朱里亚·克劳迪王朝皇室妇女的婚姻和政治生活
摘要
就古代罗马妇女史的研究而言，国外已经取得了丰硕的成果，出现了许多有代表性的著作。国内对古代罗马妇女史的研究起步较晚，主要集中在妇女们的婚姻家庭、宗教文化、法律地位等方面。直到目前为止，国内关于罗马帝国皇室妇女这个特殊群体的婚姻生活和政治地位的研究比较少。本文将在这方面进行一次认真的考察，希望能为我国古罗马妇女史的研究做出一份贡献。
本文所涉及的时间是从公元前44年凯撒被刺后到公元68年尼禄自杀百余年时间。本文重点在描述罗马帝国朱里亚·克劳迪王朝时期皇室妇女的婚姻生活和她们在帝国中的政治经历，本文将详尽整理和分析塔西佗、苏埃托尼乌斯和迪奥·卡修斯等古典作家的著作，充分利用近现代国内外学者的研究成果，在梳理基本史料和摆脱传统的历史偏见的基础上，从多个角度来探讨和评价罗马帝国朱里亚·克劳迪王朝时期皇室妇女的生平、婚姻和政治生活，对特别是史籍中所载的有关她们的一些看似荒诞的活动进行文本的分析和适当的推论，摒除古代男性作家的偏见，试图还给她们一个相对公正的、客观的和合乎实情的评价，从而使国内学术界对罗马贵族妇女的社会地位和政治作用有一个较深入的认识和了解。
全文分引言、正文和结论三个部分。
引言主要介绍了罗马皇室妇女研究的背景、本文主要的研究对象、所使用的史学资源以及本文的研究意义及方法等。
正文包括三章。第一章简要介绍了古罗马贵族妇女的社会地位和参政传统。第二章介绍和分析了朱里亚·克劳迪王朝前期主要皇室妇女的婚姻和政治生活。第三章则介绍和分析了朱里亚·克劳迪王朝后期主要皇室妇女的婚姻和政治生活。
结论总结了朱里亚·克劳迪王朝皇室妇女参与政治的条件、方式和动机等，并分析了她们最终失败的根本原因。
We have achieved fruitful results in foreign countries in the study of ancientRoman women and a number of representative works have occurred. Domesticstudies in the history of ancient Rome women started later and focused on women’smarriage and family, religion and culture, the legal status and so on. Up until now, thestudy of the marriage life and political status about the Roman Empire Royal womenof this special group was less. This article will carry out a serious investigation in thisregard. I hope this article will be contribute to the study of the history of women inancient Rome.
Time involved in this article is from44BC when Caesar was stabbed to68whenNero committed suicide. This article will focus on the description of the Royalwomen’s marriage life and their political experience in Roman Empire Julia-Claudiadynasty. This article will in detail sort out and analyze the works of classical writers,especially Tacitus, Suetonius and Dio Cassius etc and use many achievements ofmodern scholars home and abroad. This article will Comb out the basic history andget rid of the bias of the traditional historians and will from multiple angles discussand evaluate the Royal women’s life, marriage and political life in Julia-Claudiadynasty. About some of the seemingly absurd activities of some Royal women, thisarticle will have an analysis of the text and a reasonable inference, excluding theprejudices of ancient male writers, trying to give the Royal women an evaluationrelatively fair, objective and in line with the facts, so that the domestic academia willhave a more in-depth knowledge and understanding of the Roman aristocraticwomen’s social status and political role.
The whole text contains three-parts: introduction, body and conclusion.
The introduction is to introduce the studying background of Roman Royalwomen, the main object of study, the used method and historical resources as well asthe significance of this article.
The body consists of three chapters. Chapter1briefly describes the aristocraticwomen’s social status and political tradition in ancient Rome. Chapter2describes andanalyzes the marriage and political life of main Royal women in early Julia-Claudiadynasty. Chapter3introduces and analyzes the marriage and political life of mainRoyal women in late Julia-Claudia dynasty.
Conclusion summarizes the conditions, ways and motivations of Royal women'sparticipation in politics of Julia-Claudia dynasty, and analyzes the underlying causesof their failure.
本文所涉及的时间是从公元前44年凯撒被刺后到公元68年尼禄自杀百余年时间。本文重点在描述罗马帝国朱里亚·克劳迪王朝时期皇室妇女的婚姻生活和她们在帝国中的政治经历，本文将详尽整理和分析塔西佗、苏埃托尼乌斯和迪奥·卡修斯等古典作家的著作，充分利用近现代国内外学者的研究成果，在梳理基本史料和摆脱传统的历史偏见的基础上，从多个角度来探讨和评价罗马帝国朱里亚·克劳迪王朝时期皇室妇女的生平、婚姻和政治生活，对特别是史籍中所载的有关她们的一些看似荒诞的活动进行文本的分析和适当的推论，摒除古代男性作家的偏见，试图还给她们一个相对公正的、客观的和合乎实情的评价，从而使国内学术界对罗马贵族妇女的社会地位和政治作用有一个较深入的认识和了解。
全文分引言、正文和结论三个部分。
引言主要介绍了罗马皇室妇女研究的背景、本文主要的研究对象、所使用的史学资源以及本文的研究意义及方法等。
正文包括三章。第一章简要介绍了古罗马贵族妇女的社会地位和参政传统。第二章介绍和分析了朱里亚·克劳迪王朝前期主要皇室妇女的婚姻和政治生活。第三章则介绍和分析了朱里亚·克劳迪王朝后期主要皇室妇女的婚姻和政治生活。
结论总结了朱里亚·克劳迪王朝皇室妇女参与政治的条件、方式和动机等，并分析了她们最终失败的根本原因。
We have achieved fruitful results in foreign countries in the study of ancientRoman women and a number of representative works have occurred. Domesticstudies in the history of ancient Rome women started later and focused on women’smarriage and family, religion and culture, the legal status and so on. Up until now, thestudy of the marriage life and political status about the Roman Empire Royal womenof this special group was less. This article will carry out a serious investigation in thisregard. I hope this article will be contribute to the study of the history of women inancient Rome.
