复合酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能和养分利用率影响的研究
|
摘要
为研究不同复合酶制剂对采食玉米-豆粕-副产物日粮肉鸡生产性能和养分利用率的影响，将630只1日龄健康艾维茵公雏随机分成7个处理，每个处理6个重复。其中对照组(A组)饲喂基础日粮，另外6个处理组B、C、D、E、F、G组为在基础日粮中分别添加0.75％编号为RD_1…RD_6的商品复合酶制剂，测定酶制剂添加对肉鸡生产性能的影响，并在42日龄从每个处理中抽取6只鸡进行屠宰试验。其中G组主要含淀粉酶和蛋白酶为主的消化酶，而B、C、D、E、F组为含非淀粉多糖酶(NSP酶)的多酶复合物，各单酶配伍和酶活不同。并在27日龄时用42只鸡进行代谢试验，测定酶制剂对饲料养分利用率的影响。试验结果表明：0-3周平均增重除B组外，其余加酶组与对照相比，都有不同程度的提高(提高1.34％-4.21％)，其中G组效果最好，达到了显著水准(P＜0.05)。饲料转化率(FCR)各组间虽无显著差异，但加酶组有改善的趋势，每千克增重耗料降低2.78-3.98％。4-6周平均体增重以D组和E组最好，比对照组分别提高6.12％和5.66％(P＜0.05)。FCR以D组、E组和B组较好，比对照分别降低了5.63％、5.42％、5.17％(P＜0.05)。从全期看，加酶组增重均有不同程度改善，以E组和D组最好，比对照分别提高了4.39％和4.24％(P＜0.05)。FCR以D组和E组最好，分别较对照降低了4.69％、4.55％(P＜0.05)。对照组和各加酶处理组间在屠宰率(Carcass Weight ％ of BW)，腹脂率(Abdominal fat % of Carcass)；胸肌率(Breast weight ％ of Carcass)均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。各加酶组都不同程度地提高了肉鸡的腿肌率，其中D组较对照组提高了11.34％，差异达到了显著水平(P＜0.05)。42日龄鸡只体重的均匀度，除C组外，其余各组都较对照组好，其中F组最好，显著优于对照组(P＜0.05)。除B组外，其余各加酶组与对照组相比，饲粮的AME都有提高的趋势，但差异不显著(P＞0.05)；N利用率(NPU)也是除B组外，其余各加酶组都不同程度地高于对照组，N利用率以F组、E组和D组较好，分别比对照组提高了7.18％、6.66％和5.72％(P＞0.05)。
A 6-week experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing different enzyme cocktails in corn-soybean-byproduct diets on broiler chickens' growth performance and nutrient utilization. 630 1-day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 7 experimental groups with 6 replicates. One acted as control group(A) and fed basal diet, another six treated groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with six different enzyme complexes, namely B (RD1), C (RD2), D (RD3), E (RD4), F (RD5), G (RD6), the supplementation level for each enzyme were 0.75Kg/t. At the same time, a metabolic trial was carried out on 42 birds at 27d .
The results showed that ADG (average day weight gain) during 0-2Id in all enzyme complex supplementing groups, with the exception of group B, have been improved in some extent (1.34-4.21%). Among those, group G was the best (PO.05). FCR (feed conversion ratio) showed a decreasing tendency (2.78-3.98%) in enzyme supplementing groups, although there was no significant difference between treated group and control. During 22-42d, ADG of group D and group E were the best, which were 6.12% and 5.66% higher than control group(P<0.05 ), respectively. Group D, E and B had better FCR than other groups in this period, they were 5.63%, 5.42% and 5.17% higher than control group
respectively (P<0.05) . In the whole experiment period, the ADG of all enzyme cocktails supplementing groups had been improved, among them group E and D was the best, which were increased by 4.39% and 4.24% (P<0.05) ; FCR in group D, E and B were better than other groups, they were decreased by 4.69% , 4.55% and 4.26% in contrast with control(P<0.05).There were no significant difference in broiler chicks carcass weight (% of weight), abdominal fat (% of carcass) and breast weight (% of carcass) between treated group and control (P>0.05) .All enzyme complexes supplementing groups have improved the thigh muscle ratio of birds, but only group D increased 11.34%, significantly
(PO.05). With the exception of group B, AME of enzyme supplementing diets have an increasing tendency. However, there is no significant
difference (P>0.05 ); The NPU (net protein utilization) showed the same tendency as the AME, especially in diet F, E and D, which were 7.18%, 6.66% and 5.72% higher than control group respectively.
A 6-week experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing different enzyme cocktails in corn-soybean-byproduct diets on broiler chickens' growth performance and nutrient utilization. 630 1-day-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 7 experimental groups with 6 replicates. One acted as control group(A) and fed basal diet, another six treated groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with six different enzyme complexes, namely B (RD1), C (RD2), D (RD3), E (RD4), F (RD5), G (RD6), the supplementation level for each enzyme were 0.75Kg/t. At the same time, a metabolic trial was carried out on 42 birds at 27d .
