高温复杂流场光学特性及其诊断研究
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摘要
随着现代航空、航天、火箭和导弹等技术的飞速发展,迫切需要将复杂流场的全场显示和关键参数的测试技术由低温应用拓展到高温区域。光学计算层析技术作为一种实时、稳定、非接触的光学测量方法,在高温复杂流场的全场显示和关键参数的测量、诊断方面,仍然有其独特的优势。遗憾的是,到目前为止,没有适合高温复杂流场关键参数的光学计算层析诊断理论,这是由于缺乏对此类流场光学特性的研究。针对这一现状,本博士论文将围绕高温复杂流场的光学特性和层析诊断理论展开相关研究,建立起一套适合此类流场光学层析诊断的理论模型与实验测试系统,可望为能够较好地解决此类流场的显示和关键参数的测量、诊断提供有价值的参考。主要工作如下：
针对高温复杂流场中带电粒子等多种成分对其光学特性的影响,修正了长期用于普通气体流场的G-D公式；提出等效粒子数密度的概念,为普通气体流场和高温复杂流场建立起统一的折射率描述模型。通过比较燃烧火焰和氩弧等离子体两类流场的莫尔条纹偏移量,阐明了决定高温复杂流场折射率梯度的主要因素；在此基础上,对莫尔偏折层析技术用于典型高温复杂流场关键参数诊断的适应性进行了分析。
通过建立燃烧火焰、火箭发动机尾焰和氩弧等离子体三类典型高温复杂流场的色散本领与其成分、温度和压强以及探测波长之间的关系,详细研究了它们的色散特性。结果发现,燃烧火焰和火箭发动机尾焰的色散本领随温度升高而减小；而氩弧等离子体的色散本领随温度变化呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,1atm下,最大色散本领总在17000K。此外,讨论了三类典型高温复杂流场关键参数的光学计算层析方法的选择问题。
从复介电常数出发,以电弧等离子体为例,给出了其在可见光和红外波段三个大气窗口内的吸收系数,研究了其吸收特性。比较发现,吸收系数在可见光范围内比其在红外波段三个大气窗口内小1-2个数量级；给定波长时,吸收系数随压强的变化是近似线性的,但却是温度的非线性函数,基于这个非线性关系,指出了决定高温复杂流场出现最大吸收本领的物理本质。研究结果将为此类流场光学诊断波长的选择提供参考,也为分析光通信技术在再入过程中进行应用的可行性提供有价值的参考。
选取莫尔偏折层析技术对燃烧火焰和氩弧等离子体的关键参数进行测量和诊断,给出了其折射率分布。在系统分析了燃烧火焰成分分布特点的基础上,基于相位分布提出了温度分区重建的理论与方法；通过与现有成分假设模型下的温度重建结果的比较发现,考虑具体成分及分布,使得重建出的温度分布更合理、更符合实际。基于氩弧等离子体温度重建模型的深入推导并考虑到实际条件下压强存在一定空间分布,对其温度进行重建,修正了长期使用的等压假设,并给出了等压假设的适用条件。相关研究结果将为提高光学计算层析技术用于流场关键参数的测量精度提供良好的基础。
本博士论文的研究成果可望对高温复杂流场的流动显示和光学计算层析技术在其关键参数的测量和诊断中的应用与发展起到积极的推动作用。
With the rapid development of modern aviation, spaceflight, rocket and missile technologies, it urgently requires to visualize and measure the key parameters of complex flow fields from low to high temperature region. By comparison, optical computerized tomography (OCT) technology has its unique advantages in visualizing and measuring key parameters of high-temperature complex flow fields, with the real-time, stable, non-contact characteristics. However, it is a pity, so far, there is no suitable OCT diagnostic theory for high-temperature complex flow fields, which can be attributed to the optical properties of the high-temperature complex flow fields have not been well studied. In response to this actuality, this dissertation will focus on the optical properties and tomography diagnostic theory of such flow fields. Based on these, the complete theoretical models and experimental system, which are adapted to high-temperature complex flow fields'optical computerized tomography diagnosis, will be established and expected to provide valuable reference on better solving such kinds of flow fields'3-D visualization and the key parameters'measurement and diagnosis. In a word, the main tasks are as follows:
In view of the effect of a variety of charged particles and compositions on the optical properties of high-temperature complex flow fields, the original G-D formula is amended, so as to provide necessary theoretical basis for these flow fields'OCT diagnosis. As a result, a uniform refractive index descriptive model is established for the common gas and high-temperature complex flow fields. Besides, by comparing the moire fringes displacement of the flame and argon arc plasma, the main factor which determines the refractive index gradient of high-temperature flow fields is clarified. According to which, the applicability of moire deflection tomography on high temperature flow fields'diagnosis is analyzed.
