基于视觉感知特性的列车车内色彩环境舒适性研究
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摘要
随着铁路客运发展观念由生产者导向到消费者导向的转变,列车设计理念正经历着从“满足单纯的位移功能”到“重视硬件舒适度”并“考虑旅客的体验和感受”的过程。提高列车环境的舒适度是增强铁路客运竞争力的有效手段,富有魅力的车内色彩环境氛围与客车的吸引力、旅客的舒适度密切相关。色彩在车内环境氛围表现力上起关键的作用,直接影响观看者或旅客的心理感受,利用适度的配色,还可以减少旅客的视觉疲劳,并使有限的车内空间显得更开阔,更有层次。
目前在日本、德国、法国等国家,由于客运竞争的压力,客车生产企业与设计者为了创造出富有魅力的载运工具,越来越重视旅客的使用心理,审美偏好、感性体验等心理需求,有针对性的用户偏好研究与评价方法也逐渐结合在车内设计中,“愉悦性”成为车内环境设计的一个重要指标,情感化、独特化的设计风格主题在客车设计中被广泛认可。然而,目前在我国的车内环境塑造中,色彩通常属于被忽视的因素,车内色彩设计普遍存在随意、单调、缺乏地域文化特点等问题,车内色彩的工效性、车内配色与空间感知的关系、以及车内颜色风格的形式与应用方法等尚不明确,缺乏理论的系统性和研究方法框架,对于车内色彩环境缺乏明确的指导性方法与规范。
因此,本文通过大量调研国内外的理论方法与实践经验的基础上,结合我国国情,从车内色彩环境的视觉感知特点入手,系统考虑色彩对乘员的感知、情绪、行为等方面影响,将研究分为功能性和情感性两个层面,并将配色空间感知与风格认知作为研究的关键问题。并通过构建车内色彩环境、眼动分析、色度选择、感官评价等实验方法,对车内色彩环境空间感知特征、舒适性相关的配色规律、选色范围、色彩风格认知特性等进行了研究。本论文的主要研究内容有：
1、在色彩环境感知特征研究方面,通过分析车内色彩环境的需求、环境色彩的功效、视觉运动特点等,发现车内的视觉感知特征无冷暖色调倾向性,座椅色在车内环境中起主要作用。色调的明度对比和面积对比对眼动有较大影响,小面积的图形或纹样可以提高车内环境吸引力。
2、在色彩的空间感知研究方面,通过比较实验和选择实验,研究颜色配置与车内空间感的影响关系。实验采用虚拟表现的方式,分别针对不同设施的颜色属性,控制变量,分析了不同环境条件下侧墙、端墙、座椅颜色属性的选择规律和色度值的选择范围,发现：(1)环境的空间感与环境总体亮度的亮面比、座椅颜色的红绿倾向相关。亮面比越大,车内的空间感越大,与单一表面的明度或明度对比无明显相关：座椅颜色为红色等暖色成分的空间感觉较扩张,座椅颜色为蓝绿色等冷色的空间感觉较小。(2)侧墙明度与座椅的明度存在一定关联,当座椅2.56侧墙Vseat-△V2(1紫>黄>红>绿。(5)座椅织物纹样图底的明度对比对车内环境协调感和空间感等有较大影响,而纹样的尺度、密度因素的影响不大。
3、在色彩环境的风格认知方面：1、基于室内设计风格发展及特征描述,通过设计师与用户群体的语义描述与筛选,建立了车内色彩风格描述语集。2、通过研究车内配色方式的风格认知,发现影响车内颜色环境认知的主要因素有：空间活跃性；功能性；东西方风格特征的可识别性。3、影响风格认知的配色特征主要有：(1)空间活跃感与环境色调总体明度和彩度呈正相关,座椅色为暖色调的比冷色调的更具有活跃感。(2)空间的功能性表达与色调总体明度对比和彩度对比的强弱呈正相关,冷色调的座椅比暖色调的座椅使人感觉更具有乘坐功能。(3)配色的东西方风格的可识别性主要体现在色彩图示风格和纹理的呈现上,非东方传统的配色模式会导致认同感低,而熟悉的纹样会带来较强烈的文化认同感。4、通过分析车内色彩特征与认知的关联,构建了车内环境配色的认知空间,体现了环境色调由深沉到鲜明,色彩文化特征由传统到现代的分布规律,并发现车内色彩风格的认知较易受到座椅色调明度和彩度的影响。
该论文为列车车内色彩环境设计提供了依据与方法,为进一步的研究工作奠定了理论和实践的基础。
With the concept of rail passenger transportation development changes from producer-oriented to consumer-oriented, the train design is undergoing the process of shifting from "meeting a simple displacement function" to "paying attention to the comfort level of the hardware" and "considering passengers' experiences and feelings". Improving the environmental comfort of the train is an effective means to enhance the competitiveness of rail passenger transportation, and the attractiveness of charming colors of the interior environment of the train is closely related to inner ambience and passenger comfort. In the expression of the interior ambience, colors play a critical role, and directly affect psychological feelings of the audience and the passenger. The use of moderate colors can reduce travelers' visual fatigue and make the limited interior space seem more spacious and distinct.