The results showed that ADG (average day weight gain) during 0-2Id in all enzyme complex supplementing groups, with the exception of group B, have been improved in some extent (1.34-4.21%). Among those, group G was the best (PO.05). FCR (feed conversion ratio) showed a decreasing tendency (2.78-3.98%) in enzyme supplementing groups, although there was no significant difference between treated group and control. During 22-42d, ADG of group D and group E were the best, which were 6.12% and 5.66% higher than control group(P<0.05 ), respectively. Group D, E and B had better FCR than other groups in this period, they were 5.63%, 5.42% and 5.17% higher than control group
respectively (P<0.05) . In the whole experiment period, the ADG of all enzyme cocktails supplementing groups had been improved, among them group E and D was the best, which were increased by 4.39% and 4.24% (P<0.05) ; FCR in group D, E and B were better than other groups, they were decreased by 4.69% , 4.55% and 4.26% in contrast with control(P<0.05).There were no significant difference in broiler chicks carcass weight (% of weight), abdominal fat (% of carcass) and breast weight (% of carcass) between treated group and control (P>0.05) .All enzyme complexes supplementing groups have improved the thigh muscle ratio of birds, but only group D increased 11.34%, significantly
(PO.05). With the exception of group B, AME of enzyme supplementing diets have an increasing tendency. However, there is no significant
difference (P>0.05 ); The NPU (net protein utilization) showed the same tendency as the AME, especially in diet F, E and D, which were 7.18%, 6.66% and 5.72% higher than control group respectively.
引文
程茂基等，复合酶制剂对肉仔鸡生产性能及代谢的影响．中国家禽，12：1．
陈勇等，1999．饲用酶制剂的应用技术．粮食与饲料工业，8：35．
陈勇译，1999．外源酶在雏鸡消化道内的作用位点．国外畜牧科技，10：23．
陈成功等，1992．复合酶制剂对肉用仔鸡生产性能的影响．兽医大学学报，1：90．
陈杰等，1996．中国的养禽业与酶制剂应用的潜力，饲料酶制剂国际学术研讨会论文集，中国南京 pp3．
傅国栋译，1999．酶有助于消除大豆粕中α-半乳糖苷的抗营养作用．国际饲料，6：24
郭立忠译，1993．动物饲料中酶制剂的稳定性研究．国际饲料(英文)，5：22．
韩正康，1996．家禽日粮添加粗酶制剂影响生理机能及改善生产性能的研究，饲料酶制剂国际学术研讨会论文集，中国南京 pp43．
胡少昶译，1998．应用于肉鸡玉米-大豆日粮的饲用酶制剂．国外畜牧学-猪与禽，1：17．
蒋宗勇，1992．饲用酶制剂的生产及在动物饲养中的应用．饲料工业，9：7．
刘强等，1999．非淀粉多糖酶制剂的研究与应用进展．动物营养学报，2：6．
李平化译，1991．蛋鸡和火鸡日粮中酶制剂的应用．大方西药饲料公司资料．
李平化译，1992．猪、禽饲用酶制剂的实际应用．国外畜牧学—猪与禽，3：4．
李平化译，1992．饲料酶制剂必须具有饲料特异性和畜种特异性．国外畜牧学-饲料，2：13．
刘一伟译，1993．配置最低成本的加酶家禽日粮：酶的表观能值．国外畜牧学-猪与禽，3：14．
李德法等，1998．饲用酶制剂的研究与应用．饲料博览，1：3．
李丽立等，2000．复合酶制剂对番鸭饲喂效果的研究．家畜生态，2：13．
刘永刚等，1996．八宝威在家禽饲料中的应用，饲料生产新技术研讨会．南京农业大学动科系，pp1．
刘永刚译，1996．以小麦或大麦为基础的家禽饲料中添加酶制剂对生产性能的改进．饲料酶制剂国际学术研讨会论文集，中国南京pp74．
刘永刚译，1996．酶应用于动物饲料：目前的问题及将来的发展．饲料酶制剂国际学术研讨会论文集，中国南京 pp128．
马玉龙，1998．饲用酶制剂的研究进展及应用前景．粮食与饲料工业，4：29．
倪志勇，2000，饲用复合酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能和养分利用率的影响研究．四川农业大学硕士学位论文。
钱利纯，1998．可溶性非淀粉多糖对畜禽消化的影响．中国饲料，8：23
钱利纯等，2000酶制剂对肉鸡胴体组成和钙磷代谢的影响．浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)，26．657-660。
孙占田和刘志敏译，1998．酶制剂的广泛应用，需要更新饲养标准．国外畜牧学-饲料，6：39．
汤芹译，1999．对酶制剂在饲料加工过程中热稳定性的再认识．国外畜牧学，1：24．
四川农业大学主编，1982．家禽学．农业出版社．
王冉等，1999．肉鸡玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加酶制剂的试验研究．饲料工业，9：40．
汪儆，1997，饲料酶制剂研究进展，饲料毒物与抗营养因子研究进展．西北大学出版社．pp146．
汪儆等，2000．不同酶促反应条件及热处理对木聚糖酶活的影响．饲料研究，3：1．
王清吉等，1999．饲用β-葡聚糖酶体外评判体系的研究．饲料研究，9：9．
谢启宇译，2000．酶制剂对豆粕中α-半乳糖苷的作用．国外畜牧科技，6：29．
奚刚 许梓荣 1998中性蛋白酶制剂对丝毛乌骨鸡氮利用率及内源性蛋白质消化酶活性的影响 浙江农业大学学报 24：399
杨生武等，1997．饲料用酶制剂．粮食与饲料工业，4：34．
