末敏弹简易红外成像起爆控制系统研究
|
摘要
在现代地面战争中，为了使常规火炮能在远距离用一至两发弹就能命中并毁伤装甲车辆，就要求炮弹能自动探测、搜索装甲目标。因此，近年来敏感起爆类型的引信—SADARM(sense and destroy Armour)获得了巨大的发展。
本文以“十五”重点预研项目“末敏弹简易红外成像起爆控制技术”为背景，针对其中的主要内容进行研究，研制出了满足152mm末敏弹结构要求的简易红外成像试验样机，样机采用多元长波与单元中波相复合的红外探测体制，此样机能够达到在复杂背景中对地面目标(冷目标)探测距离≥150m，定位精度≤0.5m，识别率≥80％。无论从性能、体积上，作为应用于152mm或155mm末敏弹的原理样机的关键技术已经突破。通过本项目的研制，解决了我国在研制末敏弹时红外敏感器的性能一直达不到要求的问题，它的研究成果可直接应用于新一代末敏子弹武器系统中，使我国在末敏弹自行研制的实用化方面更进一步。具体研究内容如下：
(1) 根据系统应用背景，首先用红外测温仪和热像仪等仪器，从高空对目标的顶甲及背景进行了测试，其次从理论上对目标和背景的红外辐射特性进行了分析，从而为系统的设计提供了理论依据和实验数据。
(2) 对简易红外成像起爆控制系统进行了总体分析，并对各部件进行了设计，使之满足152mm末敏弹的体积要求和性能要求。研制了适于弹上应用的新型杜瓦结构双色多元红外探测器，通过使用特殊的材料把光学系统的遮光罩与探测器的冷屏巧妙地结合在一起，解决了探测器窗口结霜及光学系统杂散光的问题。针对探测系统的视线方向在旋转方向稍微向前偏置一定角度的要求，以完成目标的实时识别与炸点控制，本系统采用探测器灵敏面偏离光学系统中心一定距离的设计方法，简化了系统的结构，提高了系统的强度。对微型高压气瓶、光学系统、探测器及致冷器进行了一体化设计，实现了红外敏感器的小型化和实用化。
(3) 本文对最佳起爆点的控制进行了理论研究，确定了弹轴与光轴之间的夹角，提出了在近距离时采用二次扫描，在远距离时采用一次扫描的方法，从而提高了系统的毁伤效果。基于低分辨率的红外目标特征描述和提取、目标分类和识别等方面的研究是末敏子弹红外目标识别一个重要研究方向。它对目标识别的实时性要求非常苛刻。我们选用了片内具有丰富外设资源的高速DSP芯片TMS320F240作为本系统的图像微处理器，研制了基于TMS320F240DSP的红外目标实时识别系统，目标的实时处理识别时间小于0.1ms。给出了本系统的红外目标实时识别算法。
(4) 试验方法研究。构建了一套模拟弹目交会条件下的扫描平台。这样只需
In modern ground wars, in order to accurately damage an armored target with one or two conventional ammunitions from long range, the ammunitions must have the ability of automatic detection and identify an armored target. So Smart ammunitions have been developed in recent years.
In this thesis, the main contents of "the technology of simple infrared imaging detonation control applied to Smart ammunitions" which is the 10~(th) 5-year national defense preparatory study, are studied as follows:
1) According to the system application, we measured the infrared radiation characteristic of target and background from air and analyzed it. All that provided scientific basis for our designing the system.
2) The master analysis of the infrared imaging fuse system was given, and all the parts of the system were designed, So that its performance and volume meet the demand of 152mm SADARM. A new type infrared detector (without Dewar) applied to cannonball was developed. The problems of being frosted on the detector window and stray light were solved by the coalescent of the optical lens hood and the detector shield. The unique method of the detector sensitive side departure off optical axis was adopted So that target real time recognition and the burst point control can be accomplished in time. The system liability and intension were improved by the integrative design of subminiature high-pressure bottle, the optical system, detector and cooler.
3) The research of low-Resolution IR target feature extracting and target recognition is an important task for the Smart ammunitions. It needs real-time target recognition. In this system, the high-speed DSP —TMS320F240, as a microprocessor, is used. The theory research of optimal burst point control was studied. The angle between optical axis and bomb axis was confirmed.2-time scan in short range and 1-time scan in long range are presented, so that damage effect will be improved. A real-time Infrared target recognition algorithm is given in this paper. A real-time Infrared target recognition system was manufactured, which has been applied in the test prototype of Smart Ammunition. The experiment result shows that the system is of high reliability and capability of anti-jamming.
4) A new kind of data acquisition and playback system based on PC/104 bus is designed and brought on the demand of high performance, large capacity and
本文以“十五”重点预研项目“末敏弹简易红外成像起爆控制技术”为背景，针对其中的主要内容进行研究，研制出了满足152mm末敏弹结构要求的简易红外成像试验样机，样机采用多元长波与单元中波相复合的红外探测体制，此样机能够达到在复杂背景中对地面目标(冷目标)探测距离≥150m，定位精度≤0.5m，识别率≥80％。无论从性能、体积上，作为应用于152mm或155mm末敏弹的原理样机的关键技术已经突破。通过本项目的研制，解决了我国在研制末敏弹时红外敏感器的性能一直达不到要求的问题，它的研究成果可直接应用于新一代末敏子弹武器系统中，使我国在末敏弹自行研制的实用化方面更进一步。具体研究内容如下：
(1) 根据系统应用背景，首先用红外测温仪和热像仪等仪器，从高空对目标的顶甲及背景进行了测试，其次从理论上对目标和背景的红外辐射特性进行了分析，从而为系统的设计提供了理论依据和实验数据。
(2) 对简易红外成像起爆控制系统进行了总体分析，并对各部件进行了设计，使之满足152mm末敏弹的体积要求和性能要求。研制了适于弹上应用的新型杜瓦结构双色多元红外探测器，通过使用特殊的材料把光学系统的遮光罩与探测器的冷屏巧妙地结合在一起，解决了探测器窗口结霜及光学系统杂散光的问题。针对探测系统的视线方向在旋转方向稍微向前偏置一定角度的要求，以完成目标的实时识别与炸点控制，本系统采用探测器灵敏面偏离光学系统中心一定距离的设计方法，简化了系统的结构，提高了系统的强度。对微型高压气瓶、光学系统、探测器及致冷器进行了一体化设计，实现了红外敏感器的小型化和实用化。
(3) 本文对最佳起爆点的控制进行了理论研究，确定了弹轴与光轴之间的夹角，提出了在近距离时采用二次扫描，在远距离时采用一次扫描的方法，从而提高了系统的毁伤效果。基于低分辨率的红外目标特征描述和提取、目标分类和识别等方面的研究是末敏子弹红外目标识别一个重要研究方向。它对目标识别的实时性要求非常苛刻。我们选用了片内具有丰富外设资源的高速DSP芯片TMS320F240作为本系统的图像微处理器，研制了基于TMS320F240DSP的红外目标实时识别系统，目标的实时处理识别时间小于0.1ms。给出了本系统的红外目标实时识别算法。
(4) 试验方法研究。构建了一套模拟弹目交会条件下的扫描平台。这样只需
In modern ground wars, in order to accurately damage an armored target with one or two conventional ammunitions from long range, the ammunitions must have the ability of automatic detection and identify an armored target. So Smart ammunitions have been developed in recent years.
