基于384×288探测器的非制冷红外图像处理技术研究
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摘要
非制冷红外热成像技术无论在军事领域还是在民用领域,都有着重要的作用和广泛的应用市场及前景。急迫的军用和民用需求,推动着红外技术持续迅猛发展。为了提高图像的分辨率,满足各种条件下的适用场合,目前384×288探测器开始逐渐取代320×240探测器成为主流探测器。
本文首先介绍了红外热成像技术的发展与现状,嵌入式系统与FPGA技术的基本概念,在此基础上研究了红外辐射特性、红外光学系统与红外焦平面阵列的工作原理,分析了红外图像信号特点及非均匀性校正算法。接着,在参考原320×240红外热成像系统的基础上,结合UL03041型红外探测器的工作原理及性能,本文提出了完整的384×288红外热成像系统设计方案,并重新选用了EP3C55F484C8N型FPGA芯片、HY57V93220T型SDRAM芯片应用于硬件电路设计。最后,根据系统工作要求,本文改进了FPGA系统中的片内逻辑模块和NiosⅡ处理器模块,对系统的时序管理、IRFPA的驱动控制、图像系统工作模式切换、视频合成、菜单界面的切换、SDRAM读写等功能进行了增加与改进。在此基础上对系统进行软硬件调试,最终获得了红外图像。
The uncooled infrared imaging system plays an important role and has a large market, whether in military fields or civilian fields.For the pressing military and civilian requirments, the infrared imaging technology is rapidly developing.To improve the resolution of the infrared image and meet the need of usage in any situation,the 384×288 detector is gradually replacing the 320×240 detector and becoming the preferred detector.
In the beginning of this paper,the development and actuality of the infrared imaging technology,the basic conceptions of embedded system and FPGA technology are introduced. Then we make a study on the characteristics of infrared radiation,the operational principle of infrared optics system and focal plane array.On the basis of the old 320×240 infrared imaging system,this paper provides a integrated design plan for the 384×288 infrared imaging system by using the UL03041 detector.In this new system,the FPGA chip is replaced by a new type of EP3C55F484CSN,and a SDRAM(HY57V93220T) memory is added to the circuit.To meet the requirement of system,we did a lot of work to improve the system performance, including:improving the on-chip logic modules and NiosⅡprocessor inside the FPGA,such as the system timing management,the driving control of IRFPA,the switching of system working model,the switching between video interface and menu interface,the write and read operation to the SDRAM.Upon these improvements and debugging in hardware and software, the infrared image finally comes out on a monitor.
本文首先介绍了红外热成像技术的发展与现状,嵌入式系统与FPGA技术的基本概念,在此基础上研究了红外辐射特性、红外光学系统与红外焦平面阵列的工作原理,分析了红外图像信号特点及非均匀性校正算法。接着,在参考原320×240红外热成像系统的基础上,结合UL03041型红外探测器的工作原理及性能,本文提出了完整的384×288红外热成像系统设计方案,并重新选用了EP3C55F484C8N型FPGA芯片、HY57V93220T型SDRAM芯片应用于硬件电路设计。最后,根据系统工作要求,本文改进了FPGA系统中的片内逻辑模块和NiosⅡ处理器模块,对系统的时序管理、IRFPA的驱动控制、图像系统工作模式切换、视频合成、菜单界面的切换、SDRAM读写等功能进行了增加与改进。在此基础上对系统进行软硬件调试,最终获得了红外图像。
The uncooled infrared imaging system plays an important role and has a large market, whether in military fields or civilian fields.For the pressing military and civilian requirments, the infrared imaging technology is rapidly developing.To improve the resolution of the infrared image and meet the need of usage in any situation,the 384×288 detector is gradually replacing the 320×240 detector and becoming the preferred detector.
In the beginning of this paper,the development and actuality of the infrared imaging technology,the basic conceptions of embedded system and FPGA technology are introduced. Then we make a study on the characteristics of infrared radiation,the operational principle of infrared optics system and focal plane array.On the basis of the old 320×240 infrared imaging system,this paper provides a integrated design plan for the 384×288 infrared imaging system by using the UL03041 detector.In this new system,the FPGA chip is replaced by a new type of EP3C55F484CSN,and a SDRAM(HY57V93220T) memory is added to the circuit.To meet the requirement of system,we did a lot of work to improve the system performance, including:improving the on-chip logic modules and NiosⅡprocessor inside the FPGA,such as the system timing management,the driving control of IRFPA,the switching of system working model,the switching between video interface and menu interface,the write and read operation to the SDRAM.Upon these improvements and debugging in hardware and software, the infrared image finally comes out on a monitor.