杨胜主编，1993．饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术，北京农业大学出版社．
袁中彪，2001．纤维素复合酶、植酸酶和小麦酶对肉鸡生产性能和养分利用率的影响．四川农业大学硕士学位论文．
张克英等，2001．饲粮中添加植酸酶对断奶仔猪生长性能及蛋白质、AA和磷利用率的影响．动物营养学报，3：19-24．
张运涛，1999．非淀粉多糖的抗营养作用．饲料研究，3：20．
张宏福等．1998复合酶制剂对鸡饲料代谢率影响的研究，国外畜牧学-饲料，(5)：9-12
张宏福和张子仪编，1998．动物营养参数与饲养标准，中国农业出版社．
张顺珍等，1997．复合酶制剂在含菜粕日粮中的饲养效应，饲料毒物与抗营养因子研究进展．西北大学出版社，pp223．
赵林果等，2001．复合酶制剂降解植物性饲料的研究．饲料研究，1：2-5．
曾占宏，2000．鸡传染病免疫程序简介．国外畜牧科技，2：41．
周光宏等，1993．日粮中添加克伦特罗对肉鸭胴体组成的影响．中国畜牧杂志．29：14-16．
Acamovic,T.2001.Commercial application of enzyme technology for poultry production. World's Poultry Science dournal. 57:225-242.
Almirall,M., M.Francesch, A.M.Perez-Vendrell, J.Brufau,and E.Esteve-Garcia. 1995. The differences in intestinal viscosity produced by barley and β-glucanase alter digesta enzyme activities and Ileal nutrition digestibilities more in broiler chicks than in cocks.J. Nutr. 125:947-955.
Bedford,M.R,and H.L.Classen.1992.Reduction of intestinal viscosity through manipulation of dietary rye and pentosanase concentration is affected through changes in the carbohydrate composition of the intestinal aqueous phase and results in improved growth rate and food conversion efficiency of broiler chicks. J, Nutr. 122:560-569.
Bedford,M.R, and A.J.Morgan.1996. The use of enzymes in poultry diets. World's Poult. Sci.52:61-68.
Bors,D.,R.R.Marquardt,and W. Guenter. 1998.Site of exoenzyme action in gastrointestinal tract of broiler
chicks.Can.J.Anim.Sci.78:599-602．
Brenes,A.,M.Smith,W.Guenter,and R.R.Marquardt. 1993． Effect of enzyme supplementation on the performance and digestive tract size of broiler chickens fed wheat-and barley-based diets. Poull.Sci.72:1731-1739．
Benabdeljelil,K. 1996． Influence of an enzyme mixture added to barley based diets on broiler performance. Bulgarian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Science.2: 605-616; 25 ref.
Chesson,A.2001． Non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes in poultry diets:influence of ingredients on the selection of activities. World's Poultry Science Journal.57:251-263．
Choct, M, and G.Annison.1990． Anti-nutritive activity of wheat pentosans in broiler diets. British Poultry Science. 31:811-821．
Choct, M., R. J. Hughes, and J.Wang. 1996． Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the anti-nutritive activity of non-starch polysaccharides in chickens. British Poultry science. 37: 609-621．
Choct,M., R.J.Hughes, R.P.Trimble, K.Angkanaporn,and G.Annison. 1995． Non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes increase the performance of broiler chickens fed wheat of low apparent metabolizable energy.J.Nutr. 125:485-492．
Choct,M., R.J.Hughes,and M.R.Bedford. 1999． Effects of a xylanase on individual bird variation,starch digestion throughout the intestine,and ileal and caecal volatile fatty acid production in chickens fed wheat. British Poultry science.40:419-422．
Esteve-Garcia,E., J.Brufau, A.Perez-Vendrell, A.Miquel,and K.Duven.1997． Bioefficacy of enzyme preparations containing β-glucanase and xylanase activites in broiler diets based on barley or wheat,in combinationwith flavomycin. Poult.Sci.76:1728-1737
Franceseh,M., A.M.Perez-Vendrell, E.Esteve-Garcia, and J.Brufau. 1994． Effects of cultivar, pelleting and enzyme addition on nutritive value of barley on poultry diets.British Poult Sci 35:259-272． .