Time involved in this article is from44BC when Caesar was stabbed to68whenNero committed suicide. This article will focus on the description of the Royalwomen’s marriage life and their political experience in Roman Empire Julia-Claudiadynasty. This article will in detail sort out and analyze the works of classical writers,especially Tacitus, Suetonius and Dio Cassius etc and use many achievements ofmodern scholars home and abroad. This article will Comb out the basic history andget rid of the bias of the traditional historians and will from multiple angles discussand evaluate the Royal women’s life, marriage and political life in Julia-Claudiadynasty. About some of the seemingly absurd activities of some Royal women, thisarticle will have an analysis of the text and a reasonable inference, excluding theprejudices of ancient male writers, trying to give the Royal women an evaluationrelatively fair, objective and in line with the facts, so that the domestic academia willhave a more in-depth knowledge and understanding of the Roman aristocraticwomen’s social status and political role.
The whole text contains three-parts: introduction, body and conclusion.
The introduction is to introduce the studying background of Roman Royalwomen, the main object of study, the used method and historical resources as well asthe significance of this article.
The body consists of three chapters. Chapter1briefly describes the aristocraticwomen’s social status and political tradition in ancient Rome. Chapter2describes andanalyzes the marriage and political life of main Royal women in early Julia-Claudiadynasty. Chapter3introduces and analyzes the marriage and political life of mainRoyal women in late Julia-Claudia dynasty.
Conclusion summarizes the conditions, ways and motivations of Royal women'sparticipation in politics of Julia-Claudia dynasty, and analyzes the underlying causesof their failure.
引文
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1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992.
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9Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992.
10Ginsburg, J., Representing Agrippina: Constructions of Female Power in the Early Roman Empire [M], Oxford,New York: Oxford University Press,2006.
1Adkins, L., Adkins, R. A., Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome[M], New York: Oxford University Press,2004, p.235.(中译名《探寻古罗马文明》，张楠、王悦、范秀琳译，北京：商务印书馆，2008年。)
2莱斯莉·阿德金斯、罗伊·阿德金斯：《探寻古罗马文明》，张楠、王悦、范秀琳译，北京：商务印书馆，2008年，第443页。
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1《十二铜表法》第五表（1），刑义田编译：《古罗马的荣光：罗马史资料选译》[Z]，台北：远流，1997，第117页。
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3它汇集了公元4世纪以来皇帝的法令，共十六卷，是在很多法学家的共同努力下编纂完成的。公元438年，《狄奥多西法典》在罗马帝国东西部以狄奥多西和瓦伦丁尼安两位皇帝的名义同时颁布，这部法典为100年后查士丁尼法典的编制提供了基础。
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5Cantarella, E., Pandora's Daughters[M]. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press,1987, p.115.
12Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.24.Lattimore, R., Themes in Greek and Latin Epitaphs[M], Urbana, Illinois: Illinois University Press,1942, p.187-191.
3Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.27.
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2Livy, From the Founding of the City,3.44.4.
1Shelton, Jo-Ann,As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.37.
2Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.299.
3转引自Lefkowitz, M. R., Fant, M. B., Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation[M],Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1992, p.152.
4付静：《古罗马妇女美德：男性意识形态和妇女的应对（约公元前2世纪至公元2世纪）》[D]，[博士学位论文]，上海：复旦大学，2009年，第56页。
5Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.62.
6Pliny The Younger, Letters,4.19.
7Tacitus, Agricola,4.
1Quintillian, The Elements of Oratory,1.1.
2Cantarella, E., Pandora's Daughters[M], Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press,1987, p.134.
3（古罗马）尤里安：《学说汇纂》，第16编，转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第23页。
4Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.71.
5（古罗马）乌尔比安：《论订婚》单编本，转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第23页。
6这在本章第四节中还会详细讨论。
7Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.71.
8Saller, R. P., Men’s Age at Marriage and Its Consequences in the Roman Family[J], Classical Philology,(1987)82, p.21-34.
1Dixon, S., The Roman Family[M], Baltimore and London: The Hopkins University Press,1992, p.77.
1Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.18.
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1盖乌斯：《法学阶梯》，第70页。
2Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.3.
3Matrona是一个特别用来表明妇女婚姻状况的词。
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6Plutarch, Lives, Coriolanus,33-36.
7Plutarch, Lives, Tiberius Gracchus,1, Gaius Gracchus,19.
8Tacitus, Dialogus,28.
9Tacitus, Agricola,4.
1布鲁图是公元前44年刺杀凯撒的凶手之一，后被凯撒的养子屋大维追杀，战败后被迫自杀。关于布鲁图对母亲的尊敬参见Cicero, Letters To Atticus,15.11.
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1Plutach, Lives, Numa Pompilius,25(3).
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3Columella, De Re Rustica,2.
4Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.46.
5Watson, A., Rome of the Ⅻ Tables—Persons and Property[M], Princeton: Princeton University Press,1975, p.75-76.
1邹芝：《古罗马家庭研究——从共和晚期到帝国早期》[D]，[博士学位论文]，上海：上海师范大学，2010年，第61页。
2邹芝：《古罗马家庭研究——从共和晚期到帝国早期》[D]，[博士学位论文]，上海：上海师范大学，2010年，第31页。
3Dixon, S., The Roman Family[M], Baltimore and London: The Hopkins University Press,1992, p.44.
4Gardner, J.F., Women in Roman Law and Society[M], London: Croom Helm Ltd,1986, p.67-68.
5Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.48.
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1罗马银币，公元前217年以前1塞斯泰尔凯斯值2.5阿司（as），后来相当于4阿司。
2Plutarch, Lives. Pompey,45.
3Cornell, T. J., The Second Punic War[M], London: University of London Press,1996, p.127.