In this thesis, the main contents of "the technology of simple infrared imaging detonation control applied to Smart ammunitions" which is the 10~(th) 5-year national defense preparatory study, are studied as follows:
1) According to the system application, we measured the infrared radiation characteristic of target and background from air and analyzed it. All that provided scientific basis for our designing the system.
2) The master analysis of the infrared imaging fuse system was given, and all the parts of the system were designed, So that its performance and volume meet the demand of 152mm SADARM. A new type infrared detector (without Dewar) applied to cannonball was developed. The problems of being frosted on the detector window and stray light were solved by the coalescent of the optical lens hood and the detector shield. The unique method of the detector sensitive side departure off optical axis was adopted So that target real time recognition and the burst point control can be accomplished in time. The system liability and intension were improved by the integrative design of subminiature high-pressure bottle, the optical system, detector and cooler.
3) The research of low-Resolution IR target feature extracting and target recognition is an important task for the Smart ammunitions. It needs real-time target recognition. In this system, the high-speed DSP —TMS320F240, as a microprocessor, is used. The theory research of optimal burst point control was studied. The angle between optical axis and bomb axis was confirmed.2-time scan in short range and 1-time scan in long range are presented, so that damage effect will be improved. A real-time Infrared target recognition algorithm is given in this paper. A real-time Infrared target recognition system was manufactured, which has been applied in the test prototype of Smart Ammunition. The experiment result shows that the system is of high reliability and capability of anti-jamming.
4) A new kind of data acquisition and playback system based on PC/104 bus is designed and brought on the demand of high performance, large capacity and
引文
[1] 王儒策，刘荣忠，苏玳等编著．灵巧弹药的构造及作用．北京：兵器工业出版社．2001
[2] 张龙山．引信技术概论．212所内部资料．2004
[3] 王颂康．关于我国灵巧弹药的发展。灵巧弹药研讨会，1996．4
[4] 俄罗斯新兵器手册编写组．俄罗斯新兵器手册．北京：兵器工业出版社 1998
[5] 朱惜辰．红外探测器的进展．红外技术，Vol21(6)1999：12-15
[6] 谭显裕，军用红外目标探测的特点、发展和应用前景．现代防御技术．Vol．27(5)，1999 26-29
[7] 《世界制导兵器手册》编辑部．世界制导兵器手册．北京：兵器工业出版社 1996
[8] 蔡毅，胡旭．红外成像寻的用红外探测器现状和发展趋势．红外与激光工程．vol35(1)2006 12-19
[9] David, Leech, and Ivars Gutmanis. The U. S. Infrared Detector Industry: Prospects for Commercial Diver ossification [C]. SPIE, Vol. 1682, 1992.
[10] Michel J M, Ducruet L, IRST: a key systerm in mordern warfare [A]. SPIE[C], 3061: 554-565
[11] Fortin J, Chevrette P, Realization of a fast microscanning device for Infrared focal plane arrays [A] SPIE[C] 2743: 185-196
[12] 刘隆和．多模复合寻的制导技术．北京：国防工业出版社．1998
[13] 洪大源．木敏子弹复合引信体制分析现代引信．1992(4)17-21
[14] 徐南荣，卞南华．红外辐射与制导．北京：国防工业出版社，1997
[15] 刘志才，李志广．红外热像仪图像处理技术综述．红外技术．22(6)，2000：27-32．
[16] Kruse P W, skatrud D D, Uncooled Infrared Imaging Arrays and Systems. [M], Acadmic Press, 1997
[17] 刘卫国，金娜著．集成非制冷热成像探测阵列．北京：国防工业出版社，2004．
[18] Mc Ewen R K. European Uncooled Thermal Imaging Technology [A]. SPIE [C] 3061: 179-190
[19] 邢素霞．非制冷红外热像系统研究．博士学位论文，南京理工大学，2005
[20] ULIS, 320×240 LWIR UNCOOLED MICROBOLOMETER DETECTOR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION, 2002.
[21] SOFRADIR. ID ML073-V3, 320×240 LWIR UNCOOLED MICROBOLOMETER DETECTOR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION, 2002.
[22] Li C R, Liu M D, Zen Y K et al. Preparation and properties of Yttrium Modified Lead Zirconate Titamate Ferroe-Lectric Thin films. Sensors & Actuators, A. Physical, 1997, 58: 245-247
[23] Butler D P, Jahanzeb A, Shah P C et al. IR Detector at Room Temperature Using Semiconducting Y BaCuo. SPIE. 1996, 2816: 46-57
[24] Kazuhiko Hashimoto, Tomohiro Tsuruta, Katsuya Morinaka et al. High Performance Human Information Sensor. Sensors and Actuators, 2000, 79: 46-52.