Fransisco, P. 1999． Role of feed enzyme in poultry nutrition examined. Feedstuffs. Nov. 1:12-14．
Friesen,O.D., W.Guenter, R.R.Marquardt, and B.A.Rotter. 1992． The effect of enzyme supplementation on the apparent metabolizable energy and nutrent digestibilities of wheat,barley,oats,and rye for the yong broiler chick. Poult.Sci .71:1710-1721．
Graham, H. 1993． High gut viscosity can reduce poultry performance. Feedstuffs. Feb. 1:14-15．
Graham, H. 1996． Enzymes broaden scope of dietary ingredients. World Poultry. 12: 24-25．
Graham, H., and D. Pettersson . 1992． A note on the effect of a beta-glucanase and mti-enzyme on production in broiler chicks fed a barley-based diet. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research. 22:
39-42．
Hotten, P. 1992． Effect of enzymes as addition. Feed Mix May. 3:9-12．
Iji,P.A.1999． The impact of cereal non-starch polysaccharides on intestinal development and function in broiler chichens. World's Poultry Science Journal.55:375-386．
Ikegami, S., F.Tsuchihashi, H. Harada, and et al. 1990． Effect of viscous indigestible polysaccharides on pancreatic-bilary secretion and dligestive organ in rats. J.Nutr. 120: 353-360．
Leeson,S., L.J.Caston, and D. Yungblut.1996． Adding Roxazyme to wheat diets of chicken and turkey broilers. Journal-of-Applied-Poultry-Research. 5: 2, 167-172; 5 ref.
Lm,H.L., V.Ravindran, G.Ravindral, RH.Pittolo,and W.L. Bryden.1999． The apparent metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility of wheat,triticale and wheat middlings for broiler chichens as affected by exogenous xylanase supplementation.J.Sci.Food Agric:79:1727-1732．
Jin,S.H.,A.Corless, and J.L.Sell.l998． Digestive system development in post-hatch poultry. World's Poultry Science, Journal. 54:335-344．
Kim,Y.,Y.B.Lee,and R.H.Dalrym ple. 1987． Effect of the repartitioning agent cimaterol on growth,carcass and skeletal muscle characteristics in lambs.J.Anim.Sci.65:1392-1399．
Kocher,A., A.Choct,R.J.Hughes,and J.Broz.2000． Effect of food enzymes on utilisation of lupin carbohydrates by broilers. Bri.Poult.Sci.41:75-82．
Krogdahl,A.,and J.L.Sell. 1989． Influence of age on lipase,amylase,and protease activities in pancreatic tissue and intestinal contents of yong turkeys. Poult.Sci.68:1561-1568．
Langhout,D.J., J.B.Schutte, P.Van Leeuwen,J.Wiebenga, and A.Tamminga.1999． Effect of dietary high-and low-methylated citrus pectin on the activity of the ileal microflora and morphology of the small intestinal wall of broiler chicks. Bri.Poult.Sci.40:340-347．
Lam lm,H.,V.Ravindran,G. Ravindran,P.H.Pittolo,and W.L.Bryden. 1999． The apparent metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility of wheat,triticale and wheat middlings for broiler chickens as affected by exogenous xylanase supplemenlation.J.Sci Food Agric.79:1717-1732．
Leske,K.L.,and C.N.Coon.1999． Nutrient content and protein and energy digestibilities of ethanol-extracted,low a-galactoside soybean meal as compared to intact soybean meal. Poultry Sci.78:l177-1183．
Maisonnier,S.,J.Gomez,and B.Carre.2001． Nutrient digestibility and intestinal viscosities in broiler chickens fed on wheat diets,as compared to maize diets with added guar gum. Bri.Poult.Sci.42:102-110．
Malathi,V., and G.Devegowda .2001． In vitro evaluation of nonstarch polysaccharide digestibility of feed ingredients by enzymes.Poult.Sci.80:302-305．
Mikulec,Z., V.Serman,and N. Mas .1995． Justification of the use of "Avizyme TX" in the feed for fattening chickens. Krmiva. 37:265-269; 14 ref.
Nahm, K. H.,and C. W.Carlson, 1985． Effects of cellulase from trichoderma viride on nutrient utilization by broilers. Poultry Sci. 64:1536-1540．
Noy,Y.,and D.Sklan. 1995． Digestion and absorption in the yong chick.. Poult.Sci.74:366-373．
Nir,l.,Z.Ntisan,and M.Mahagna.1993． Comparative growth and development of the digestive organs and of some enzymes in broiler and egg type chicks after hatching. Bri.Poult.Sci.34:523-532．
NRC. 1994． Nutrient Requirement of Poultry. 9th edition, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.
Osei, S. A., and S. Oduro, 2000． Effects of dietary enzyme on broiler chickens fed diets containing wheat bran. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences. 9:681-686．
Pack, M., and M. R.Bedford, 1997． Feed enzymes for corn-soybean broiler diets. World Poultry. 13: 87-93．
Pettersson,D.,H.Grallam,and P.Aan.1990． Enzyme supplementation of low or high crude protein concentration diets for broiler chickens. Anim Prod.51:399-404．
Pettersen,S.T.,J.Wiseman,and M.R.Bedford.1999． Effects of age and diet on the viscosity of intestinal contents in broiler chicks. Bri.Poult.SciA0:364-370．
Piao, X. S., I. K.Han, J. H.Kim, and et al. 1998． Effects of kemzyme, phytase and yeast supplementation on the growth performance and pollution reduced of broiler chicks. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 12:36-41．
Pishnamazi,A., J.Pourreza.1999． The effects of barley instead of corn with and without enzyme for broiler chickens. Journal-of-Science-and-Technology-of-Agriculture-and-Natural-Resoures. 3:75-91; 23 ref.