At present, due to the competition pressure of passenger transportation, train manufacturers and designers in Japan, Germany, France and other countries, put more and more emphasis on factors, like the psychological state when using, the aesthetic preferences, and emotional experiences and other psychological needs of travelers, for the purpose of creating more glamorous means of transportation. The targeted user preferences and evaluation methods have also gradually been integrated in the interior design of the train."Pleasure" becomes an important index in the interior environmental design, with emotional and unique design style themes widely recognized. However, in China's interior environment design of the train, colors are often neglected, and problems exist universally, such as the interior color is random, monotonous and lacks of geographical and cultural features, the functions of the interior color, the relations between interior colors and spatial perception, and the form and the application methods of train interior color are not clear, and systematic theories, research methodological frameworks, clear guidance and specifications for the interior color environment are insufficient.
Therefore, on the basis of a lot of research on domestic and overseas theoretical methods and practical experiences, combining with China's conditions, this paper starts its research from the visual perception characteristics of the interior color environment, divides its study into two levels:functionality and emotion, and puts the color space perception and style of cognition as the key issues,in order to systematically consider the influence of colors on the passenger's perceptions, emotions, behaviors and etc. Through the interior color environment building, eye movement analysis, chroma selection, sensory evaluation and other experimental methods, it has studied the interior color perception characteristics of the train environmental space, the comfort-related patterns of color, the selected color range, and cognitive characteristics of color style. The main contents of this paper are as following:
1. The perceptive features of color environment:Through studying the needs and functions of interior environment colors, and the features of visual movements, it has found that visual perception characteristics of the train interior is not affected by warm or cold color tendency; the seat colors in the interior environment play a major role. Shades of brightness and area contrast have rather great impact on the eye movements; and a small area of graphics or patterns can improve the interior environment attraction.
2. The spatial perceptions of colors:Through comparative experiments and selection experiments, the paper studies the relations between color configuration and spatial perceptions. By using virtual performances in experiments, aiming at color traits of different facilities, controlling variables, analyzing the selection rules and range of chroma values of side walls, end walls, and seat color attributes, the research has found that:(1) Environmental spatial perception is correlate with the area ratio of the bright side and the tendency of seat color's being red or green. If the ratio is bigger, the interior space feels wider, and has not obvious relations with the brightness of the only surface, and the space with seats in red or other warm colors feels expansive while seats in blue and green and other cold colors make the space feel smaller.(2) There is certain correlation between the brightness of the side wall and the brightness of the seat. When the seat is2.56, the side wall is Vseat-△V2(1<△V2<2).(3)There is certain correlation between the hue selection of the end wall and the brightness and hue of the seat, which presents in two aspects:①when the side wall color is high bright and slant warm neutral color, the seat turns yellowish or bluish according to its cold or warm hue.②regardless of the change of seat colors,the side wall color is neutral with a little warmer medium and low brightness.(4) As to the selection of seat saturation, the subject generally prefers the color with low saturation.In addition, their saturation preferences, ranging from bright to dim, present like the following order:blue> purple> yellow> red>green.(5)The brightness contrast of the seat fabric pattern has rather great impact on the sense of coordination and spatial perception, while factors like the scale and density of the pattern has little influence.