[25] 张冰艳，喻松林，东海杰．双波段红外焦平面探测器，红外技术，2000(5)，27-30
[26] 张雄伟，曹铁勇．DSP芯片的原理与丌发应用．第二版．北京：电子工业出版社，2000
[27] 陈玻若 编著．红外系统，北京：兵器工业出版社，1995．
[28] 刘景生．红外物理．北京：兵器工业出版社，1992
[29] 陈衡．红外物理学．北京：国防工业出版社，1985
[30] 张敬贤，李玉丹，金伟其编著．微光与红外热成像技术，北京：北京理工大学出版社，1995。
[31] 张幼文．红外光学系统．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1982
[32] 吴宗凡，柳美琳，张绍举等编著．红外与微光技术．北京：国防工业出版社，1998．
[33] 刘永昌，王虎元．红外成像制导多模实时识别跟踪算法研究．红外技术，2000，22(2)2～26
[34] 佟国旭，刘敬海，林幼娜等．亚成像系统中的实时图像分割与识别．红外与激光工程．1998，27(4)26～29
[35] Mc Carley, P. L. Massie, M. A. Baxter, C. R. Huynh. Near Seek dual-color image processing infrared focal plane array. Proceedings of the SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA) vol. 3360 P. 13-27
[36] A. F. Milton, G. L. Harvey and A. W. Schmidt. Comparison of The 3-5 Micrometer and 8-12 Micrometer Regions For Advanced Thermal Imaging Systems. Report 8172, NRL, AS-A049 448, December (1977).
[37] Lu Wangzhen, Yuan Hongfu, Xu Guangtong. modern Near infrared spectral Analysis Technology. Beijing: china petrocheical press 2000.8-10
[38] Mcginn W D. Infrared Search and Track Demonstrator Programmer[C]. SPIE, Vol. 1950, 1993.
[39] 中国兵器工业第211所情报室译．红外技术原理，1996
[40] Hudson R D Jr. Infrared System Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1969
[41] John B. Goodell, George L. Harvey et al. The Fundamentals of Thermal Imaging Systems NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY WASHINGTON, D. C MAY 1979
[42] J. M. LIOYD. Thermal Imaging Systems. Plenum Press. New York. 1975
[43] 徐根兴，姚连兴，仇维礼主编．目标和环境的光学特性．北京：宇航出版社，1995
[44] 朱寿远，魏德孟，姚军田，周向前．主战坦克与地物背景红外辐射特性研究，红外技术 Vol．22(5)p45～50
[45] Anjuna Rao. C. IR Image Simulation. SPIE, Infrared Technology ⅫⅠ, 1987, 819: 55-62
[46] Howe J D. Thermal Imaging Systems Modeling-Present Status and Future Challenges. SPIE Infrared Technology ⅩⅩ, 1994, 2269: 538-550
[47] G. C. Hoist. Electro-Optical Imaging System Performance, pp. 362-367, JCD Publishing, Winter Park, FL (1995).
[48] VictorT Tom. Morphology-Based Algorithm for Point Target Detectionin Infrared Backgrounds [C]. SPIE, Vol(1954) 1994.
[49] 张忠诚，孟庆华，沈振康．红外目标特征分析．激光与红外，1999 22：166-169
[50] 韩玉阁，宣宜民．地面目标与背景红外热像模拟的现状，问题及对策．红外技术，2003(5)：22-25．
[51] 董雁冰，刘浩．坦克红外辐射理论建模研究．军用目标特性及传输特性“八五”技术成果论文集，1996。
[52] 谈和平，阮立明，夏新林．坦克瞬态温度场及表面光辐射特性研究．军用目标特性及传输特性“八五”技术成果论文集，1996。
[53] 张建奇，方小平，张海兴．自然环境下地表红外辐射特性对比研究．红外与毫米波学报，1994，13(6)：418-424
[54] R. G. Driggers, G. L. Boylston and G. T. Edwards. Equivalent temperature difference with respect to ambient temperature difference as a function of background temperature Optical engineering Vol. 31. 6. 1992. 1357-1361
[55] 韩玉阁，宣益民．天然地形的随机生成及其红外辐射特性研究．红外与毫米波学报．2000，19(2)：129-123
[56] 侯秋萍，贾养育，左福顺．新型坦克红外辐射特性测量研究．军用目标特性及传输特性“八五”技术成果论文集，1996
[57] J. N. Cederquist, T. J. Rogne and C. R. Schwartz. Multispectral infrared target detection: phenomenology and modeling SPIE vol (1954)
[58] Timothy J. Rogne, Charles S. Hall, Richard Freeling. U. S. Army Tank Auto-motive Command (TACOM) Thermal Image Model (TRIM) SPIE, 1989, 1110: 210-219
[59] Thomas. D. J, G M. Mart in Thermal modeling of Background and Targets for Air-to-Ground and Ground-to-Ground Vehicle Applications. SPIE Imaging Infrared, 1989, 1110: 166-176.
[60] 罗来邦，常本康，董新庆．简易红外成像引信光学系统．兵工学报，2005 Vol．26(3)：423-425
[61] Handbook of infrared Technology. ONR, US Government Printing Office, 1985 and "Reflectivity Measurements with 10.6μm Infrared Radiation. G. E. Vandanmme and M＞J＞Amoroso, Army Weapons Command, June (1972) AD-746-238.
[62] T. W. Ture. Thermal Imaging Relative Performance: 3-5 Microns versus 8-12 Microns Technical Report AFAL-TR-76-217, AD-A037 248, January (1977)
[63] M. D. Blue, G. R. Loafer Active/Passive Long wavelength Infrared (LWIR) Laser Guidance Technical Report RE-CR-80-1 JUL (1979)
[64] 李全葆，王跃，韩庆林等．大直径HgCdTe晶体生长研究．激光与红外，2004(3) 1997-1999
[65] Boy Rebook. Flirts and Targeting Pods Getting to the Point [J]. Armada International, 3, 1993.