引文
[1]蔡毅,汤锦亚.对红外热成像技术发展的几点看法.红外技术,2000,22(2):2-6
[2]常本康,蔡毅.红外成像阵列与系统.北京:科学出版社,2006
[3]D.A.Scribner,M.R.Kruer,J.L.Killiany.Infrared focal plane array technology,Proceeding of IEEE,1991,79:66-85
[4]J.L.Tissot.IR detection with uncooled focal plane arrays:State of the arts and trends.Opto-electronics Review,2004(1):105-109
[5]Marion B.Reine.Review of HgCdTe photodiodes for IR detection.Proceedings of SPIE,2000,4028:320-330
[6]张俊举.微测辐射热计焦平面阵列的成像系统研究.南京理工大学博士学位论文,2006
[7]吕于强,胡明,吴淼.热红外探测器的最新进展.压电与声光,2006,28(4):407-410
[8]Stuart Kleinfelder,Alison Hottes,Roger Fabian W.Pease.Focal plane array readout integrated circuit with per-pixel analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion.Proceedings of SPIE,2000,4028:139-147
[9]Chih-Cheng Hsieh,Chung-Yu Wu.Focal-Plane-Arrays and CMOS Readout Techniques of Infrared Imaging Systems.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,1997,7(4):594-605
[10]Sang-Gu Kang,Doo H.Woo,Hee C.Lee.Infrared focal plane array readout integrated circuit with on-chip 14 b A/D converter.Proceedings of SPIE,2004,5234:287-295
[11]A.M.Filachev,V.P.Ponomarenko,I.I.Taubkin,M.B.Ushakova.Infra-red focal plane arrays:state of the art and development trends.Proceedings of SPIE,2003,5126:52-85
[12]梁平治,江美玲,张学敏,丁瑞军,唐红蓝.64×64元InSb红外焦平面阵列读出电路的研制进展.红外与激光工程,2002,31(5):424-427
[13]雷胜琼,姜军,周芳,杨彬.64×64元InSb焦平面器件读出电路铟柱阵列工艺设计及实践.红外技术.2002,24(2):41-45
[14]袁祥辉,黄友恕,吕果林.128×128元IRFPA CMOS读出电路.红外技术,2002,24(3):34-37
[15]雷亚贵,王戎瑞,陈苗海.国内外非制冷红外焦平面阵列探测器进展.激光与红外,2007,37(9):801-803
[16]Nibir K.Dhar,M.Z.Tidrow.Large format IRFPA development on silicon.Proceedings of SPIE,2004,5564:34-43
[17]M.A.Kinch.HDVIP FPA technology at DRS Infrared Technologies.Proceedings of SPIE,2001,4369:566-578
[18]蔡毅.非制冷热成像技术在夜视技术中的作用和地位.红外与激光工程,2001,30(3):214-217
[19]陈苗海,所洪涛.红外热成像市场高速增长.中国电子报,2006
[20]孙恋君.微测辐射热计阵列性能及信号处理电路研究.南京理工大学博士学位论文,2008
[21]谌巧.嵌入式菲制冷红外图像处理系统研究.南京理工大学硕士学位论文,2006
[22]顾聚兴.非制冷微测辐射热探测器的最新研制状况.红外,2008,29(7):40-46
[23]李佑军.嵌入式系统综述.现代电子技术,2003
[24]任哲,潘树林,房红征.嵌入式操作系统基础μC/OS-Ⅱ和Linux.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2006
[25]李兰英.NiosⅡ嵌入式软核SOPC设计原理及应用.北京航空航天大学出版社,2006
[26]徐志军,徐光辉.CPLD、FPGA的开发与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[27]Bob Zeidman.基于FPGA&CPLD的数字IC设计方法.北京:北京航空航天出版社,2004
[28]杜生海,邢闻.FPGA设计指南-器件、工具和流程.北京:人民邮电出版社,2007
[29]POHL L C.Multi-sensor image fusion in remote sensing:concept,methods and application.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2008,19(5):823-854
[30]刘贵喜,刘纯虎,凌文杰.一种基于小波多分辨率分解的图像融合新算法.光电子·激光,2004,15(3):344-347
[31]李振华,敬忠良,孙韶媛.基于目标检测的红外和可见光动态图像融合.上海交通大学学报,2005,39(8):1304-1307
[32]孟庆苗.黑体辐射中两类粒子的辐射规律.大学物理,2005,(08)
[33]范安辅.黑体辐射三个公式的关系的讨论.大学物理,1986,(02)
[34]陈则韶,莫松平.光量子等效温度和黑体辐射光谱有效能.自然科学进展,2007,(05)
[35]卫邦达,林进福.关于黑体辐射的普朗克分布式.上海工程技术大学学报,1995,(03)
[36]刘闯.普朗克与狭义相对论.科学文化评论,2007,(02)
[37]韩涛,朱学光.一种计算大气透过率的方法.红外技术,2002,24(6):51-53
[38]彭德权,周成平,丁明跃.海空背景长波红外大气透过率的仿真计算方法.红外与激光工程,2001,30(2):112-117