3.The style cognition of color environment:(1)On the basis of the description of the interior design style development and features, and the semantic description and selection of the designer and user groups, the research has established its description language set of the interior color style.(2) Though the research on the cognitive styles of interior color environment, main factors which have impact on interior color environment cognition are found:space activity; function; identifiable characteristics of the eastern or western styles.(3) Color characteristics which affect style cognition are as follows:a. the active sense of the environment is positively related to the overall brightness and chroma. The seat in warm color possesses more active sense than the one in cold; b. the functional expression of the space is positively related to the intensity of overall brightness contrast and chroma contrast. The seat in cold colors, instead in warm, provides more functional feelings of seating; c. The recognition of the eastern or western styles is mainly presented through color icons and textures. Non-eastern traditional color modes will lead to low identity, while familiar patterns bring the strong sense of cultural recognition.(4) Through analyzing the cognitive association between the interior color characteristics and recognition, the interior color Cognitive Space is built, which reflects the environmental hues ranging from deep to clear, and the distribution rules of the color culture from traditional to modern. It is also found that the interior color cognitive style is more susceptible to the influence of the seat hue value and saturation.
The research results of this paper provide data reference and methods for the train interior color environment design, and lays theoretical and practicable foundations for further research work.
目前在日本、德国、法国等国家,由于客运竞争的压力,客车生产企业与设计者为了创造出富有魅力的载运工具,越来越重视旅客的使用心理,审美偏好、感性体验等心理需求,有针对性的用户偏好研究与评价方法也逐渐结合在车内设计中,“愉悦性”成为车内环境设计的一个重要指标,情感化、独特化的设计风格主题在客车设计中被广泛认可。然而,目前在我国的车内环境塑造中,色彩通常属于被忽视的因素,车内色彩设计普遍存在随意、单调、缺乏地域文化特点等问题,车内色彩的工效性、车内配色与空间感知的关系、以及车内颜色风格的形式与应用方法等尚不明确,缺乏理论的系统性和研究方法框架,对于车内色彩环境缺乏明确的指导性方法与规范。
因此,本文通过大量调研国内外的理论方法与实践经验的基础上,结合我国国情,从车内色彩环境的视觉感知特点入手,系统考虑色彩对乘员的感知、情绪、行为等方面影响,将研究分为功能性和情感性两个层面,并将配色空间感知与风格认知作为研究的关键问题。并通过构建车内色彩环境、眼动分析、色度选择、感官评价等实验方法,对车内色彩环境空间感知特征、舒适性相关的配色规律、选色范围、色彩风格认知特性等进行了研究。本论文的主要研究内容有：
1、在色彩环境感知特征研究方面,通过分析车内色彩环境的需求、环境色彩的功效、视觉运动特点等,发现车内的视觉感知特征无冷暖色调倾向性,座椅色在车内环境中起主要作用。色调的明度对比和面积对比对眼动有较大影响,小面积的图形或纹样可以提高车内环境吸引力。
2、在色彩的空间感知研究方面,通过比较实验和选择实验,研究颜色配置与车内空间感的影响关系。实验采用虚拟表现的方式,分别针对不同设施的颜色属性,控制变量,分析了不同环境条件下侧墙、端墙、座椅颜色属性的选择规律和色度值的选择范围,发现：(1)环境的空间感与环境总体亮度的亮面比、座椅颜色的红绿倾向相关。亮面比越大,车内的空间感越大,与单一表面的明度或明度对比无明显相关：座椅颜色为红色等暖色成分的空间感觉较扩张,座椅颜色为蓝绿色等冷色的空间感觉较小。(2)侧墙明度与座椅的明度存在一定关联,当座椅2.5
3、在色彩环境的风格认知方面：1、基于室内设计风格发展及特征描述,通过设计师与用户群体的语义描述与筛选,建立了车内色彩风格描述语集。2、通过研究车内配色方式的风格认知,发现影响车内颜色环境认知的主要因素有：空间活跃性；功能性；东西方风格特征的可识别性。3、影响风格认知的配色特征主要有：(1)空间活跃感与环境色调总体明度和彩度呈正相关,座椅色为暖色调的比冷色调的更具有活跃感。(2)空间的功能性表达与色调总体明度对比和彩度对比的强弱呈正相关,冷色调的座椅比暖色调的座椅使人感觉更具有乘坐功能。(3)配色的东西方风格的可识别性主要体现在色彩图示风格和纹理的呈现上,非东方传统的配色模式会导致认同感低,而熟悉的纹样会带来较强烈的文化认同感。4、通过分析车内色彩特征与认知的关联,构建了车内环境配色的认知空间,体现了环境色调由深沉到鲜明,色彩文化特征由传统到现代的分布规律,并发现车内色彩风格的认知较易受到座椅色调明度和彩度的影响。
该论文为列车车内色彩环境设计提供了依据与方法,为进一步的研究工作奠定了理论和实践的基础。
With the concept of rail passenger transportation development changes from producer-oriented to consumer-oriented, the train design is undergoing the process of shifting from "meeting a simple displacement function" to "paying attention to the comfort level of the hardware" and "considering passengers' experiences and feelings". Improving the environmental comfort of the train is an effective means to enhance the competitiveness of rail passenger transportation, and the attractiveness of charming colors of the interior environment of the train is closely related to inner ambience and passenger comfort. In the expression of the interior ambience, colors play a critical role, and directly affect psychological feelings of the audience and the passenger. The use of moderate colors can reduce travelers' visual fatigue and make the limited interior space seem more spacious and distinct.