[66] Wil] ian B Scott. Second-Generation Flirts Enhance Night Attack Systems [J]. Aviation Week & Space Technology, June7, 1993
[67] 冯克成，刘景生 主编．红外光学系统．北京：兵器工业出版社，1994．
[68] 李正直．红外光学系统．北京：国防工业出版社，1996：120-124
[69] 潘君骅．大口径红外成像系统的光学设计．光学学报，Vol．23，No．12，P1475-1478．
[70] 潘君骅．非球面光学系统设计、加工及检验的综合考虑．光学技术．Vol．27，No．6，2001，P566—577．
[71] 史光辉．消除卡塞格林系统杂光的措施．光学精密工程．1997．5(5)：10-16
[72] 罗来邦，常本康．简易红外成像引信目标识别系统设计．中国兵工学会第十 四届引信学术年会论文集 2005．20-23
[73] 朱景伟．定向战斗部最佳起爆延迟时间及起爆方位变化特性研究．探测与控制学报．1999，21(3)：26-29。
[74] 叶嘉雄，常大定，陈汝钧．光电系统与信号处理．北京：科学出版社。1997
[75] 陈安凯，陈嘉编．最新国外集成电路数据手册．北京：人民邮电出版社 1996
[76] 裴洪安，刘万春，贾云得．基于TMS320C32多路声信号实时采集与处理系统．探测与控制学报，2001．Vol．23．No．1．P12-17
[77] 北京闻亭科技发展有限责任公司．TMS320F24X高速数字信号处理器原理与应用．2003
[78] 王念旭等．DSP基础与应用系统设计．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2001
[79] Texas Instrument Incorporated. TMS320C3X User' s Guide. 1997.
[80] Texas Instruments. TMS320C2XX User' s Guide[M]. Printed in U. S, A. by Custom Printing Company Owensville, Missouri, 1997
[81] Zhang Y J. Gerbrands J J. Objective and quantitative segmentation evaluation and comparisons. Signal Processing, 1994, 39: 43～54
[82] 向键勇，徐军．一种实用的红外图像分割算法研究．西安电子科技大学学报，1997 24(3)：416-460
[83] 王爱民，沈兰逊．图像分割研究综述．测控技术，2000，19(5)：1～6
[84] 薛东辉，朱耀庭等．低对比度前视红外坦克目标图像检测方法研究．红外与毫米波学报，1996，15(3)：183-188
[85] Budde Wolfgang. Physical detectors of optical radiation. Academic pr. New York. 1983.
[86] 杨威，张田文．复杂景物环境下运动目标检测的新方法．计算机研究与发展．1998，35(8)724-728
[87] 刘文萍，吴立德．人造目标红外前视域值分割技术．红外与毫米波学报．1996：16(5)：379-383
[88] 薛东辉，朱耀庭等．一种综合的有噪图像边缘提取方法．数据采集与处理，1995，10(4)：30-333
[89] 王海英，郭志芬．一种复杂图像目标的分割与识别．北京理工大学学报，2000，20(2)224-228
[90] 丁震，胡钟山，杨静宇等．一种基于模糊聚类的快速二值化方法．计算机学报，1998，21(增刊)：331-334
[91] 高戈，付海帆．图象序列中的背景对准与运动检测算法研究．数据采集与处 理，1999，14(2)：163-166
[92] 王思贤，刘宗义，梅建新．低比度图像目标分割的研究．武汉大学学报，2000，46(5)641-644
[93] 魏志成，周激流，吕航等．一种图像分割自适应算法的研究．中国图形图像学报，2000，5(3)：216-220
[94] Kenneth R Castleman. Digital Image Processing Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey, America. 1996
[95] Sum-Gusun, Hyun Wook Park. Segmentation of forward looking infrared image using fuzzy thresholding and edge detection. Optical Engineering, 2001, 40(11): 2638-2645
[96] Schoo K, Soltani S, Wang A K C. A survey of threshold techniques. computer vision, Graphics and Image Processing 1988, 41: 233-260
[97] Chowdhury M H, Little W. D. Image threshold techniques Proceedings of IEEE Pacific RIM conference on communications, computers, and signal. Cictoria, USA. IEEE..
[98] 金梅，张长江，李冰．红外图像目标快速分割方法．激光与红外，2004(3) 222-224
[99] 章毓晋．图像分割．北京：科学出版社，2001
[100] K. S. Fu. Digitall pattern Recognition Springer-Verlag, 1976.
[101] Yoh-Han Pao. Adaptive Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks, Addison-Wesley, 1989.
[102] (德)弗里德里，M，华尔著．王字海等译．数字图像处理．上海：上海远东出版社，1993
[103] D. E. Rumelhart. Parallel distributed Processing: Exploration in the Microstructure of Cognition, IT Press, 1988
[104] 孙即祥．数字图像处理．河北：河北教育出版社，1993
[105] 韩建涛，陈曾平．红外目标检测与识别技术研究．红外技术，2001，vol．23(6)．5-7
[106] 颜孙霞，孙即祥，王晓华等．矩不变量在目标形状识别中的应用研究．国防科技大学学报，1998．20(5)：75-76
[107] 廖闻剑，成瑜．三维飞机自动识别的一种有效方法．航空学报，1998，19(6)：730-735
[108] Persoon E, Fu K S. Shape discrimination using Fourier descriptors, IEEE Transom Syst, Man, Cberm, 1997, SMC-7: 388-397
[109] 贾财潮．基于神经网络的二维不变性目标识别方法．光学学报，1999，19(8)：1074-1078
[110] 李飚，李吉成．一种基于神经网络的红外目标识别方法．系统工程与电子技术，1999，21(2)：39-47
[111] 汪国有，史伟强等．基于峰谷点特性的红外目标自动识别方法．华中理工大学学报，1999，27(5)：6-8
[112] 郑链，李劲松等．人工神经网络在目标图像识别中的应用．北京理工大学学报，1997，17(4)：13～16
[113] 王辛芳，驶鹏飞．基于局部不变特性的空中红外面目标的模糊识别．上海交通大学学报，1998，32(9)：57-60
[114] 陈东，王炎．基于旋转不变性小波矩的神经网络飞机识别．计算机工程与设计，1998，19(3)：3-6
[115] 涂建平，彭应宁，袁正．一种新型空空导弹红外成像引信．红外技术，2002．24：17-22
[116] Lipchen A C, Nasser MN. Modular wavelet-based vector quantization for automatic target recognition Proceeding of the 1996 IEE/SICE/RSJ International conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems. USA: IEEE, 1996. 462-469
[117] SAHOO P K, SOLTANI S. A survey of threshold techniques [J]. Computer. Vis. Graph. Image Process, 1988, 41(5): 233-260.
