制备及应用研究进展,功能材料,1998,29(1):1-7
[4] 谢长生,人类文明的基石—材料科学技术,武汉:华中理工大学出版社,2000,165-666
[5] 钟维烈,铁电体物理学,北京:科学出版社,1998,22-31
[6] 李世普,特种陶瓷工艺学,武汉:武汉工业大学出版社,1995,213-218
[7] 许煜寰,铁电与压电材料,北京:科学出版社,1978,207-240
[8] Uchino K. Micro walking machines using piezoelectric actuators, J Rob Mech, 1989, (1-2): 124-127
[9] 郑鑫森等,PLZT陶瓷中的光致伏特效应的研究,功能材料,1991,22(6):351-355
[10] 张显奎,李洪人,许耀铭,PLZT陶瓷的光伏效应研究,功能材料,1996,27(4):311-314
[11] 张显奎,李洪人,许耀铭,PLZT陶瓷的光致电压效应和光致伸缩效应研究,哈尔滨工业大学学报,1997,29(3):1-3
[12] Nagata K and Furnno M, Properties of electrooptic (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 ceramics fabricated by partial co-precipitation method, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Part 1-Regular PAPERS Short Notes & Review Papers, 1992, 31 (9B): 3201-3204
[13] Ying H, Sun X D, Yang QB, Synthesis of ultrafme PLZT powder by a simple co-precipitation method, Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 1999, 10 (5): 1180-1183
[14] Haertling G H and Land C E, Hot-pressed (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 ferroelectric ceramic for electrooptic applications, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1971, 54: 1-11
[15] A. S. Bhalla, R. Y. Guo, E. F. Alberta, Some conments on the morphotropic phase boundary and property diagrams in ferroelectric relaxor systems, Materials Letters 54 (2002) 264-268
[16] S. Dutta, R. N. P. Choudhary, P. K. Sinha, Structural, dielectric and electrical properties of Al~(+3)-modified PLZT ceramics, Materials Letters, 2004, 58: 2735-2740
[17] Soma Dutta, R. N. P. Choudhary, P. K. Sinha, Ferroelectric phase transition in Bi-doped PLZT ceramics, Materials Science and Engineering B, 2003 (98): 74-80
[18] R. N. P. Choudhary, J. Mal, Phase transition in Bi-modified PLZT ferroelectrics, Materials Letters, 2002 (54): 175-180
[19] R. N. P. Choudhary, J. Mal, Diffuse phase transition in Cs-modified PLZT ferroelectrics, Materials Science and Engineering B2002 (90): 1-6
[20] John Ballato, Russell Esmacher, Robert Schwartz, Phonon sideband spectroscopy and 1550 nm luminescence from Eu~(3+) and Er~(3+)-doped ferroelectric PLZT for active electro-optic applications, Journal of Luminescence, 2000(86): 101-105
[21] Sachio Murakami, Markus Herren, Makoto Morita, Photoluminescence properties of Eu~(3+), Nd~(3+)-codoped PLZT ceramics involving energy-transfer processes, Journal of Luminescence, 1996(66&67): 294-298
[22] Sachio Murakami, Markus Herren, Doris Rau, Photoluminescence and decay profiles of undoped and Fe~(3+), Eu~(3+)-doped PLZT ceramics at low temperatures down to 10K, Inorganica Chimica Acta, 2000, (300-302): 1014-1021
[23] H. R. Rukmini, R. N. P. Choudhary, D. L. Prabhakara, etc. Effect of sintering temperature on Na-modified PLZT ceramics, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2000 (64): 171-178
[24] Soma Dutta, R. N. P. Choudhary, P. K. Sinha, Studies on structural, electrical and electromechanical properties of Sb~(3+)-modified PLZT, Materials Science and Engineering B, 2004(113): 215-223
[25] Radheshyam Rai, Seema Sharma, Structural and dielectric properties of Sb-doped PLZT ceramics, Ceramics International, 2004(30): 1295-1299
[26] Sachio Murakami, Markus Herren, Makoto Morita, Excitation energy transfer and low-temperature anomaly in luminescence of RE~(3+) codoped PLZT ceramics, Journal of Luminescence, 1998 (76&77): 460-463
[27] S. R. Shannigrahi, R. N. P. Choudhary, H. N. Acharya, Synthesis and characterisation of cesium doped PLZT(8/60/40) ceramics, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 1999 (58): 204-211
[28] Chandra Prakash, O. P. Thakur, Effects of samarium modification on the structural and dielectric properties of PLZT ceramics, Materials Letters, 2003, 57: 2310-2314