Ritz,C.M.,R.M.Hulet,B.B.SeIt,and D.M.Denbow.l995． Endogenous amylase levels and response to supplemental feed enzymes in male turkeys from hatch to eight weeks of age. Poult.Sci.74:1317-1322．
Ritz,C.M.,R.M.Hulet,B.B.Selt,and D.M.Denbow.1995． Effects of protein level and enzyme supplementation upon growth and rate of digesta passage of male turkeys. Poult.Sci. 74:1323-1328．
Ritz,C.M.,R.M.Hulet,B.B.Selt,and D.M.Denbow. 1995． Growth and intestinal morphology of male turkeys as influenced by dietary supplementation of amylase and xylanase. Powlt.Sci.74:1329-1334．
Shapiro,F.,and I.Nir. 1995． Stunting syndrome in broilers: Effect of age and exogenous amylase and protease on performance, development of the digestive tract, digestive enzyme activity ,and apparent digestibility. Poult.Sci. 74:2019-2028．
Siversides,F.G.,and M.R.Bendford.1999． Effect of pelleting temperature on the recovery and efficacy of a xylanase enzyme in wheat-based diets. Poult.Sci.78:1184-1190．
Siversides,F.G., and M.R.Bendford. 1999． Enzymes may improve energy, protein digestivity. Feedstuffs.
March,1:15．
Silva,S.S.P.,and R.R.Smithard.2002． Effect of enzyme supplementation of a rye-based diet on xylanase activity in the small intestine of broilers,on intestinal crypt cell proliferation and on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of the birds. Bri.Poult.Sci.43:274-282．
Spring,P.,K.E.Newman,C.Wenk,R.Messikommer,and M.V.Varanjes.1996． Effect of pelleting temperature on the activity of different enzymes. Poull.Sci.75:357-361．
Smits, C. H. M., A.Veldman, A. Verlade, and A. C. Beynen. 1998． The inhibitory effect of carboxymethy/cellulose with high viscosity on lipid absorption in broiler chickens coincides with reduced bile salt concentration and raised microbial numbers in the small intestine. Poultry Science. 77: 1534-1539．
Villamide,M.J.,J.M.Fuente,P.P.De Ayala,and A.Flores.1997． Energy evaluation of eight barley cultivars for poultry: Effect of dietary enzyme addition. Poult.Sci.76:834-840．
Wang, G. J., R. R. Marquarat, W. Guenter, and et al. 1997． Effect of enzyme supplementation and irradiation of rice bran on the performance of growing leghorn and broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Tecknology. 66: 47．
Zanella,I.,N.K.Sakomura,F.G.Silversides,A.Fiqueirdo,and M.Pack.1999． Effect of enzyme supplementation of broiler diets based on corn and soybeans. Poult.Sci .78:561-568．
Zyla, K., D. Gogol, J. Koreleski, and S. Swiatkiewicz. 1999． Simultaneous application of phytase and xylanase to broiler feeds based on wheat: feeding experiment with growing broilers. J. Sci Food Agric. 79: 1841-1848．
陈勇等，1999．饲用酶制剂的应用技术．粮食与饲料工业，8：35．
陈勇译，1999．外源酶在雏鸡消化道内的作用位点．国外畜牧科技，10：23．
陈成功等，1992．复合酶制剂对肉用仔鸡生产性能的影响．兽医大学学报，1：90．
陈杰等，1996．中国的养禽业与酶制剂应用的潜力，饲料酶制剂国际学术研讨会论文集，中国南京 pp3．
傅国栋译，1999．酶有助于消除大豆粕中α-半乳糖苷的抗营养作用．国际饲料，6：24
郭立忠译，1993．动物饲料中酶制剂的稳定性研究．国际饲料(英文)，5：22．
韩正康，1996．家禽日粮添加粗酶制剂影响生理机能及改善生产性能的研究，饲料酶制剂国际学术研讨会论文集，中国南京 pp43．
胡少昶译，1998．应用于肉鸡玉米-大豆日粮的饲用酶制剂．国外畜牧学-猪与禽，1：17．
蒋宗勇，1992．饲用酶制剂的生产及在动物饲养中的应用．饲料工业，9：7．