[118] Kenneth A A. A new approach to for automatic target recognition. IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1992, 28(1): 105-114
[119] 马惠民，郑链，王克勇．飞机红外灰度图像实时特征提取．红外技术，2001．23：34-38
[120] Bhaun B, Dudgeon D E, Zelnio E G et al. Introduction to the special issue on automatic target detection and recognition. IEEE trans, on image processing, 1997, 6(1): 1～6
[121] Kamgar-Parsi B, Jain A K. Automatic target recognition: Toward using human similarity measure in a recognition system. Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. USA: IEEE, 1999.1 270-273
[122] Casasent D, Ye A Q. Detection filters and algorithm fusion for ATR. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 1997, 6(1): 114-125
[123] Guo J, Kim J, Kuo CC. Interactive adaptive systems for semantic object extraction from image sequences. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering. Nethlands: SPIE, 1999. v3720: 580-591
[124] Der S Z, Chellappa Reproves-based automatic target recognition in infrared imagery. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 1997, 6(1): 92-102
[125] 沈庭芝，方子文编著．数字图像处理与模式识别．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1998．6：140-147，150-147
[126] 朱淼良．计算机视觉．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1997：278-286
[127] Mehdi Knosravi, Ronald W Schafer. Template Matching Based on a Grayscale Hit-or-Miss Transform. IEEE Trans. on Image processing, 1996.6, 15 (6)
[128] L Prased, S lyengar. High performance Algorithms for Object Recognition Problem by Multi resolution Template Matching. IEEE, 1082-3409/95 1995
[129] 王强，宋京民，胡建平等．一种快速模板匹配目标识别算法．计算机工程与应用，2000(6)42-44
[130] 夏良正编著．数字图像处理．南京：东南大学出版社，2001
[131] 孙即祥．现代模式识别．长沙：国防科技大学出版社，2002
[132] 罗来邦，常本康，张力，王述琪，杨郁伟．基于DSP的低分辨率红外目标特征提取及识别 探测与控制学报，2004 Vol．26(3)：15-18
[133] OTSU N. A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1979, 9(1): 62—66.
[134] Kapur J N, Sahool P K, WONG A K C. A new method for gray-level picture threshold using the entropy of the histogram. Computer Vision Graphics Image Processing, 1985, 29(4): 273—285.
[135] ABUTALEB A S. Automatic threshold of gray-level picture using two-dimensional entropy. Computer Vision Graphics Image Processing, 1987, 47(6): 22—32.
[136] LEE S U, CHUNG S Y. A comparative performance study of several global threshold techniques for segmentation. Computer Vision Graphics and Image Processing, 1990, 52(3): 171—190.
[137] CHERIET M, SAID J N, SUEN C Y. A Recursive Threshold Technique for Image Segmentation. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 1998, 7(6): 62—66.
[138] CHEN W T, WEN C H, YANG C W. A fast two-dimensional entopic threshold algorithm [J]. Pattern Recognition, 1994, 27(7): 885—893.
[139] Liran Y. An Airborne IR Point-Detection System[C]. SPIE, Vol. 1762, 1992.
[140] FrankJ. Iamnarilli. Jr. End to End. Model for Detection Performance Evalution Against Scenario-Specific Targets[C]. SPIE, Vol.1488, 1991.
[141] R. J. Farrell and J. M. Booth Desgin handbook for imagery interpretation equipment Reprinted with corrections. Boiling aerospace company, Seattle 1984.
[142] L. M. Beyer, S. H. Cobb, and L. C. Clune Enquired power for circular pupils with off center imaging Applied optics Vol. 3025 1991 3569-3574
[143] 王绵森，马知恩．工科数学分析基础．北京：高等教育出版社．1998
[144] E. B. Singlet. on Infrared thermograph: a graphic interpretation of existence as a function of surface temperature, emittance, and background Applied optics Vol. 215 1982. 782-786
[145] Y. M. Chang and R. A. Grot. Performances measurements of infrared imaging systems used to assess thermal anomalies, in thermal imaging, I. R. Abel. SPIE Vol 636. 1986. 17-30
[146] 李大有．微型计算机接口技术．北京：清华大学出版社，1992
[147] 张建新．SBS嵌入式PCI04开发与应用．北京：盛博科技出版，1995
[148] 罗来邦，王述琪．小型多通道数据采集与回放测量系统探测与控制学报．2005 Vol．27(1)：38—40
[2] 张龙山．引信技术概论．212所内部资料．2004
[3] 王颂康．关于我国灵巧弹药的发展。灵巧弹药研讨会，1996．4
[4] 俄罗斯新兵器手册编写组．俄罗斯新兵器手册．北京：兵器工业出版社 1998
[5] 朱惜辰．红外探测器的进展．红外技术，Vol21(6)1999：12-15
[6] 谭显裕，军用红外目标探测的特点、发展和应用前景．现代防御技术．Vol．27(5)，1999 26-29
[7] 《世界制导兵器手册》编辑部．世界制导兵器手册．北京：兵器工业出版社 1996
[8] 蔡毅，胡旭．红外成像寻的用红外探测器现状和发展趋势．红外与激光工程．vol35(1)2006 12-19
[9] David, Leech, and Ivars Gutmanis. The U. S. Infrared Detector Industry: Prospects for Commercial Diver ossification [C]. SPIE, Vol. 1682, 1992.
[10] Michel J M, Ducruet L, IRST: a key systerm in mordern warfare [A]. SPIE[C], 3061: 554-565
[11] Fortin J, Chevrette P, Realization of a fast microscanning device for Infrared focal plane arrays [A] SPIE[C] 2743: 185-196
[12] 刘隆和．多模复合寻的制导技术．北京：国防工业出版社．1998
[13] 洪大源．木敏子弹复合引信体制分析现代引信．1992(4)17-21
[14] 徐南荣，卞南华．红外辐射与制导．北京：国防工业出版社，1997
[15] 刘志才，李志广．红外热像仪图像处理技术综述．红外技术．22(6)，2000：27-32．
[16] Kruse P W, skatrud D D, Uncooled Infrared Imaging Arrays and Systems. [M], Acadmic Press, 1997
[17] 刘卫国，金娜著．集成非制冷热成像探测阵列．北京：国防工业出版社，2004．
[18] Mc Ewen R K. European Uncooled Thermal Imaging Technology [A]. SPIE [C] 3061: 179-190
[19] 邢素霞．非制冷红外热像系统研究．博士学位论文，南京理工大学，2005
[20] ULIS, 320×240 LWIR UNCOOLED MICROBOLOMETER DETECTOR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION, 2002.