[39]王娟.红外成像系统作用距离估算.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2004
[40]A.P.Wood,P.J.Rogers.Hybrid optics in dual waveband infrared systems.Proceedings of SPIE,1998,3482:602-613
[41]韩玉阁,宣益民.大气传输特性对目标与背景红外辐射特性的影响.应用光学,2002,23(6):8-11
[42]孙强.红外折射/衍射光学系统研究.南开大学硕士学位论文,2003
[43]潘君骅.大口径红外成像系统的光学设计.光学学报,1999,23(12):1475-1478
[44]米凤文.衍/折红外混和光学系统及其测试技术研究.浙江大学博士学位论文,2001
[45]UL01011,320×240 LWIR Uncooled microbolometer detector.Ulis,Inc,2000
[46]UL03041,384×288 LWIR Uncooled microbolometer detector.Ulis,Inc,2000
[47]A.Rogalski.Infrared detectors:an overview.Infrared Physics and Technology,2002(43):187-210
[48]P.W.Kruse,David D.Skadrud.Uncooled infrared imaging arrays and system.Semiconductor and semimetal.1997,47(1):1-240
[49]Liu Dan,Lu Wengao,Chen Zhongjian,Ji Lijiu,and Zhao Baoying.Low Power Design Orienting 384×288 Snapshot Infrared Readout Integrated Circuits.半导体学报,2008,29(1):93-98
[50]王群.288×4长波线阵红外探测器的测试.光学与光电技术,2008,6(4):86-88
[51]刘丹,鲁文高,陈中建,吉利久,赵宝瑛.新型低功耗320×288 IR ROIC中列读出级的设计.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2007,43(1):67-71
[52]徐春梅,李刚,胡文刚,张伟.红外图像评价质量研究.红外技术,2004,26(6):72-75
[53]王炳健,刘上乾,周慧鑫,李庆.基于平台直方图的红外图像自适应增强算法.光子学报,2005,35(2):299-301
[54]Bradley M.Ratliff,Majeed M.Hayat.Algorithm for radiometrically-accurate nonuniformity correction with arbitrary scene motion.Proceedings of SPIE,2003,5076:82-91
[55]曹敏.基于FPGA的红外图像非均匀性校正方法的研究.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2007
[56]薛慧.红外焦平面阵列非均匀性校正方法研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文,2008
[2]常本康,蔡毅.红外成像阵列与系统.北京:科学出版社,2006
[3]D.A.Scribner,M.R.Kruer,J.L.Killiany.Infrared focal plane array technology,Proceeding of IEEE,1991,79:66-85
[4]J.L.Tissot.IR detection with uncooled focal plane arrays:State of the arts and trends.Opto-electronics Review,2004(1):105-109
[5]Marion B.Reine.Review of HgCdTe photodiodes for IR detection.Proceedings of SPIE,2000,4028:320-330
[6]张俊举.微测辐射热计焦平面阵列的成像系统研究.南京理工大学博士学位论文,2006
[7]吕于强,胡明,吴淼.热红外探测器的最新进展.压电与声光,2006,28(4):407-410
[8]Stuart Kleinfelder,Alison Hottes,Roger Fabian W.Pease.Focal plane array readout integrated circuit with per-pixel analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion.Proceedings of SPIE,2000,4028:139-147
[9]Chih-Cheng Hsieh,Chung-Yu Wu.Focal-Plane-Arrays and CMOS Readout Techniques of Infrared Imaging Systems.IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,1997,7(4):594-605
[10]Sang-Gu Kang,Doo H.Woo,Hee C.Lee.Infrared focal plane array readout integrated circuit with on-chip 14 b A/D converter.Proceedings of SPIE,2004,5234:287-295
[11]A.M.Filachev,V.P.Ponomarenko,I.I.Taubkin,M.B.Ushakova.Infra-red focal plane arrays:state of the art and development trends.Proceedings of SPIE,2003,5126:52-85
[12]梁平治,江美玲,张学敏,丁瑞军,唐红蓝.64×64元InSb红外焦平面阵列读出电路的研制进展.红外与激光工程,2002,31(5):424-427
[13]雷胜琼,姜军,周芳,杨彬.64×64元InSb焦平面器件读出电路铟柱阵列工艺设计及实践.红外技术.2002,24(2):41-45
[14]袁祥辉,黄友恕,吕果林.128×128元IRFPA CMOS读出电路.红外技术,2002,24(3):34-37
[15]雷亚贵,王戎瑞,陈苗海.国内外非制冷红外焦平面阵列探测器进展.激光与红外,2007,37(9):801-803