刘强等，1999．非淀粉多糖酶制剂的研究与应用进展．动物营养学报，2：6．
李平化译，1991．蛋鸡和火鸡日粮中酶制剂的应用．大方西药饲料公司资料．
李平化译，1992．猪、禽饲用酶制剂的实际应用．国外畜牧学—猪与禽，3：4．
李平化译，1992．饲料酶制剂必须具有饲料特异性和畜种特异性．国外畜牧学-饲料，2：13．
刘一伟译，1993．配置最低成本的加酶家禽日粮：酶的表观能值．国外畜牧学-猪与禽，3：14．
李德法等，1998．饲用酶制剂的研究与应用．饲料博览，1：3．
李丽立等，2000．复合酶制剂对番鸭饲喂效果的研究．家畜生态，2：13．
刘永刚等，1996．八宝威在家禽饲料中的应用，饲料生产新技术研讨会．南京农业大学动科系，pp1．
刘永刚译，1996．以小麦或大麦为基础的家禽饲料中添加酶制剂对生产性能的改进．饲料酶制剂国际学术研讨会论文集，中国南京pp74．
刘永刚译，1996．酶应用于动物饲料：目前的问题及将来的发展．饲料酶制剂国际学术研讨会论文集，中国南京 pp128．
马玉龙，1998．饲用酶制剂的研究进展及应用前景．粮食与饲料工业，4：29．
倪志勇，2000，饲用复合酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能和养分利用率的影响研究．四川农业大学硕士学位论文。
钱利纯，1998．可溶性非淀粉多糖对畜禽消化的影响．中国饲料，8：23
钱利纯等，2000酶制剂对肉鸡胴体组成和钙磷代谢的影响．浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)，26．657-660。
孙占田和刘志敏译，1998．酶制剂的广泛应用，需要更新饲养标准．国外畜牧学-饲料，6：39．
汤芹译，1999．对酶制剂在饲料加工过程中热稳定性的再认识．国外畜牧学，1：24．
四川农业大学主编，1982．家禽学．农业出版社．
王冉等，1999．肉鸡玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加酶制剂的试验研究．饲料工业，9：40．
汪儆，1997，饲料酶制剂研究进展，饲料毒物与抗营养因子研究进展．西北大学出版社．pp146．
汪儆等，2000．不同酶促反应条件及热处理对木聚糖酶活的影响．饲料研究，3：1．
王清吉等，1999．饲用β-葡聚糖酶体外评判体系的研究．饲料研究，9：9．
谢启宇译，2000．酶制剂对豆粕中α-半乳糖苷的作用．国外畜牧科技，6：29．
奚刚 许梓荣 1998中性蛋白酶制剂对丝毛乌骨鸡氮利用率及内源性蛋白质消化酶活性的影响 浙江农业大学学报 24：399
杨生武等，1997．饲料用酶制剂．粮食与饲料工业，4：34．
杨胜主编，1993．饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术，北京农业大学出版社．
袁中彪，2001．纤维素复合酶、植酸酶和小麦酶对肉鸡生产性能和养分利用率的影响．四川农业大学硕士学位论文．
张克英等，2001．饲粮中添加植酸酶对断奶仔猪生长性能及蛋白质、AA和磷利用率的影响．动物营养学报，3：19-24．
张运涛，1999．非淀粉多糖的抗营养作用．饲料研究，3：20．
张宏福等．1998复合酶制剂对鸡饲料代谢率影响的研究，国外畜牧学-饲料，(5)：9-12
张宏福和张子仪编，1998．动物营养参数与饲养标准，中国农业出版社．
张顺珍等，1997．复合酶制剂在含菜粕日粮中的饲养效应，饲料毒物与抗营养因子研究进展．西北大学出版社，pp223．
赵林果等，2001．复合酶制剂降解植物性饲料的研究．饲料研究，1：2-5．
曾占宏，2000．鸡传染病免疫程序简介．国外畜牧科技，2：41．
周光宏等，1993．日粮中添加克伦特罗对肉鸭胴体组成的影响．中国畜牧杂志．29：14-16．
Acamovic,T.2001.Commercial application of enzyme technology for poultry production. World's Poultry Science dournal. 57:225-242.
Almirall,M., M.Francesch, A.M.Perez-Vendrell, J.Brufau,and E.Esteve-Garcia. 1995. The differences in intestinal viscosity produced by barley and β-glucanase alter digesta enzyme activities and Ileal nutrition digestibilities more in broiler chicks than in cocks.J. Nutr. 125:947-955.
Bedford,M.R,and H.L.Classen.1992.Reduction of intestinal viscosity through manipulation of dietary rye and pentosanase concentration is affected through changes in the carbohydrate composition of the intestinal aqueous phase and results in improved growth rate and food conversion efficiency of broiler chicks. J, Nutr. 122:560-569.
Bedford,M.R, and A.J.Morgan.1996. The use of enzymes in poultry diets. World's Poult. Sci.52:61-68.
Bors,D.,R.R.Marquardt,and W. Guenter. 1998.Site of exoenzyme action in gastrointestinal tract of broiler
chicks.Can.J.Anim.Sci.78:599-602．
Brenes,A.,M.Smith,W.Guenter,and R.R.Marquardt. 1993． Effect of enzyme supplementation on the performance and digestive tract size of broiler chickens fed wheat-and barley-based diets. Poull.Sci.72:1731-1739．
Benabdeljelil,K. 1996． Influence of an enzyme mixture added to barley based diets on broiler performance. Bulgarian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Science.2: 605-616; 25 ref.