The dependence of dispersive capability on probe wavelength and flow fields'species composition, temperature and pressure is deduced for three typical high-temperature complex flow fields---flame, rocket exhaust and argon arc plasma. Then, the dispersion characteristic of them is studied, which indicates that the dispersive capability of flame and rocket exhaust decreases with the temperature increasing, while that of the argon arc plasma is the non-monotonic function of temperature. If the pressure is latm, the maximal dispersive capability of the argon arc plasma always appears at 17000K. Besides, the choice of suitable optical diagnostic means for three typical high-temperature complex flow fields is discussed.
Based on the complex dielectric constant. and regarding the arc plasma as an example. the absorption coefficient is given in the visible and infrared's three atmospheric windows regions. The dependence of the absorption coefficient on the wavelength shows that, the absorption coefficient's order of magnitude in the visible range is 1-2 smaller than that in the three atmospheric windows of the infrared. For a certain probe wavelength, the absorption coefficient is approximately a linear function of the pressure, but a nonlinear function of the temperature. Based on the non-linear relation, the physical essence what determines the flow field's maximal absorptive ability is indicated. The above results will supply theoretical reference for choosing the suitable probe wavelength to diagnose these flow fields, meanwhile, they will also provide certain valuable reference for analyzing the feasibility of applying optical communication technology in the reentry process.
Moire deflection tomography is adopted to display and diagnose the flame and argon arc plasma, and the refractive index distributions of them are given. On the basis of systemically analyzing the species composition distribution characteristic of the flame, the temperature partition reconstruction theory and method is proposed by the phase distribution. By comparison, it is found that the temperature distribution is more reasonable and practical, when the distribution of species composition is considered. On the basis of further deducing the temperature reconstruction model and considering the distribution of pressure for the argon arc plasma, the temperature of it is obtained, which amends the isotonic process hypothesis. The condition, which can be used to determine whether the flow field meets the isotonic pressure hypothesis in the process of temperature reconstruction, is proposed. The involved studies will provide a good foundation for ultimately improving the key parameters' measurement accuracy in flow fields'optical computerized tomography diagnosis.
This dissertation is expected to play a positive role in the visualization as well as the application and development of OCT in the measurement of the key parameters for the high-temperature complex flow fields.
针对高温复杂流场中带电粒子等多种成分对其光学特性的影响,修正了长期用于普通气体流场的G-D公式；提出等效粒子数密度的概念,为普通气体流场和高温复杂流场建立起统一的折射率描述模型。通过比较燃烧火焰和氩弧等离子体两类流场的莫尔条纹偏移量,阐明了决定高温复杂流场折射率梯度的主要因素；在此基础上,对莫尔偏折层析技术用于典型高温复杂流场关键参数诊断的适应性进行了分析。
通过建立燃烧火焰、火箭发动机尾焰和氩弧等离子体三类典型高温复杂流场的色散本领与其成分、温度和压强以及探测波长之间的关系,详细研究了它们的色散特性。结果发现,燃烧火焰和火箭发动机尾焰的色散本领随温度升高而减小；而氩弧等离子体的色散本领随温度变化呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,1atm下,最大色散本领总在17000K。此外,讨论了三类典型高温复杂流场关键参数的光学计算层析方法的选择问题。
从复介电常数出发,以电弧等离子体为例,给出了其在可见光和红外波段三个大气窗口内的吸收系数,研究了其吸收特性。比较发现,吸收系数在可见光范围内比其在红外波段三个大气窗口内小1-2个数量级；给定波长时,吸收系数随压强的变化是近似线性的,但却是温度的非线性函数,基于这个非线性关系,指出了决定高温复杂流场出现最大吸收本领的物理本质。研究结果将为此类流场光学诊断波长的选择提供参考,也为分析光通信技术在再入过程中进行应用的可行性提供有价值的参考。
选取莫尔偏折层析技术对燃烧火焰和氩弧等离子体的关键参数进行测量和诊断,给出了其折射率分布。在系统分析了燃烧火焰成分分布特点的基础上,基于相位分布提出了温度分区重建的理论与方法；通过与现有成分假设模型下的温度重建结果的比较发现,考虑具体成分及分布,使得重建出的温度分布更合理、更符合实际。基于氩弧等离子体温度重建模型的深入推导并考虑到实际条件下压强存在一定空间分布,对其温度进行重建,修正了长期使用的等压假设,并给出了等压假设的适用条件。相关研究结果将为提高光学计算层析技术用于流场关键参数的测量精度提供良好的基础。
本博士论文的研究成果可望对高温复杂流场的流动显示和光学计算层析技术在其关键参数的测量和诊断中的应用与发展起到积极的推动作用。