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5（法）让-皮埃尔·罗伯特：《古罗马人的欢娱》[M]，王长明、田禾、李变香译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年，第107-108页。
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8Brunt, P.A., Italian Manpower225B.C.-A.D.14[M], New York: Oxford University Press,1971, p.60.
9（英）霍普金斯：《征服者与奴隶》[M]，闫瑞生译，西安：陕西人民教育出版社，1993年，第5-6页。
10Erickson, C., Civilization and Society in the West[M], London: Penguin,1908, p.78-79.
1（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第93页。
2李雅书选译：《世界史资料丛刊.罗马帝国时期（上）》[G]，北京：商务印书馆，1985年，第50页。
3Frances, G., Marriage and Family in the Middle Age [M], New York: New York Press,1987, p.20.
4邹芝：《古罗马家庭研究——从共和晚期到帝国早期》[D]，[博士学位论文]，上海：上海师范大学，2010年，第31页。
5Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.31.
1Pomeroy, S. B., Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity[M], New York:Schocken Books,1975, p.189.
2Cantarella, E., Pandora's Daughters[M], Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press,1987, p.134.
3Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.33.鲁派卡里亚节
（Lupercalia）是罗马非常古老的宗教节日，是为纪念收养罗马城的建立者罗慕路斯（Romulus）和瑞慕斯
（Remus）兄弟两的牧羊人鲁派库(Lupercus)而设立的节日，它在每年的2月13日到15日举行，为城市去除邪恶并为民众祈求健康和多育。
4Lefkowitz, M. R., Fant, M. B., Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation[M], Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1992, p.213.
5Ovid, Amores,3.2.1-14,19-26,33-38,43-59,61-84.
6Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,73.
1Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.10.
2Cicero, On the Laws,3.7; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Julius,52.3.
3Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.47.
4Dixon, S., The Roman Mother [M], Australia: Croom Helm Ltd.,1988, p.31.
1（古罗马）莫德斯汀：《论区别》第4编，转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第25页。
2Brundage, J., Law, Sex and Society in Christian Europe[M], Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1987, p.183, p.194, p.238.
3Lelis, A.A., Percy,W.A., Verstraete,B.C., The Age of Marriage in Ancient Rome[M], New York: The EdwinMellen Press,2003, p.90.
4（古罗马）彭波尼：《论萨宾》第3编，转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第31页。
5（法）让-皮埃尔·内罗杜：《古罗马的儿童》[M]，张鸿、向征译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年，第10页。
6（法）让-皮埃尔·内罗杜：《古罗马的儿童》[M]，张鸿、向征译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年，第10页。
7Pliny The Younger, Letters,5.16.
1（法）让-皮埃尔·内罗杜：《古罗马的儿童》[M]，张鸿、向征译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年，第20页。
2（法）让-皮埃尔·内罗杜：《古罗马的儿童》[M]，张鸿、向征译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年，第27页。
3Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.66.
4Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.24.
5Lelis, A.A., Percy,W.A., Verstraete,B.C., The Age of Marriage in Ancient Rome[M], New York: The EdwinMellen Press,2003, p.31.
6CIL,3.3572.
7Soranus, Gynecology,1.30-32.
8Brunt, P.A., Italian Manpower225B.C.-A.D.14[M], New York: Oxford University Press,1971, p.558.
9Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.16.2.
1Dixon, S., The Roman Mother [M], Australia: Croom Helm Ltd.,1988, p.14.
2Plutarch, Lives, Tiberius Gracchus,17.
3Plutarch, Lives, Numa Pompilius,25(3).
4(英)纳撒尼尔·哈里斯：《古罗马生活》[M]，卢佩媛、赵国柱、冯秀云译，太原：希望出版社，2007年，第59页。
5转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第33页。
6（古罗马）查士丁尼：《法学阶梯》[M]，徐国栋译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2000年，第45页。
1Plutarch, Lives, Romulus,22.
2《十二铜表法》第四表，刑义田编译：《古罗马的荣光：罗马史资料选译》[Z]，台北：远流，1997，第117页。
3Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,2.25.
4Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,9.2.
5Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,2.25.
1Gellius, A., Attic Night,4.3.
2Gardner, J.F., Women in Roman Law and Society[M], London: Croom Helm Ltd,1986, p.186.
3Dixon, S., The Marriage Alliance in the Roman Elite[J], Journal of Family History,10(1985), p.359-360.
4Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,6.3.12.
5Seneca, De Beneficiis,3.16.2.
6详见Juvenal, Staire,6.142;6.224.(Juvenal and Persius, Staire[Z], With an English Translation by Ramsay,G.G., Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1950.)
1Cicero, On the Laws,3.
2Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,2.9.1.
3Gellius, A. Attic Night.1.6.2.
4Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,2.25.
5（古罗马）乌尔比安：《论通奸》第4编，转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第35页。
6（德）奥托·基弗：《古罗马风化史》[M]，姜瑞章译，沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，2000年，第61页。
1（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第70页。
2转引自：韩满春：《帝国的命运——罗马人与战争》[M]，北京：法律出版社，2009，第160页。
3转引自：（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第69页。
4（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第93-95页。
5（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第106页。
6(古罗马)普劳图斯：《孪生兄弟》[Z]，选自《古罗马戏剧选》，杨宪益、杨周翰、王焕生译，北京：人民文学出版社，1991年，第214页。
7Plutarch, Lives, Cato Maior,24.
1Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,6.1.23.
2Gellius, A., Attic Night,10.23.
3Quintillian, The Elements of Oratory,5.2.39.
4(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第24页。
5Juvenal, Staire,6.595-597.
6Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.106.
12Tacitus, Germania,19; Plutarch, Lives, Gaius Marius,497E.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,47.
3Ovid, Amores,1.8.44.
4Juvenal. Staires.6.224.
5（德）奥托·基弗：《古罗马风化史》[M]，姜瑞章译，沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，2000年，第42页。
6（俄）科瓦略夫：《古代罗马史》[M]，王以铸译，上海：上海三联书店出版社，2007年，第590页。
1(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第25页。
2公元前169年的保民官Q·沃科尼·塞克萨(Q. Voconius Sexa)在老加图的支持下通过的法律。该法规定，拥有100,000塞斯泰尔凯斯(Sesterces)财产的妇女不能接受遗产。
3Horace, Carmen,3.6.