[21] SOFRADIR. ID ML073-V3, 320×240 LWIR UNCOOLED MICROBOLOMETER DETECTOR TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION, 2002.
[22] Li C R, Liu M D, Zen Y K et al. Preparation and properties of Yttrium Modified Lead Zirconate Titamate Ferroe-Lectric Thin films. Sensors & Actuators, A. Physical, 1997, 58: 245-247
[23] Butler D P, Jahanzeb A, Shah P C et al. IR Detector at Room Temperature Using Semiconducting Y BaCuo. SPIE. 1996, 2816: 46-57
[24] Kazuhiko Hashimoto, Tomohiro Tsuruta, Katsuya Morinaka et al. High Performance Human Information Sensor. Sensors and Actuators, 2000, 79: 46-52.
[25] 张冰艳，喻松林，东海杰．双波段红外焦平面探测器，红外技术，2000(5)，27-30
[26] 张雄伟，曹铁勇．DSP芯片的原理与丌发应用．第二版．北京：电子工业出版社，2000
[27] 陈玻若 编著．红外系统，北京：兵器工业出版社，1995．
[28] 刘景生．红外物理．北京：兵器工业出版社，1992
[29] 陈衡．红外物理学．北京：国防工业出版社，1985
[30] 张敬贤，李玉丹，金伟其编著．微光与红外热成像技术，北京：北京理工大学出版社，1995。
[31] 张幼文．红外光学系统．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1982
[32] 吴宗凡，柳美琳，张绍举等编著．红外与微光技术．北京：国防工业出版社，1998．
[33] 刘永昌，王虎元．红外成像制导多模实时识别跟踪算法研究．红外技术，2000，22(2)2～26
[34] 佟国旭，刘敬海，林幼娜等．亚成像系统中的实时图像分割与识别．红外与激光工程．1998，27(4)26～29
[35] Mc Carley, P. L. Massie, M. A. Baxter, C. R. Huynh. Near Seek dual-color image processing infrared focal plane array. Proceedings of the SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. (USA) vol. 3360 P. 13-27
[36] A. F. Milton, G. L. Harvey and A. W. Schmidt. Comparison of The 3-5 Micrometer and 8-12 Micrometer Regions For Advanced Thermal Imaging Systems. Report 8172, NRL, AS-A049 448, December (1977).
[37] Lu Wangzhen, Yuan Hongfu, Xu Guangtong. modern Near infrared spectral Analysis Technology. Beijing: china petrocheical press 2000.8-10
[38] Mcginn W D. Infrared Search and Track Demonstrator Programmer[C]. SPIE, Vol. 1950, 1993.
[39] 中国兵器工业第211所情报室译．红外技术原理，1996
[40] Hudson R D Jr. Infrared System Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1969
[41] John B. Goodell, George L. Harvey et al. The Fundamentals of Thermal Imaging Systems NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY WASHINGTON, D. C MAY 1979
[42] J. M. LIOYD. Thermal Imaging Systems. Plenum Press. New York. 1975
[43] 徐根兴，姚连兴，仇维礼主编．目标和环境的光学特性．北京：宇航出版社，1995
[44] 朱寿远，魏德孟，姚军田，周向前．主战坦克与地物背景红外辐射特性研究，红外技术 Vol．22(5)p45～50
[45] Anjuna Rao. C. IR Image Simulation. SPIE, Infrared Technology ⅫⅠ, 1987, 819: 55-62
[46] Howe J D. Thermal Imaging Systems Modeling-Present Status and Future Challenges. SPIE Infrared Technology ⅩⅩ, 1994, 2269: 538-550
[47] G. C. Hoist. Electro-Optical Imaging System Performance, pp. 362-367, JCD Publishing, Winter Park, FL (1995).
[48] VictorT Tom. Morphology-Based Algorithm for Point Target Detectionin Infrared Backgrounds [C]. SPIE, Vol(1954) 1994.
[49] 张忠诚，孟庆华，沈振康．红外目标特征分析．激光与红外，1999 22：166-169
[50] 韩玉阁，宣宜民．地面目标与背景红外热像模拟的现状，问题及对策．红外技术，2003(5)：22-25．
[51] 董雁冰，刘浩．坦克红外辐射理论建模研究．军用目标特性及传输特性“八五”技术成果论文集，1996。
[52] 谈和平，阮立明，夏新林．坦克瞬态温度场及表面光辐射特性研究．军用目标特性及传输特性“八五”技术成果论文集，1996。
[53] 张建奇，方小平，张海兴．自然环境下地表红外辐射特性对比研究．红外与毫米波学报，1994，13(6)：418-424
[54] R. G. Driggers, G. L. Boylston and G. T. Edwards. Equivalent temperature difference with respect to ambient temperature difference as a function of background temperature Optical engineering Vol. 31. 6. 1992. 1357-1361
[55] 韩玉阁，宣益民．天然地形的随机生成及其红外辐射特性研究．红外与毫米波学报．2000，19(2)：129-123
[56] 侯秋萍，贾养育，左福顺．新型坦克红外辐射特性测量研究．军用目标特性及传输特性“八五”技术成果论文集，1996
[57] J. N. Cederquist, T. J. Rogne and C. R. Schwartz. Multispectral infrared target detection: phenomenology and modeling SPIE vol (1954)
[58] Timothy J. Rogne, Charles S. Hall, Richard Freeling. U. S. Army Tank Auto-motive Command (TACOM) Thermal Image Model (TRIM) SPIE, 1989, 1110: 210-219
[59] Thomas. D. J, G M. Mart in Thermal modeling of Background and Targets for Air-to-Ground and Ground-to-Ground Vehicle Applications. SPIE Imaging Infrared, 1989, 1110: 166-176.