[16]Nibir K.Dhar,M.Z.Tidrow.Large format IRFPA development on silicon.Proceedings of SPIE,2004,5564:34-43
[17]M.A.Kinch.HDVIP FPA technology at DRS Infrared Technologies.Proceedings of SPIE,2001,4369:566-578
[18]蔡毅.非制冷热成像技术在夜视技术中的作用和地位.红外与激光工程,2001,30(3):214-217
[19]陈苗海,所洪涛.红外热成像市场高速增长.中国电子报,2006
[20]孙恋君.微测辐射热计阵列性能及信号处理电路研究.南京理工大学博士学位论文,2008
[21]谌巧.嵌入式菲制冷红外图像处理系统研究.南京理工大学硕士学位论文,2006
[22]顾聚兴.非制冷微测辐射热探测器的最新研制状况.红外,2008,29(7):40-46
[23]李佑军.嵌入式系统综述.现代电子技术,2003
[24]任哲,潘树林,房红征.嵌入式操作系统基础μC/OS-Ⅱ和Linux.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2006
[25]李兰英.NiosⅡ嵌入式软核SOPC设计原理及应用.北京航空航天大学出版社,2006
[26]徐志军,徐光辉.CPLD、FPGA的开发与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[27]Bob Zeidman.基于FPGA&CPLD的数字IC设计方法.北京:北京航空航天出版社,2004
[28]杜生海,邢闻.FPGA设计指南-器件、工具和流程.北京:人民邮电出版社,2007
[29]POHL L C.Multi-sensor image fusion in remote sensing:concept,methods and application.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2008,19(5):823-854
[30]刘贵喜,刘纯虎,凌文杰.一种基于小波多分辨率分解的图像融合新算法.光电子·激光,2004,15(3):344-347
[31]李振华,敬忠良,孙韶媛.基于目标检测的红外和可见光动态图像融合.上海交通大学学报,2005,39(8):1304-1307
[32]孟庆苗.黑体辐射中两类粒子的辐射规律.大学物理,2005,(08)
[33]范安辅.黑体辐射三个公式的关系的讨论.大学物理,1986,(02)
[34]陈则韶,莫松平.光量子等效温度和黑体辐射光谱有效能.自然科学进展,2007,(05)
[35]卫邦达,林进福.关于黑体辐射的普朗克分布式.上海工程技术大学学报,1995,(03)
[36]刘闯.普朗克与狭义相对论.科学文化评论,2007,(02)
[37]韩涛,朱学光.一种计算大气透过率的方法.红外技术,2002,24(6):51-53
[38]彭德权,周成平,丁明跃.海空背景长波红外大气透过率的仿真计算方法.红外与激光工程,2001,30(2):112-117
[39]王娟.红外成像系统作用距离估算.电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2004
[40]A.P.Wood,P.J.Rogers.Hybrid optics in dual waveband infrared systems.Proceedings of SPIE,1998,3482:602-613
[41]韩玉阁,宣益民.大气传输特性对目标与背景红外辐射特性的影响.应用光学,2002,23(6):8-11
[42]孙强.红外折射/衍射光学系统研究.南开大学硕士学位论文,2003
[43]潘君骅.大口径红外成像系统的光学设计.光学学报,1999,23(12):1475-1478
[44]米凤文.衍/折红外混和光学系统及其测试技术研究.浙江大学博士学位论文,2001
[45]UL01011,320×240 LWIR Uncooled microbolometer detector.Ulis,Inc,2000
[46]UL03041,384×288 LWIR Uncooled microbolometer detector.Ulis,Inc,2000
[47]A.Rogalski.Infrared detectors:an overview.Infrared Physics and Technology,2002(43):187-210
[48]P.W.Kruse,David D.Skadrud.Uncooled infrared imaging arrays and system.Semiconductor and semimetal.1997,47(1):1-240
[49]Liu Dan,Lu Wengao,Chen Zhongjian,Ji Lijiu,and Zhao Baoying.Low Power Design Orienting 384×288 Snapshot Infrared Readout Integrated Circuits.半导体学报,2008,29(1):93-98
[50]王群.288×4长波线阵红外探测器的测试.光学与光电技术,2008,6(4):86-88
[51]刘丹,鲁文高,陈中建,吉利久,赵宝瑛.新型低功耗320×288 IR ROIC中列读出级的设计.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2007,43(1):67-71
[52]徐春梅,李刚,胡文刚,张伟.红外图像评价质量研究.红外技术,2004,26(6):72-75
[53]王炳健,刘上乾,周慧鑫,李庆.基于平台直方图的红外图像自适应增强算法.光子学报,2005,35(2):299-301
[54]Bradley M.Ratliff,Majeed M.Hayat.Algorithm for radiometrically-accurate nonuniformity correction with arbitrary scene motion.Proceedings of SPIE,2003,5076:82-91
[55]曹敏.基于FPGA的红外图像非均匀性校正方法的研究.西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文,2007
[56]薛慧.红外焦平面阵列非均匀性校正方法研究.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文,2008