Chesson,A.2001． Non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes in poultry diets:influence of ingredients on the selection of activities. World's Poultry Science Journal.57:251-263．
Choct, M, and G.Annison.1990． Anti-nutritive activity of wheat pentosans in broiler diets. British Poultry Science. 31:811-821．
Choct, M., R. J. Hughes, and J.Wang. 1996． Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the anti-nutritive activity of non-starch polysaccharides in chickens. British Poultry science. 37: 609-621．
Choct,M., R.J.Hughes, R.P.Trimble, K.Angkanaporn,and G.Annison. 1995． Non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes increase the performance of broiler chickens fed wheat of low apparent metabolizable energy.J.Nutr. 125:485-492．
Choct,M., R.J.Hughes,and M.R.Bedford. 1999． Effects of a xylanase on individual bird variation,starch digestion throughout the intestine,and ileal and caecal volatile fatty acid production in chickens fed wheat. British Poultry science.40:419-422．
Esteve-Garcia,E., J.Brufau, A.Perez-Vendrell, A.Miquel,and K.Duven.1997． Bioefficacy of enzyme preparations containing β-glucanase and xylanase activites in broiler diets based on barley or wheat,in combinationwith flavomycin. Poult.Sci.76:1728-1737
Franceseh,M., A.M.Perez-Vendrell, E.Esteve-Garcia, and J.Brufau. 1994． Effects of cultivar, pelleting and enzyme addition on nutritive value of barley on poultry diets.British Poult Sci 35:259-272． .
Fransisco, P. 1999． Role of feed enzyme in poultry nutrition examined. Feedstuffs. Nov. 1:12-14．
Friesen,O.D., W.Guenter, R.R.Marquardt, and B.A.Rotter. 1992． The effect of enzyme supplementation on the apparent metabolizable energy and nutrent digestibilities of wheat,barley,oats,and rye for the yong broiler chick. Poult.Sci .71:1710-1721．
Graham, H. 1993． High gut viscosity can reduce poultry performance. Feedstuffs. Feb. 1:14-15．
Graham, H. 1996． Enzymes broaden scope of dietary ingredients. World Poultry. 12: 24-25．
Graham, H., and D. Pettersson . 1992． A note on the effect of a beta-glucanase and mti-enzyme on production in broiler chicks fed a barley-based diet. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research. 22:
39-42．
Hotten, P. 1992． Effect of enzymes as addition. Feed Mix May. 3:9-12．
Iji,P.A.1999． The impact of cereal non-starch polysaccharides on intestinal development and function in broiler chichens. World's Poultry Science Journal.55:375-386．
Ikegami, S., F.Tsuchihashi, H. Harada, and et al. 1990． Effect of viscous indigestible polysaccharides on pancreatic-bilary secretion and dligestive organ in rats. J.Nutr. 120: 353-360．
Leeson,S., L.J.Caston, and D. Yungblut.1996． Adding Roxazyme to wheat diets of chicken and turkey broilers. Journal-of-Applied-Poultry-Research. 5: 2, 167-172; 5 ref.
Lm,H.L., V.Ravindran, G.Ravindral, RH.Pittolo,and W.L. Bryden.1999． The apparent metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility of wheat,triticale and wheat middlings for broiler chichens as affected by exogenous xylanase supplementation.J.Sci.Food Agric:79:1727-1732．
Jin,S.H.,A.Corless, and J.L.Sell.l998． Digestive system development in post-hatch poultry. World's Poultry Science, Journal. 54:335-344．
Kim,Y.,Y.B.Lee,and R.H.Dalrym ple. 1987． Effect of the repartitioning agent cimaterol on growth,carcass and skeletal muscle characteristics in lambs.J.Anim.Sci.65:1392-1399．
Kocher,A., A.Choct,R.J.Hughes,and J.Broz.2000． Effect of food enzymes on utilisation of lupin carbohydrates by broilers. Bri.Poult.Sci.41:75-82．
Krogdahl,A.,and J.L.Sell. 1989． Influence of age on lipase,amylase,and protease activities in pancreatic tissue and intestinal contents of yong turkeys. Poult.Sci.68:1561-1568．
Langhout,D.J., J.B.Schutte, P.Van Leeuwen,J.Wiebenga, and A.Tamminga.1999． Effect of dietary high-and low-methylated citrus pectin on the activity of the ileal microflora and morphology of the small intestinal wall of broiler chicks. Bri.Poult.Sci.40:340-347．
Lam lm,H.,V.Ravindran,G. Ravindran,P.H.Pittolo,and W.L.Bryden. 1999． The apparent metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility of wheat,triticale and wheat middlings for broiler chickens as affected by exogenous xylanase supplemenlation.J.Sci Food Agric.79:1717-1732．
Leske,K.L.,and C.N.Coon.1999． Nutrient content and protein and energy digestibilities of ethanol-extracted,low a-galactoside soybean meal as compared to intact soybean meal. Poultry Sci.78:l177-1183．
Maisonnier,S.,J.Gomez,and B.Carre.2001． Nutrient digestibility and intestinal viscosities in broiler chickens fed on wheat diets,as compared to maize diets with added guar gum. Bri.Poult.Sci.42:102-110．
Malathi,V., and G.Devegowda .2001． In vitro evaluation of nonstarch polysaccharide digestibility of feed ingredients by enzymes.Poult.Sci.80:302-305．
Mikulec,Z., V.Serman,and N. Mas .1995． Justification of the use of "Avizyme TX" in the feed for fattening chickens. Krmiva. 37:265-269; 14 ref.