[60] 罗来邦，常本康，董新庆．简易红外成像引信光学系统．兵工学报，2005 Vol．26(3)：423-425
[61] Handbook of infrared Technology. ONR, US Government Printing Office, 1985 and "Reflectivity Measurements with 10.6μm Infrared Radiation. G. E. Vandanmme and M＞J＞Amoroso, Army Weapons Command, June (1972) AD-746-238.
[62] T. W. Ture. Thermal Imaging Relative Performance: 3-5 Microns versus 8-12 Microns Technical Report AFAL-TR-76-217, AD-A037 248, January (1977)
[63] M. D. Blue, G. R. Loafer Active/Passive Long wavelength Infrared (LWIR) Laser Guidance Technical Report RE-CR-80-1 JUL (1979)
[64] 李全葆，王跃，韩庆林等．大直径HgCdTe晶体生长研究．激光与红外，2004(3) 1997-1999
[65] Boy Rebook. Flirts and Targeting Pods Getting to the Point [J]. Armada International, 3, 1993.
[66] Wil] ian B Scott. Second-Generation Flirts Enhance Night Attack Systems [J]. Aviation Week & Space Technology, June7, 1993
[67] 冯克成，刘景生 主编．红外光学系统．北京：兵器工业出版社，1994．
[68] 李正直．红外光学系统．北京：国防工业出版社，1996：120-124
[69] 潘君骅．大口径红外成像系统的光学设计．光学学报，Vol．23，No．12，P1475-1478．
[70] 潘君骅．非球面光学系统设计、加工及检验的综合考虑．光学技术．Vol．27，No．6，2001，P566—577．
[71] 史光辉．消除卡塞格林系统杂光的措施．光学精密工程．1997．5(5)：10-16
[72] 罗来邦，常本康．简易红外成像引信目标识别系统设计．中国兵工学会第十 四届引信学术年会论文集 2005．20-23
[73] 朱景伟．定向战斗部最佳起爆延迟时间及起爆方位变化特性研究．探测与控制学报．1999，21(3)：26-29。
[74] 叶嘉雄，常大定，陈汝钧．光电系统与信号处理．北京：科学出版社。1997
[75] 陈安凯，陈嘉编．最新国外集成电路数据手册．北京：人民邮电出版社 1996
[76] 裴洪安，刘万春，贾云得．基于TMS320C32多路声信号实时采集与处理系统．探测与控制学报，2001．Vol．23．No．1．P12-17
[77] 北京闻亭科技发展有限责任公司．TMS320F24X高速数字信号处理器原理与应用．2003
[78] 王念旭等．DSP基础与应用系统设计．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2001
[79] Texas Instrument Incorporated. TMS320C3X User' s Guide. 1997.
[80] Texas Instruments. TMS320C2XX User' s Guide[M]. Printed in U. S, A. by Custom Printing Company Owensville, Missouri, 1997
[81] Zhang Y J. Gerbrands J J. Objective and quantitative segmentation evaluation and comparisons. Signal Processing, 1994, 39: 43～54
[82] 向键勇，徐军．一种实用的红外图像分割算法研究．西安电子科技大学学报，1997 24(3)：416-460
[83] 王爱民，沈兰逊．图像分割研究综述．测控技术，2000，19(5)：1～6
[84] 薛东辉，朱耀庭等．低对比度前视红外坦克目标图像检测方法研究．红外与毫米波学报，1996，15(3)：183-188
[85] Budde Wolfgang. Physical detectors of optical radiation. Academic pr. New York. 1983.
[86] 杨威，张田文．复杂景物环境下运动目标检测的新方法．计算机研究与发展．1998，35(8)724-728
[87] 刘文萍，吴立德．人造目标红外前视域值分割技术．红外与毫米波学报．1996：16(5)：379-383
[88] 薛东辉，朱耀庭等．一种综合的有噪图像边缘提取方法．数据采集与处理，1995，10(4)：30-333
[89] 王海英，郭志芬．一种复杂图像目标的分割与识别．北京理工大学学报，2000，20(2)224-228
[90] 丁震，胡钟山，杨静宇等．一种基于模糊聚类的快速二值化方法．计算机学报，1998，21(增刊)：331-334
[91] 高戈，付海帆．图象序列中的背景对准与运动检测算法研究．数据采集与处 理，1999，14(2)：163-166
[92] 王思贤，刘宗义，梅建新．低比度图像目标分割的研究．武汉大学学报，2000，46(5)641-644
[93] 魏志成，周激流，吕航等．一种图像分割自适应算法的研究．中国图形图像学报，2000，5(3)：216-220
[94] Kenneth R Castleman. Digital Image Processing Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey, America. 1996
[95] Sum-Gusun, Hyun Wook Park. Segmentation of forward looking infrared image using fuzzy thresholding and edge detection. Optical Engineering, 2001, 40(11): 2638-2645
[96] Schoo K, Soltani S, Wang A K C. A survey of threshold techniques. computer vision, Graphics and Image Processing 1988, 41: 233-260
[97] Chowdhury M H, Little W. D. Image threshold techniques Proceedings of IEEE Pacific RIM conference on communications, computers, and signal. Cictoria, USA. IEEE..
[98] 金梅，张长江，李冰．红外图像目标快速分割方法．激光与红外，2004(3) 222-224
[99] 章毓晋．图像分割．北京：科学出版社，2001
[100] K. S. Fu. Digitall pattern Recognition Springer-Verlag, 1976.
[101] Yoh-Han Pao. Adaptive Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks, Addison-Wesley, 1989.