4Pliny The Elder, Natural History,34.31.
5(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第26页。
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,72-73.
2Dixon, S., The Roman Mother [M], Australia: Croom Helm Ltd.,1988, p.25.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,56.3.4.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.16.1-2; Tacitus, The Annals,3.25.
5Harace, Satires,2.5; Juvenal, Staire,1.37-39; Tacitus, The Annals,15.19.
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,56.1.
2参见Brunt, P.A., Italian Manpower225B.C.-A.D.14[M], New York: Oxford University Press,1971, p.
562-566; Hopkins, K., Death and Renewal[M], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1983, p.95-96, p.
242-243; Gardner, J.F., Women in Roman Law and Society[M], London: Croom Helm Ltd,1986, p.117-138.
3Richlin, A., Approaches to the Sources on Adultery at Rome, Reflections of women in Antiquity, editied by Foley,H. P., New York: Gordon&Breach, p.379-404.
12Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.83.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,69.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Tiberius,63.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,65.
5（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第116页。
1（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第116-117页。
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars. Tiberius,35.
3刘文明：《文化变迁中的罗马女性》[M]，长沙：湖南人民出版社，2001年，第38页。
4Plutarch, Lives, Numa Pompilius,25(3).
5Gellius, A., Attic Night,5.19.
6Seneca, Epistles,99.1.113.
1Livy, From the Founding of the City,1.9-13; Ovid, The Art of Love,1.99-134.
2Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.10.
3Plutarch, Lives, Romulus,19-22.
4刘文明：《文化变迁中的罗马女性》[M]，长沙：湖南人民出版社，2001年，第5-6页。
5Livy, From the Founding of the City,1.57-60.
1Livy, From the Founding of the City,2.40.1-12; Dionysius of Halicarnassus. The Roman Antiquities.8.39-62.
2Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.299.
3Livy, From the Founding of the City,34.2.2.
1Cicero, Brutus,211.
2Cicero, On Divination,1.36.
34Plutarch, Lives, Tiberius Gracchus,1.Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,4.4.1.
5Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.94.
6Tacitus, Germania,20.
7Gellius, A., Attic Night,12.1.17.
8Plutarch, Lives, Tiberius Gracchus,1.
1Appian, Civil Wars,4.32-3.（古罗马）阿庇安：《罗马史》，谢德风译，北京：商务印书馆，1997年，下卷，第340-342页。
2Appian, Civil Wars,4.34.（古罗马）阿庇安：《罗马史》，谢德风译，北京：商务印书馆，1997年，下卷，第342页。
3Appian. Civil Wars.4.33.（古罗马）阿庇安：《罗马史》，谢德风译，北京：商务印书馆，1997年，下卷，第341页。
4（古罗马）凯撒：《内战记》，任炳湘、王士俊译，北京：商务印书馆，1986年，第99页。
5Lefkowitz, M. R., Fant, M. B., Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation[M], Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1992, p.152.
6Lefkowitz, M. R., Fant, M. B., Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation[M], Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1992, p.152.
1Bauman, R., Lawyers and Politics in the Early Roman Empire[M], Munich: Oxford University Press,1989, p.307.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,4.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus.4; Plutarch, Lives, Antony,31.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Julius,27.
4详见本文第二章第二节，第二章第五节，第三章第一节。
2Plutarch, Lives, Antony,87.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,63.
4Plutarch, Lives, Antony,30.
5（古罗马）乌尔比安：《论告示》第6编，转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第41页。
1Plutarch, Lives, Antony,31; Dio Cassius, Roman History,48.31.3; Appian, Civil Wars,5.64,5.66.
2Plutarch, Lives, Antony,33; Appian, Civil Wars,5.76.
3古希腊城市，在今天土耳其，离爱琴海（Aegean Sea）26公里处的密细亚城（Mysia）。
4Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.31-32; Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.92.
5Appian, Civil Wars,5.64.
6Plutarch, Lives, Antony,35; Dio Cassius, Roman History,48.54; Appian, Civil Wars,5.93-95.
1Appian, Civil Wars,5.93.
2一种战舰和商船合并构造的船队。
3Appian, Civil Wars,5.95.
45Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.92.Dio Cassius, Roman History,47.7.4-5.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,49.38.1-2.
7Dio Cassius, Roman History,49.15.5-6.
8Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.94.
9Plutarch, Lives, Antony,53.
1Plutarch, Lives, Antony,55.
2Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,
31999, p.32.Purcell,N., Livia and the Womanhood of Rome[J], PCPS32(1986), p.85.
4Flory, M., Livia and the History of Public Honorific Statues for women in Rome,[J],TAPA123(1993), p.293-295.
5Plutarch, Lives. Antony,57; Dio Cassius, Roman History,50.3.2.
6Plutarch, Lives. Antony,57;58; Dio Cassius, Roman History,49.33.3-4.
1P·韦纳、陆象淦：何谓皇帝？帝者，神也[J]，《国外社会科学》，2005（3），第117页。
2Tacitus, The Annals,1.3.
3Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.27.
1Seneca, Consolation to Marcia,1.
23Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,29.Kleiner, Diana E.E., Matheson, S., I Claudia: Women in Ancient Rome[J], Exhibition Catalogue, YaleUniversity Art Gallery, Sept.6-Dec.7(1996), p.32.
4Pliny The Elder, Natural History,34.31,35.114,35.139.
5Pliny The Elder, Natural History,36.24.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.35.4-5.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied. Augustus,61.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied. Augustus,61; Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.35.
3Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.34.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,51.19.2;51.22.2-3.
5Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.34.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.35.4-5.
2Plutarch, Lives. Antony,36; Dio Cassius, Roman History,48.54.5-6; Appian, Civil Wars,5.95.
3Plutarch, Lives. Antony,53; Dio Cassius, Roman History,49.33.3-4.
