北京地区城市住宅天然光环境优化设计研究
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摘要
随着社会生活和住宅建筑的快速发展,人们对于居住舒适度的追求,使得我国的住宅建筑已经进入了“由量到质”的转变时期。因此,在住宅中充分利用天然光、创造适宜的建筑天然光环境具有十分重要的现实意义。然而,天然光环境包含的因素较多,其设计仍然停留于一种单边性的设计思维状态,各专业之间缺乏整体性。如何提高天然光环境的整体效益,优化天然光环境的设计内容和方法,成为亟待解决的问题。本文针对以上问题,对住宅天然光环境的优化设计进行了研究,探讨了在建筑方案设计阶段,如何综合考虑不同因素的设计要求,系统的进行优化设计。
本文的研究从以下四方面展开:
首先,住宅天然光环境的研究,离不开对天然光气候的研究。为了更好的增强天然光气候的研究成果对建筑设计初期和建筑师的指导作用,本文利用最小二乘法对北京地区现有天然光气候观测数据进行了拟合,对“月平均总照度”的数据表达方式和应用方法进行了研究。
其次,以北京地区为例,对室内采光系数的分布和建筑耗热量指标受建筑和窗户形式的影响作用进行了模拟分析。并在此基础上利用数学中变化率的思想和计算方法,提出了“采光能效”的概念,对两者的变化速度进行了比较,从而可以判断建筑形式的变化,对室内采光和建筑耗热量指标影响的综合效果。
再次,文中利用语意差别量表法对不同窗户面积和形式下的视知觉感受进行了实验研究。通过主成分分析、回归分析、相关分析和方差分析的方法得出了居住者的个体差异以及不同窗户形状、面积和窗户位置对人的视知觉感知的影响规律。
最后,利用问卷调查的方法,综合采光、耗热和舒适度的要求,建立了城市住宅建筑天然光环境设计的目标体系,进而提出“多目标优化”的设计理念。利用多目标优化设计的数学方法建立了以采光、建筑耗热量指标和视知觉舒适度为目标函数的多目标优化设计模型,并通过对目标函数的求解,实现了对窗户形式生成的有效控制,从而形成了一种整合不同设计目标的住宅天然光环境优化设计方法。
This paper, through analysis on components and element of apartment-based natural daily condition, has specially planned design goals for construction of this condition in consideration of three aspects of lighting energy, heat loss and subjective comfort. The goal for design of optimization of natural daylight condition includes the main objective of meeting requirements on integral and sustainable development of economy, society and environment, which will eventually build an architectural design mode rapidly transferring from type design to functional design by integration and optimization of difference structures within the system. The design method for building multiple-objectives optimization of natural daylight condition on aforesaid basis will correspondingly promote coordination between lighting energy, heat loss and users’subjective comfort. This may contribute to unification of design ideas of architectural type and physical conditions.
Research on apartment-based natural daylight condition can not be separated from study on natural daylight climate. Mode of expression and application of Monthly Standard illumination is used to better increase guiding contribution of research results of natural daylight climate for initiate design phase and architects as the subject of basic systematic study. Both heat loss index and distribution of indoor lighting factor are greatly affected by types of building and windows, resulting we have to simulate lighting effect and heat loss index of rooms with different area and type of windows by relevant software products. Architects may adequately understand rules of effects of architecture type against lighting energy and heat loss by our research. However, lighting energy and heat loss have to be considered when considering integral design of such two conflicted goals since change of types may lead to failure of direct comparison between aforesaid aspects. It is very difficult to make balanced judgment between them. The concept of lighting energy efficiency given in this paper uses change rate of lighting factor and heat loss as the judgment basis to evaluate comprehensive effect of changing type of buildings against environment performance, by which architects may make independent judgment in consideration of specific conditions. Human is the main body of living environment and designers of apartment-based natural daylight condition must greatly eye on visual perception of livers. Semantic Differential Scale method is used to experimentally study subjective perception of different area and type of windows and we finally get rules of effect of individual difference of livers and different type/location of windows against livers’subjective perception at the end of this article.