At present, due to the competition pressure of passenger transportation, train manufacturers and designers in Japan, Germany, France and other countries, put more and more emphasis on factors, like the psychological state when using, the aesthetic preferences, and emotional experiences and other psychological needs of travelers, for the purpose of creating more glamorous means of transportation. The targeted user preferences and evaluation methods have also gradually been integrated in the interior design of the train."Pleasure" becomes an important index in the interior environmental design, with emotional and unique design style themes widely recognized. However, in China's interior environment design of the train, colors are often neglected, and problems exist universally, such as the interior color is random, monotonous and lacks of geographical and cultural features, the functions of the interior color, the relations between interior colors and spatial perception, and the form and the application methods of train interior color are not clear, and systematic theories, research methodological frameworks, clear guidance and specifications for the interior color environment are insufficient.
Therefore, on the basis of a lot of research on domestic and overseas theoretical methods and practical experiences, combining with China's conditions, this paper starts its research from the visual perception characteristics of the interior color environment, divides its study into two levels:functionality and emotion, and puts the color space perception and style of cognition as the key issues,in order to systematically consider the influence of colors on the passenger's perceptions, emotions, behaviors and etc. Through the interior color environment building, eye movement analysis, chroma selection, sensory evaluation and other experimental methods, it has studied the interior color perception characteristics of the train environmental space, the comfort-related patterns of color, the selected color range, and cognitive characteristics of color style. The main contents of this paper are as following:
1. The perceptive features of color environment:Through studying the needs and functions of interior environment colors, and the features of visual movements, it has found that visual perception characteristics of the train interior is not affected by warm or cold color tendency; the seat colors in the interior environment play a major role. Shades of brightness and area contrast have rather great impact on the eye movements; and a small area of graphics or patterns can improve the interior environment attraction.
2. The spatial perceptions of colors:Through comparative experiments and selection experiments, the paper studies the relations between color configuration and spatial perceptions. By using virtual performances in experiments, aiming at color traits of different facilities, controlling variables, analyzing the selection rules and range of chroma values of side walls, end walls, and seat color attributes, the research has found that:(1) Environmental spatial perception is correlate with the area ratio of the bright side and the tendency of seat color's being red or green. If the ratio is bigger, the interior space feels wider, and has not obvious relations with the brightness of the only surface, and the space with seats in red or other warm colors feels expansive while seats in blue and green and other cold colors make the space feel smaller.(2) There is certain correlation between the brightness of the side wall and the brightness of the seat. When the seat is2.5
3.The style cognition of color environment:(1)On the basis of the description of the interior design style development and features, and the semantic description and selection of the designer and user groups, the research has established its description language set of the interior color style.(2) Though the research on the cognitive styles of interior color environment, main factors which have impact on interior color environment cognition are found:space activity; function; identifiable characteristics of the eastern or western styles.(3) Color characteristics which affect style cognition are as follows:a. the active sense of the environment is positively related to the overall brightness and chroma. The seat in warm color possesses more active sense than the one in cold; b. the functional expression of the space is positively related to the intensity of overall brightness contrast and chroma contrast. The seat in cold colors, instead in warm, provides more functional feelings of seating; c. The recognition of the eastern or western styles is mainly presented through color icons and textures. Non-eastern traditional color modes will lead to low identity, while familiar patterns bring the strong sense of cultural recognition.(4) Through analyzing the cognitive association between the interior color characteristics and recognition, the interior color Cognitive Space is built, which reflects the environmental hues ranging from deep to clear, and the distribution rules of the color culture from traditional to modern. It is also found that the interior color cognitive style is more susceptible to the influence of the seat hue value and saturation.
The research results of this paper provide data reference and methods for the train interior color environment design, and lays theoretical and practicable foundations for further research work.
引文
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