4Plutarch, Lives, Antony,53,54; Dio Cassius, Roman History,49.32.4-5,49.33.3-4,50.3.2.
1Plutarch, Lives, Antony,87.
2Vergil, Aeneid,6.884.
34Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Vergil,32.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,29.
5Plutarch, Lives, Antony,54.
6Plutarch, Lives, Antony,87.
7Plutarch, Lives, Antony,87; Dio Cassius, Roman History,51.15.5.
8Plutarch, Lives, Antony,35;56;57.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.29.
2Flory, M., Abducta Neroni Uxor: the Historigraphical Tradition on the Marriage of Octavian and Livia[M],Transactions of the American Philological Association,118(1988), p.345-346.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,69.
4Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.75.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,99.
1Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.75.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,63.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,73.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.4-6.
5Ovid, Tristia,2.161-164; Horace, Carmina,3.14.5.
6Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.77.
7Flory M., Sic Exempla Parantur: Livia’s Shrine to Concordia and the Porticus Liviae, Historia,33(1984), p.319.
8Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.77.
9Dio Cassius, Roman History,49.38.1.
12Dixon, S., The Roman Family[M], Baltimore and London: The Hopkins University Press,1992, p.149.Dixon, S., The Roman Family[M], Baltimore and London: The Hopkins University Press,1992, p.150.
3Kleiner, Diana E.E., Matheson, S., I Claudia: Women in Ancient Rome[J], Exhibition Catalogue, YaleUniversity Art Gallery, Sept.6-Dec.7(1996), p.32-33.
4Galinsky, K., Augustan Culture: an Interpretative Introduction[M], Princeton: Princeton University Press,1996,p.98.
1Livy, From the Founding of the City,2.40.1-12; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,8.39-62.
23Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,8.39.1,8.44.2.Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,8.43.3-7.
4Livy, From the Founding of the City,2.40.1-3.
5Galinsky, K., Augustan Culture: an Interpretative Introduction[M], Princeton: Princeton University Press,1996,p.80-8.
6Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,8.56.
1Seneca, Consolation to Marcia,3.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.103.
3Tacitus, The Annals,4.57.
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.57.
5Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.38.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.39.
23Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.8.2.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,12-13.
4Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.124.
5Velleius Paterculus, The Roman History,2.104.1.
6Velleius Paterculus, The Roman History,2.121.1.
7Tacitus, The Annals,4.37.
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,56.46.1-2.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.125.
34Tacitus, The Annals,1.14.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,50.
5Tacitus, The Annals,1.14.
6Tacitus, The Annals,1.14.
7Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,50.
8Tacitus, The Annals,1.13.
1Tacitus, The Annals,2.34; Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.12.
2Tacitus, The Annals,3.17.
3公元前13年，奥古斯都为了纪念自己的外甥兼女婿马尔凯鲁修建。马尔凯鲁是奥古斯都的姐姐屋大维亚的儿子，于公元前23年去世。
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.57.
5位于意大利南部的拍宁苏拉（Peninsula），西濒第勒尼安海（Tyrrhenian Sea)。
6Tacitus, The Annals,4.57.
2Tacitus, The Annals,4.57.
3Tacitus, The Annals,3.64.
4Tacitus, The Annals,3.64; Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.3.3.
5Tacitus, The Annals,3.71.
6Winkes, R., Livia, Octavia, Julia, Louvain-la-Neuve and Providence: Art and Archaeology Publications[M],1995, p.24.
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.27.
8Tacitus, The Annals,4.16.
9Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,50.
10它对付的是由于官吏渎职而玷污了罗马人民的尊严的罪行，如军队的背叛、煽动人民发动叛乱等。
11Tacitus, The Annals,1.72.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,51.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.3.3.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,51.
4Tacitus, The Annals,5.1; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,10; Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.1-3.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.6.
6Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,11.
7Pliny the Younger, Letters,14.7.
12Tacitus, The Annals,5.1.Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.4; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,99.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,81.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,69,71; Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.5; Horace,Odes,2.12.连奥古斯都的朋友都承认他有私通的行为，但这是他的策略而非情欲，他的目的是通过政敌的妻子更好地了解和对付他的政敌。安东尼指责奥古斯都曾当着一位卸任执政官的面，将后者的妻子从他的餐厅领进卧室，当这位妻子返回餐桌时已是头发蓬乱，耳朵赤红。
5Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.124;Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.4.
6Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.86.
7(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第34页。
8即奥古斯都的女儿朱里亚与阿格瑞帕所生的小儿子小阿格瑞帕。
9Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.5.
1Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,
21999, p.86.Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.64.
3Tacitus, The Annals,1.3;1.5;1.6;2.69-72.
4Tacitus, The Annals,3.1.
5Tacitus, The Annals,1.5.
6Tacitus, The Annals,1.5.
1Tacitus, The Annals,2.69-72.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.124.
3Tacitus, The Annals,1.6.
45Dio Cassius, Roman History,53.33.4.Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.292.
6Burn, A. R., Hic Breve Viritur: A Study of the Expectation of Life in the Roman Empire[J], Past and Present,
4(1953), p.16; Hopin, K., On the Probable Age Structure of the Roman Population[J], Population Studies,20(1966), p.263.
7Hopkins, K., Death and Renewal[M], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1983, p.125-126.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.83.
2Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.87-88.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.12.
4Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.103.
1Tacitus, The Annals,5.3.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.2-6.
3Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.83.
4Velleius Paterculus, The Roman History,2.130.5.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.151.
2Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.18.
3今法国中东部城市里昂（Lyons），位于巴黎（Paris）和马赛(Marseille)之间。
4Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.151.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,1.
1Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.20.
2Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.152.
3Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews,18.180; Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M],London: Routledge,1992, p.15-16.
4Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.143.
5Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.152.
6Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,15; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,1; Claudius,2.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,2; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,30.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,3.
3Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.153.
4Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.148.
5Pliny The Elder, Natural History,9.81.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,5.
2Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990,p.24.
3Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.84.