[29] S. Murakami, M. Morita, M. Herren, etc. Near-infrared luminescence and spectral anomaly in PLZT ceramics doped with Nd~(3+), Er~(3+), yb~(3+) and Cr~(5+) ions at low temperatures, Journal of Luminescence, 2000 (87-89): 694-696
[30] 张福学等编著,压电铁电应用,北京:国防工业出版社,1987
[31] Lines M E, Glass A M. Principle and Applications of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials, Clarenden Press, Oxford, 1977
[32] V M.Fridkin,Photoferroelectrics,Srpinger-Verlag,Beijin,1979.中译本:肖定全译,王以铭校,《光铁电体》,科学出版社,北京,1987
[33] Yuhuan Xu, Ferroelectric Materials and Their Application, Elsevier Press, Amsterdam, 1991
[34] K. Uchino, Ferroelectric Devices, Marcel Dekker. Inc, New York, 2000
[35] Cheng Z. Y, Elasto-optic and electro-optic studies of PZN-PT single crystals, Proceeding of IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics, 2000, 2: 549-552
[36] K. Murano, Electro-Optics and Nolinear Optic Materials, Ceramic Transactions, 1990, 14: 283
[37] P. Sun, C. Xu, M. Akiyama, and T. Watanabe, Controlled Oxygen Partial Pressure Sintering of(Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 Ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Soc, 1999, 82: 1447-1452
[38] 樊慧庆,PLZT透明光电陶瓷的无压烧结制各工艺研究,光电子技术与信息,2004,17(12): 18-20
[39] C. Galassi, D. Piazza, F. Craciun, P. Verardi, Electrical investigation of sintering factors influence on PLZT ceramics, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 24 (2004)1525-1528
[40] S. Dutta, R. N. P. Choudhary, P. K. Sinha, Structural, dielectric and electrical properties of Al~(3+)-modified PLZT ceramics, Materials letters 58 (2004)2735-2740
[41] N. X. Zhang, L. T. Long, Z. L. Gui, Frequency dependence of ferroelectric fatigue in PLZT ceramics, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 21 (2001)677-681
[42] D. Y. Kim, J. J. Choi, H. E. Kim, Random exchange-type electro-optic behavior of Pb0. 865La0. 09(Zr0.65Ti0.35)O3 relaxor ferroelectrics, Applied Physics Letters 81 (2002) 706-708
[43] Y. Zhang, A. L. Ding, P. S. Qiu, X. Y. He, X. S. Zheng, H. R. Zeng, Q. R. Yin, Effect of La content on characterization of PLZT ceramics, Materials Science and Engineering B99 (2003) 360-362
[44] A. P. Barranco, A. H. Tera, R. V. Monjaras, J. A. Eiras, D. Garcia, F. C. Pinar, O. P. Martinez, Influence of synthesis process on the AC response of PLZT(8/65/35) ferroelectric ceramics, Journal of the European Society 23(2003) 1337-1343
[45] G. A. Smolenskii, Physical phenomena in ferroelectric with diffused phase transition, Journal of Physics Society of Japan 28(Supplement) (1970) 26-30
[46] X. H. Dai, Z. Xu and D. Viehland, The Spontaneous Relaxor to Normal Ferroelectric Transformation in La-modified Lead Zirconate Titanate, Philosophical Magazine B 70(1) (1994)33-48
[47] H. Q. Fan, L. T. Zhang, L. Y. Zhang, X. Yao, Phase transitions due to polar region structure in disordered ferroelectrics, Journal of Materials Science 34 (1999)6143-6149
[48] 周铁英等.压电超声马达简介.物理,1991,20(5):298-302
[49] 陈在礼等.超声波马达的发展-国内最新动态.应用声学,1999年.18(2):1-5
[50] 陈永校,郭吉丰等.超声波电动机.杭州:浙江大学出版社.1994
[51] Jorg W. Contact mechanics of piezoelectric ultrasonic motor. Smart Master Struet, 1998: 369-381
[52] Glenn T S, Hagood N W. Development of a tow-side piezoelectric rotary ultrasonic motor for high torque. SPIE, 1997, (6): 326-328
[53] Sashida T. Trial construction and operation of an ultrasonic vibration driven motor, Qyo Butsuri, 1982, (51): 713-720
[54] U. Beerschwinger, N. G Milne, S. J. Yang, etc. Coupled Electrostatic and Mechanical FEA of a Mieromotor, Journal of Microelectromeehanical Systems, 1994, 4(3): 162-171