With the rapid development of modern aviation, spaceflight, rocket and missile technologies, it urgently requires to visualize and measure the key parameters of complex flow fields from low to high temperature region. By comparison, optical computerized tomography (OCT) technology has its unique advantages in visualizing and measuring key parameters of high-temperature complex flow fields, with the real-time, stable, non-contact characteristics. However, it is a pity, so far, there is no suitable OCT diagnostic theory for high-temperature complex flow fields, which can be attributed to the optical properties of the high-temperature complex flow fields have not been well studied. In response to this actuality, this dissertation will focus on the optical properties and tomography diagnostic theory of such flow fields. Based on these, the complete theoretical models and experimental system, which are adapted to high-temperature complex flow fields'optical computerized tomography diagnosis, will be established and expected to provide valuable reference on better solving such kinds of flow fields'3-D visualization and the key parameters'measurement and diagnosis. In a word, the main tasks are as follows:
In view of the effect of a variety of charged particles and compositions on the optical properties of high-temperature complex flow fields, the original G-D formula is amended, so as to provide necessary theoretical basis for these flow fields'OCT diagnosis. As a result, a uniform refractive index descriptive model is established for the common gas and high-temperature complex flow fields. Besides, by comparing the moire fringes displacement of the flame and argon arc plasma, the main factor which determines the refractive index gradient of high-temperature flow fields is clarified. According to which, the applicability of moire deflection tomography on high temperature flow fields'diagnosis is analyzed.
The dependence of dispersive capability on probe wavelength and flow fields'species composition, temperature and pressure is deduced for three typical high-temperature complex flow fields---flame, rocket exhaust and argon arc plasma. Then, the dispersion characteristic of them is studied, which indicates that the dispersive capability of flame and rocket exhaust decreases with the temperature increasing, while that of the argon arc plasma is the non-monotonic function of temperature. If the pressure is latm, the maximal dispersive capability of the argon arc plasma always appears at 17000K. Besides, the choice of suitable optical diagnostic means for three typical high-temperature complex flow fields is discussed.
Based on the complex dielectric constant. and regarding the arc plasma as an example. the absorption coefficient is given in the visible and infrared's three atmospheric windows regions. The dependence of the absorption coefficient on the wavelength shows that, the absorption coefficient's order of magnitude in the visible range is 1-2 smaller than that in the three atmospheric windows of the infrared. For a certain probe wavelength, the absorption coefficient is approximately a linear function of the pressure, but a nonlinear function of the temperature. Based on the non-linear relation, the physical essence what determines the flow field's maximal absorptive ability is indicated. The above results will supply theoretical reference for choosing the suitable probe wavelength to diagnose these flow fields, meanwhile, they will also provide certain valuable reference for analyzing the feasibility of applying optical communication technology in the reentry process.
Moire deflection tomography is adopted to display and diagnose the flame and argon arc plasma, and the refractive index distributions of them are given. On the basis of systemically analyzing the species composition distribution characteristic of the flame, the temperature partition reconstruction theory and method is proposed by the phase distribution. By comparison, it is found that the temperature distribution is more reasonable and practical, when the distribution of species composition is considered. On the basis of further deducing the temperature reconstruction model and considering the distribution of pressure for the argon arc plasma, the temperature of it is obtained, which amends the isotonic process hypothesis. The condition, which can be used to determine whether the flow field meets the isotonic pressure hypothesis in the process of temperature reconstruction, is proposed. The involved studies will provide a good foundation for ultimately improving the key parameters' measurement accuracy in flow fields'optical computerized tomography diagnosis.
This dissertation is expected to play a positive role in the visualization as well as the application and development of OCT in the measurement of the key parameters for the high-temperature complex flow fields.
引文
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