[102] (德)弗里德里，M，华尔著．王字海等译．数字图像处理．上海：上海远东出版社，1993
[103] D. E. Rumelhart. Parallel distributed Processing: Exploration in the Microstructure of Cognition, IT Press, 1988
[104] 孙即祥．数字图像处理．河北：河北教育出版社，1993
[105] 韩建涛，陈曾平．红外目标检测与识别技术研究．红外技术，2001，vol．23(6)．5-7
[106] 颜孙霞，孙即祥，王晓华等．矩不变量在目标形状识别中的应用研究．国防科技大学学报，1998．20(5)：75-76
[107] 廖闻剑，成瑜．三维飞机自动识别的一种有效方法．航空学报，1998，19(6)：730-735
[108] Persoon E, Fu K S. Shape discrimination using Fourier descriptors, IEEE Transom Syst, Man, Cberm, 1997, SMC-7: 388-397
[109] 贾财潮．基于神经网络的二维不变性目标识别方法．光学学报，1999，19(8)：1074-1078
[110] 李飚，李吉成．一种基于神经网络的红外目标识别方法．系统工程与电子技术，1999，21(2)：39-47
[111] 汪国有，史伟强等．基于峰谷点特性的红外目标自动识别方法．华中理工大学学报，1999，27(5)：6-8
[112] 郑链，李劲松等．人工神经网络在目标图像识别中的应用．北京理工大学学报，1997，17(4)：13～16
[113] 王辛芳，驶鹏飞．基于局部不变特性的空中红外面目标的模糊识别．上海交通大学学报，1998，32(9)：57-60
[114] 陈东，王炎．基于旋转不变性小波矩的神经网络飞机识别．计算机工程与设计，1998，19(3)：3-6
[115] 涂建平，彭应宁，袁正．一种新型空空导弹红外成像引信．红外技术，2002．24：17-22
[116] Lipchen A C, Nasser MN. Modular wavelet-based vector quantization for automatic target recognition Proceeding of the 1996 IEE/SICE/RSJ International conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems. USA: IEEE, 1996. 462-469
[117] SAHOO P K, SOLTANI S. A survey of threshold techniques [J]. Computer. Vis. Graph. Image Process, 1988, 41(5): 233-260.
[118] Kenneth A A. A new approach to for automatic target recognition. IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 1992, 28(1): 105-114
[119] 马惠民，郑链，王克勇．飞机红外灰度图像实时特征提取．红外技术，2001．23：34-38
[120] Bhaun B, Dudgeon D E, Zelnio E G et al. Introduction to the special issue on automatic target detection and recognition. IEEE trans, on image processing, 1997, 6(1): 1～6
[121] Kamgar-Parsi B, Jain A K. Automatic target recognition: Toward using human similarity measure in a recognition system. Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. USA: IEEE, 1999.1 270-273
[122] Casasent D, Ye A Q. Detection filters and algorithm fusion for ATR. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 1997, 6(1): 114-125
[123] Guo J, Kim J, Kuo CC. Interactive adaptive systems for semantic object extraction from image sequences. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering. Nethlands: SPIE, 1999. v3720: 580-591
[124] Der S Z, Chellappa Reproves-based automatic target recognition in infrared imagery. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 1997, 6(1): 92-102
[125] 沈庭芝，方子文编著．数字图像处理与模式识别．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1998．6：140-147，150-147
[126] 朱淼良．计算机视觉．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1997：278-286
[127] Mehdi Knosravi, Ronald W Schafer. Template Matching Based on a Grayscale Hit-or-Miss Transform. IEEE Trans. on Image processing, 1996.6, 15 (6)
[128] L Prased, S lyengar. High performance Algorithms for Object Recognition Problem by Multi resolution Template Matching. IEEE, 1082-3409/95 1995
[129] 王强，宋京民，胡建平等．一种快速模板匹配目标识别算法．计算机工程与应用，2000(6)42-44
[130] 夏良正编著．数字图像处理．南京：东南大学出版社，2001
[131] 孙即祥．现代模式识别．长沙：国防科技大学出版社，2002
[132] 罗来邦，常本康，张力，王述琪，杨郁伟．基于DSP的低分辨率红外目标特征提取及识别 探测与控制学报，2004 Vol．26(3)：15-18
[133] OTSU N. A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1979, 9(1): 62—66.
[134] Kapur J N, Sahool P K, WONG A K C. A new method for gray-level picture threshold using the entropy of the histogram. Computer Vision Graphics Image Processing, 1985, 29(4): 273—285.
[135] ABUTALEB A S. Automatic threshold of gray-level picture using two-dimensional entropy. Computer Vision Graphics Image Processing, 1987, 47(6): 22—32.
[136] LEE S U, CHUNG S Y. A comparative performance study of several global threshold techniques for segmentation. Computer Vision Graphics and Image Processing, 1990, 52(3): 171—190.
[137] CHERIET M, SAID J N, SUEN C Y. A Recursive Threshold Technique for Image Segmentation. IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, 1998, 7(6): 62—66.
[138] CHEN W T, WEN C H, YANG C W. A fast two-dimensional entopic threshold algorithm [J]. Pattern Recognition, 1994, 27(7): 885—893.
[139] Liran Y. An Airborne IR Point-Detection System[C]. SPIE, Vol. 1762, 1992.
[140] FrankJ. Iamnarilli. Jr. End to End. Model for Detection Performance Evalution Against Scenario-Specific Targets[C]. SPIE, Vol.1488, 1991.
[141] R. J. Farrell and J. M. Booth Desgin handbook for imagery interpretation equipment Reprinted with corrections. Boiling aerospace company, Seattle 1984.
[142] L. M. Beyer, S. H. Cobb, and L. C. Clune Enquired power for circular pupils with off center imaging Applied optics Vol. 3025 1991 3569-3574
[143] 王绵森，马知恩．工科数学分析基础．北京：高等教育出版社．1998
[144] E. B. Singlet. on Infrared thermograph: a graphic interpretation of existence as a function of surface temperature, emittance, and background Applied optics Vol. 215 1982. 782-786
[145] Y. M. Chang and R. A. Grot. Performances measurements of infrared imaging systems used to assess thermal anomalies, in thermal imaging, I. R. Abel. SPIE Vol 636. 1986. 17-30
[146] 李大有．微型计算机接口技术．北京：清华大学出版社，1992
[147] 张建新．SBS嵌入式PCI04开发与应用．北京：盛博科技出版，1995
[148] 罗来邦，王述琪．小型多通道数据采集与回放测量系统探测与控制学报．2005 Vol．27(1)：38—40