The final goal of optimization of natural daylight condition is to build an improved design idea or theory for optimization actions. Multiple-objectives method is used in this article to get the value range of window’s type gained by the system under the maximum lighting factor when heat loss index is a fixed value. Furthermore, concept of lighting energy efficiency is also used to get relatively optimized solution of relationship of heat loss and lighting factor of buildings where idea and method of design optimization of natural daylight condition are successfully developed.
本文的研究从以下四方面展开:
首先,住宅天然光环境的研究,离不开对天然光气候的研究。为了更好的增强天然光气候的研究成果对建筑设计初期和建筑师的指导作用,本文利用最小二乘法对北京地区现有天然光气候观测数据进行了拟合,对“月平均总照度”的数据表达方式和应用方法进行了研究。
其次,以北京地区为例,对室内采光系数的分布和建筑耗热量指标受建筑和窗户形式的影响作用进行了模拟分析。并在此基础上利用数学中变化率的思想和计算方法,提出了“采光能效”的概念,对两者的变化速度进行了比较,从而可以判断建筑形式的变化,对室内采光和建筑耗热量指标影响的综合效果。
再次,文中利用语意差别量表法对不同窗户面积和形式下的视知觉感受进行了实验研究。通过主成分分析、回归分析、相关分析和方差分析的方法得出了居住者的个体差异以及不同窗户形状、面积和窗户位置对人的视知觉感知的影响规律。
最后,利用问卷调查的方法,综合采光、耗热和舒适度的要求,建立了城市住宅建筑天然光环境设计的目标体系,进而提出“多目标优化”的设计理念。利用多目标优化设计的数学方法建立了以采光、建筑耗热量指标和视知觉舒适度为目标函数的多目标优化设计模型,并通过对目标函数的求解,实现了对窗户形式生成的有效控制,从而形成了一种整合不同设计目标的住宅天然光环境优化设计方法。
This paper, through analysis on components and element of apartment-based natural daily condition, has specially planned design goals for construction of this condition in consideration of three aspects of lighting energy, heat loss and subjective comfort. The goal for design of optimization of natural daylight condition includes the main objective of meeting requirements on integral and sustainable development of economy, society and environment, which will eventually build an architectural design mode rapidly transferring from type design to functional design by integration and optimization of difference structures within the system. The design method for building multiple-objectives optimization of natural daylight condition on aforesaid basis will correspondingly promote coordination between lighting energy, heat loss and users’subjective comfort. This may contribute to unification of design ideas of architectural type and physical conditions.
Research on apartment-based natural daylight condition can not be separated from study on natural daylight climate. Mode of expression and application of Monthly Standard illumination is used to better increase guiding contribution of research results of natural daylight climate for initiate design phase and architects as the subject of basic systematic study. Both heat loss index and distribution of indoor lighting factor are greatly affected by types of building and windows, resulting we have to simulate lighting effect and heat loss index of rooms with different area and type of windows by relevant software products. Architects may adequately understand rules of effects of architecture type against lighting energy and heat loss by our research. However, lighting energy and heat loss have to be considered when considering integral design of such two conflicted goals since change of types may lead to failure of direct comparison between aforesaid aspects. It is very difficult to make balanced judgment between them. The concept of lighting energy efficiency given in this paper uses change rate of lighting factor and heat loss as the judgment basis to evaluate comprehensive effect of changing type of buildings against environment performance, by which architects may make independent judgment in consideration of specific conditions. Human is the main body of living environment and designers of apartment-based natural daylight condition must greatly eye on visual perception of livers. Semantic Differential Scale method is used to experimentally study subjective perception of different area and type of windows and we finally get rules of effect of individual difference of livers and different type/location of windows against livers’subjective perception at the end of this article.
The final goal of optimization of natural daylight condition is to build an improved design idea or theory for optimization actions. Multiple-objectives method is used in this article to get the value range of window’s type gained by the system under the maximum lighting factor when heat loss index is a fixed value. Furthermore, concept of lighting energy efficiency is also used to get relatively optimized solution of relationship of heat loss and lighting factor of buildings where idea and method of design optimization of natural daylight condition are successfully developed.
引文
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