4Tacitus, The Annals,2.59.
5Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.145.
1Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.17-22.
2Tacitus, The Annals,59-61.
3Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.17, p.20-21,
4p.43-45, p.70-83.Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.16.
5Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.143.
6Tacitus, The Annals,2.3.
7Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Vitellius,2.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Vitellius,4; Vitellius,8.
23Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.154.Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.154-155.
4Tacitus, The Annals,3.3.
5Tacitus, The Annals,3.3.
6Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.150; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities,18.179-186,202-204,236.
1Josephus, Jewish Antiquities,18.143.
2Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.68-83.
3Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.150.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.11.6-7,65.14.1-2; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities,18.181-182.
5Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.25-27;Boddington, A., Sejanus: Whose Conspiracy?[J], AJPhil,84(1963), p.7-8.
6（俄）科瓦略夫：《古代罗马史》[M]，王以铸译，上海：上海三联书店出版社，2007年，第626页。
1Tacitus, The Annals,4.7-8; Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.11.6-7.
2Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.155.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,50.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.
56Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,23.
7Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.156.
8Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.156.
9Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,23.
10Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,23.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15; Claudius,11.
3Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.59.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,11.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,11.
1Appian, Civil Wars,5.53.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,62.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,63, The Defied Augustus,69; Dio Cassius, RomanHistory,48.34.3.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,48.34.3.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,64.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,64.
3（英）特威兹穆尔：《奥古斯都》[M]，王以铸译，北京：中国社会科学出版社,1988年，第290页。
4Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.35.
5Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M].,New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.46.
1即色雷斯。
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,51.15.5; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,63.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,63.
4(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第21页。
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.6.
2http://en.wikipedia.org\wiki\Julia the Elder.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,64.
4（英）特威兹穆尔：《奥古斯都》[M]，王以铸译，北京：中国社会科学出版社,1988年，第290页。
5(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第22页。
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,63; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,7.
23Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,7.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,7.
4Tacitus, The Annals,1.53.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.10.12-16; Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.45.149; Seneca, De Beneficiis,
6.32.1-2.
6Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.38.
1Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.4.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.46.
2关于公元前2年对朱里亚的审判，古代作家都有详细的记载，详见：Tacitus, The Annals,1.53,3.24,4.44,6.51; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,19,63,101; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars,Tiberius,7,10,11,50; Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.35.4,55.2,55.4,55.9.7,55.10.12-16,55.13.1,56.32.4;Seneca, De Beneficiis,6.32.1-2; Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.45,7.149,21.8-9; Velleius Paterculus,Compendium of Roman History,2.93.2,96.1,100.2-5.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,65.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,65.这是《伊利亚特》第3卷第40行，赫克托尔对巴里斯所说的话。
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,65.
4Tacitus, The Annals,1.53; Ovid, Ex Ponto,4.16.31.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.10.11.
1Wiseman, T.P., Calpurnius Siculus and the Claudian Civil War[J], Journal of Roman Studies,72(1982), p.57-67.
2Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History,2.100.5.
3Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History,2.100.5; Seneca, De Clementia,1.10.3.
4Horace, Carmen,4.2.
56Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.48.Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History,2.100.4.
7Tacitus, The Annals,4.44.
8Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.10.15.
9Seneca, De Beneficiis,6.3.
10Pliny The Elder, Natural History,21.9.
12Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.10.Seneca, De Beneficiis,6.32.1.
3Macrobius, Staires,2.5.9.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,23.
5Elaine, F., Julia Augusti[M], London and New York: Routledge,2006, p.82, p.157.
6Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.44.149.
7Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.10.15.
8Tacitus, The Annals,1.53.
9Ferrill, A., Augustus and his Dauthter: a Modern Myth[J], Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History,2(1980), p.334-336, p.344.
10Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.45.149; Ferrill, A., Augustus and his Dauthter: a Modern Myth[J], Studiesin Latin Literature and Roman History,2(1980), p.344.
11Ferrill, A., Augustus and his Dauthter: a Modern Myth[J], Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History,2(1980), p.336.
1Barrett, A. A., Agrippina: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Early Empire [M], New Haven and London: YaleUniversity Press,1996, p.20-21.
2Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.38.
3Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.39.
4Seneca, De Brevitate Vitae,4.5.
5Ferrill, A., Augustus and his Dauthter: a Modern Myth[J], Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History,
62(1980), p.344.Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.39.
7Seneca, De Beneficiis,6.32.1; Juvenal, Staire,6.115-132.
8Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.39.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.114.
2Seneca, De Beneficiis,6.32.1.
3Pliny The Elder, Natural History,21.6.9.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.10.12.
1Tacitus, The Annals,1.53.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,22.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,22.
4Tacitus, The Annals,1.53.
1详见Macrobius, Staires,2.5.1-9.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.115.
3Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.149.
12Levick, B., Tiberius the Politician[M], London and New York: Routledge,1999, p.26-29.Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.45.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,72.
4Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.116.
5Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.111.
6Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.57.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.59.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.13.1.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,65.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.36.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,7.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.3.
12Tacitus, The Annals,4.61.Tacitus, The Annals,3.75.
3（法）让-皮埃尔·罗伯特：《古罗马人的欢娱》[M]，王长明、田禾、李变香译，桂林：广西师范大学
出版社，2005年，第110页。
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.27.5.
5Tacitus, The Annals,3.19.
1Tacitus, The Annals,4.3.
2Severy, B., Family and State in the Early Emperial Monarchy: The Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre,Tabula Siarensis and Tabula, Habana[J], CP,95(2000), p.318-337; Freisenbruch, A., Caesar’s Wives: Sex, Powerand Politics in the Roman Empire[M], New York: Free Press,2010, p.90.
3Tacitus, The Annals,2.43.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,3.
5Levick, B., Tiberius the Politician[M], London and New York: Routledge,1999, p.127.
1Tacitus, The Annals,4.3.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,62.
3Tacitus, The Annals,4.3.
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.3.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.11.7.
1Pliny The Elder, Natural History,29.20; Tacitus, The Annals,6.29; Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.24.5.