Nahm, K. H.,and C. W.Carlson, 1985． Effects of cellulase from trichoderma viride on nutrient utilization by broilers. Poultry Sci. 64:1536-1540．
Noy,Y.,and D.Sklan. 1995． Digestion and absorption in the yong chick.. Poult.Sci.74:366-373．
Nir,l.,Z.Ntisan,and M.Mahagna.1993． Comparative growth and development of the digestive organs and of some enzymes in broiler and egg type chicks after hatching. Bri.Poult.Sci.34:523-532．
NRC. 1994． Nutrient Requirement of Poultry. 9th edition, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.
Osei, S. A., and S. Oduro, 2000． Effects of dietary enzyme on broiler chickens fed diets containing wheat bran. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences. 9:681-686．
Pack, M., and M. R.Bedford, 1997． Feed enzymes for corn-soybean broiler diets. World Poultry. 13: 87-93．
Pettersson,D.,H.Grallam,and P.Aan.1990． Enzyme supplementation of low or high crude protein concentration diets for broiler chickens. Anim Prod.51:399-404．
Pettersen,S.T.,J.Wiseman,and M.R.Bedford.1999． Effects of age and diet on the viscosity of intestinal contents in broiler chicks. Bri.Poult.SciA0:364-370．
Piao, X. S., I. K.Han, J. H.Kim, and et al. 1998． Effects of kemzyme, phytase and yeast supplementation on the growth performance and pollution reduced of broiler chicks. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 12:36-41．
Pishnamazi,A., J.Pourreza.1999． The effects of barley instead of corn with and without enzyme for broiler chickens. Journal-of-Science-and-Technology-of-Agriculture-and-Natural-Resoures. 3:75-91; 23 ref.
Ritz,C.M.,R.M.Hulet,B.B.SeIt,and D.M.Denbow.l995． Endogenous amylase levels and response to supplemental feed enzymes in male turkeys from hatch to eight weeks of age. Poult.Sci.74:1317-1322．
Ritz,C.M.,R.M.Hulet,B.B.Selt,and D.M.Denbow.1995． Effects of protein level and enzyme supplementation upon growth and rate of digesta passage of male turkeys. Poult.Sci. 74:1323-1328．
Ritz,C.M.,R.M.Hulet,B.B.Selt,and D.M.Denbow. 1995． Growth and intestinal morphology of male turkeys as influenced by dietary supplementation of amylase and xylanase. Powlt.Sci.74:1329-1334．
Shapiro,F.,and I.Nir. 1995． Stunting syndrome in broilers: Effect of age and exogenous amylase and protease on performance, development of the digestive tract, digestive enzyme activity ,and apparent digestibility. Poult.Sci. 74:2019-2028．
Siversides,F.G.,and M.R.Bendford.1999． Effect of pelleting temperature on the recovery and efficacy of a xylanase enzyme in wheat-based diets. Poult.Sci.78:1184-1190．
Siversides,F.G., and M.R.Bendford. 1999． Enzymes may improve energy, protein digestivity. Feedstuffs.
March,1:15．
Silva,S.S.P.,and R.R.Smithard.2002． Effect of enzyme supplementation of a rye-based diet on xylanase activity in the small intestine of broilers,on intestinal crypt cell proliferation and on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of the birds. Bri.Poult.Sci.43:274-282．
Spring,P.,K.E.Newman,C.Wenk,R.Messikommer,and M.V.Varanjes.1996． Effect of pelleting temperature on the activity of different enzymes. Poull.Sci.75:357-361．
Smits, C. H. M., A.Veldman, A. Verlade, and A. C. Beynen. 1998． The inhibitory effect of carboxymethy/cellulose with high viscosity on lipid absorption in broiler chickens coincides with reduced bile salt concentration and raised microbial numbers in the small intestine. Poultry Science. 77: 1534-1539．
Villamide,M.J.,J.M.Fuente,P.P.De Ayala,and A.Flores.1997． Energy evaluation of eight barley cultivars for poultry: Effect of dietary enzyme addition. Poult.Sci.76:834-840．
Wang, G. J., R. R. Marquarat, W. Guenter, and et al. 1997． Effect of enzyme supplementation and irradiation of rice bran on the performance of growing leghorn and broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Tecknology. 66: 47．
Zanella,I.,N.K.Sakomura,F.G.Silversides,A.Fiqueirdo,and M.Pack.1999． Effect of enzyme supplementation of broiler diets based on corn and soybeans. Poult.Sci .78:561-568．
Zyla, K., D. Gogol, J. Koreleski, and S. Swiatkiewicz. 1999． Simultaneous application of phytase and xylanase to broiler feeds based on wheat: feeding experiment with growing broilers. J. Sci Food Agric. 79: 1841-1848．