2Tacitus, The Annals,6.29.
3Tacitus, The Annals,6.2.
1Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.5.
2Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.5.
1现今德国的科布伦茨（Koblenz）。
2Tacitus, The Annals,1.41; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,9; Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.5.6.
3Seneca, De Constantia,18.4.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,12.
5Tacitus, The Annals,1.69.
6Tacitus, The Annals,1.69.
1Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.8.
2Tacitus, The Annals,1.31-32; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,25; Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.5-6.
3Tacitus, The Annals,1.33.
4Tacitus, The Annals,1.40-41.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.5-6.
6Tacitus, The Annals,1.31-49.
1Tacitus, The Annals,1.69.
2Tacitus, The Annals,1.69.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,8.
1Tacitus, The Annals,1.33.
2Tacitus, The Annals,2.43.
3Tacitus, The Annals,2.59-61.
1Tacitus, The Annals,2.43.
2Tacitus, The Annals,2.55.
3Tacitus, The Annals,2.69-71.
4Tacitus, The Annals,2.73.
5Tacitus, The Annals,2.84.
1Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.37.
23Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.38.Tacitus, The Annals,2.83.
4Tacitus, The Annals,2.73.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,3.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.18.6-8.
7Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.5.
1Tacitus, The Annals,6.26.
2以反对奢侈为主要目的，它是对汉尼拔作战时为节约的目的而通过的，但在20年后被取消。（Livy,34.1.）
3Tacitus, The Annals,3.33.
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.20.
1Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.19.
2Maranon, G. Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.110.
3Tacitus, The Annals,1.33.
4Tacitus, The Annals,5.3.
5Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.155.
1Tacitus, The Annals,2.73.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.155.
3Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.39.
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.2.
5详见Tacitus, The Annals.4.10; Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.22.1-3.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.143.
2Wood, S. E., Imperial Women:_A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.183.
3Tacitus, The Annals,4.12.
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.8.
1Tacitus, The Annals,4.12.
2Tacitus, The Annals,4.17.
3Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.145.
4Tacitus, The Annals,1.32.
5Tacitus, The Annals,3.42.
1Tacitus, The Annals,4.18-20.按照一般的规定（虽然也有例外），在定罪之前自杀的人可以保全自己的财产（Tacitus, The Annals,6.29.）。
2Tacitus, The Annals,4.52.
34Tacitus, The Annals,4.52; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,54.Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.20.
5Tacitus, The Annals,4.39.
6Tacitus, The Annals,4.40.
7Tacitus, The Annals,4.66.
1Maranon, G.,Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.42.
2Tacitus, The Annals,4.53.
3Tacitus, The Annals,1.13；1.76,2.32,2.35,2.36,3.11,3.19,4.7,6.23,6.25; Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.2.5,58.3.1-6.
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.54; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,53.
5Tacitus, The Annals,4.57.
6Tacitus, The Annals,4.60.
7Tacitus, The Annals,4.60.
1Tacitus, The Annals,4.68-70.
2Tacitus, The Annals,4.68.
3Seneca, De Ira,3.21.5.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,54.
5Tacitus, The Annals,4.67.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,53.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,54.
3Tacitus, The Annals,6.25.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,54.
5Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.43.
6Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15.
2详见Tacitus,Annals,2.43;4.17.
3Marsh, F.B., Roman Parties in the Reign of Tiberius[J], American Historical Review,31(1926), p.233-250.
4Allen, W., The Political atomosphere of the reign of Tiberius[J], TAPA,72(1941), p.4-5.
5Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.155.
6Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.155.
7Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.155.
1Tacitus, The Annals,6.25.
2Seneca, Consolation to Helvia,16.
3Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.105.
4Tacitus, The Annals,1.69.
1Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990,
2p.5.Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990,p.6.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,86.
4Tacitus, The Annals,2.72.
5Tacitus, The Annals,3.4.
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.11.2.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.3.4
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.12.6.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15.
6Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.63.
7Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24; Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.22.6; Juvenal, Staire,4.81.
8Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.
9Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.11.1.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.11.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.
4Wood, S. E., Divia Drusilla Panthea and the Sister of Caligula[J], American Journal of Archaeology,3(1995),p.459.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24; Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.11.1.
67Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24; Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.11.1-5.
8Wood, S. E., Divia Drusilla Panthea and the Sister of Caligula[J], American Journal of Archaeology,3(1995), p.455-482.
9Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,25.
10Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.8.7.
1Wood, S. E., Divia Drusilla Panthea and the Sister of Caligula[J], American Journal of Archaeology,3(1995),p.455-482.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.20.1.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,23.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History.,59.22.6-11.
5Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.162.
1CIL,6.4362.
2Elder Seneca, Controversiae,1.3.10.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15; Barrett, A. A., Agrippina: Sex, Power, and Politics in theEarly Empire [M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1996, p.52-53.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.163.
3Barrett, A. A., Agrippina: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Early Empire [M], New Haven and London: YaleUniversity Press,1996, p.82.
4CIL,6.891.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.167-168.
3http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Valeria Messalina.
45Ehrhardt, C., Messalina and the succession to Claudius[J], Antich-thon,12(1978), p.56.Mottershead, J., Suetonius: Claudius[M], Bristol: Bristol Classical Press,1986, p.107.
6Levik, B., Claudius[M], London: Routledge Press,1990, p.55.
7Levik, B., Claudius[M], London: Routledge Press,1990, p.55.
8Pliny The Elder, Natural History,10,83.(Pliny The Elder, Natural History[Z], With an English Translation byH.Rackham, M.A., Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1950.)
12Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,26; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.22.5.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,17; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.22.2.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.2;60.14.
4维台里在公元43年、47年、50年担任执政官，公元48年任监察官。
56Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.92.Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.18.
7Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.172.
8Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Veterlius,2.
9Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.18.
10Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,34.
1Tacitus, The Annals,11.2.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.14; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,37.
3Tacitus, The Annals,11.1-3.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.18.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.5,60.21,60.25.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.11-2, Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.小多米提即后来的尼禄。
7Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.171.
8Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,29.
9Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.14, Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,37.
1其女取了跟她一样的名字，后来嫁给了未来的皇帝尼禄。
2Tacitus, The Annals,11.1-3.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.15-6.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,37.
5Tacitus, The Annals,16.34; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.16.6.
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.18.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.8.
3Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.169.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.8.5.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,26.
6公元68年被西班牙军团拥戴为皇帝，公元69年在近卫军叛乱中被杀。
7Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Galba,5.
8Tacitus, The Annals,12.5-6.
9Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.169.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero; Dio Cassius, Dio’s Roman History,60.11-12.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.171-172.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.5,60.21,60.25.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,29.
1Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.90.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.30; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,27.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.14.
4Tacitus, The Annals,11.26-38.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.31.
6Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,26.
7古罗马的港口城市，今第勒尼安海（Tyrrhenian Sea）海岸罗马的一个自治市。
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.31.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,28.
4Hezog-Hauser, G., Wotke F., Valeria Messalina[J], RE,8A(1955), p.251.
5Tacitus, The Annals,11.5-7.
1Juvenal and Persius, Staire[Z], With an English Translation by Ramsay, G.G., Cambridge, Massachusetts:
2Harvard University Press,1950,6.115-132.Pliny The Elder, Natural History,10.172.
3Tacitus, The Annals,11.35.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.18.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,33.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.18.
1Levik, B., Claudius[M], London: Routledge Press,1990, p.56.
2Hezog-Hauser, G., Wotke, F., Valeria Messalina[J], RE,8A(1955), p.253.
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.15.
2Tacitus, The Annals,11.3.
3克劳迪出生于公元前10年8月，公元41年1月即位，此时已将近51岁。根据现代学者的研究，当时罗马人的平均预期寿命是妇女约27岁，男子约37岁，只有相对很少的人能看到孙子女出生。（详见Burn, A.R., Hic Breve Viritur: A Study of the Expectation of Life in the Roman Empire[J], Past and Present,4(1953), p.16;Hopin, K., On the Probable Age Structure of the Roman Population[J], Population Studies,20(1966), p.263.）
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
5Ehrhardt, C., Messalina and the succession to Claudius[J], Antich-thon,12(1978), p.68.
6特洛伊游戏战争是由出身豪门的少年子弟组成的马队表演。
7Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,29.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,29.
3Levick, B., Tiberius the Politician[M], London and New York: Routledge,1999, p.65-67.
4(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第90页。
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.22.
2Tacitus, The Annals,11.27.
3罗马的半军事性的夜间警卫队和消防队。其士兵主要从被释奴中征募。
4用以维持和训练剑奴以备皇帝举行剑斗比赛时使用。监督应是骑士出身，这个职位是担任某种比较负责的财务职位之前的必经阶段。
5Tacitus, The Annals,11.35.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.218.
2Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.89.
3(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第90页。
4（俄）科瓦略夫：《古代罗马史》[M]，王以铸译，上海：上海三联书店出版社，2007年，第632页。皇帝的私产埃及的长官由骑士充任。
12Tacitus, The Annals,11.25.Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.188.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.28.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.28.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.22.
6Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.188.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,5.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.22.5-7.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,5.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.4.1; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.8.5; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
1Tacitus, The Annals,12.5.
2Tacitus, The Annals,12.6.
3Tacitus, The Annals,12.6.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,26.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,26.
23Tacitus, The Annals,12.22.Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.32.4.
4Tacitus, The Annals,12.22; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.
5Tacitus, The Annals,12.25.
6Tacitus, The Annals,12.9.
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.3.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,27.
2Tacitus, The Annals,12.4.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,29.
4Tacitus, The Annals,12.9.
5Tacitus, The Annals,12.58.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.8.
8在帝国时期，这是皇子的头衔。
9Tacitus, The Annals,12.41.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.181.
23Tacitus, The Annals,12.41.Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.32.5.
4Tacitus, The Annals,12.42; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.6a.
5Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.179.
6Tacitus, The Annals,12.7.
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.26; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.2a.
12Tacitus, The Annals,12.42.Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.2.
3Pliny The Elder, Natural History,33.63; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.3.
4Tacitus, The Annals,12.27; Pliny The Elder, Natural History,4.106.
5详见CIL,9.1584,14.208.
6曾领导凯尔特人反抗罗马人的入侵，战败后被逮捕并被押送到罗马，后作为战俘被宣判处以死刑。他在临刑前发表了一篇演说并因此被克劳迪赦免。
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.37.
8Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.7,12.
9Tacitus, The Annals,14.11.
1Tacitus, The Annals,12.42; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.6a.
23Tacitus, The Annals,12.43.Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.31.8.
4Tacitus, The Annals,12.57; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.1.
5Tacitus, The Annals,12.59.
6Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,43.
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.64; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,43.
1Tacitus, The Annals,12.64.
2Tacitus, The Annals,12.64.
3Tacitus, The Annals,4.27;12.65.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,7.
5Bauman, R,. Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.186.
6它是拉提姆（Latium）地区的一个城市，位于第勒尼安海（Tyrrhenian Sea）沿岸阿皮亚大道（Via Appia）上。
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.66,13.1; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.34.4.
8详见Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,44; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,33; Tacitus,The Annals,12.66; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.34.2-4,60.35; Seneca, Octavia,164-165,31-32,44,102;Juvenal, Staire,5.147,6.620-621; Pliny The Elder, Natural History,2.92,11.189,22.92.
9Griffin, M. T., Nero: The End of a Dynasty[M], London: Batsford,1984, p.32; Levik, B., Claudius[M], London:Routledge Press,1990, p.76-77; Warmington, B. H., Nero: Reality and Legend[M], London: Chatto&Windus,1969, p.19-20.
1Tacitus, The Annals,13.2.
23Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,9.Tacitus, The Annals,13.1.
4Tacitus, The Annals,13.2.
5Tacitus, The Annals,13.2.
6Tacitus, The Annals,12.69.
7Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.192.
1Tacitus, The Annals,13.3-4; Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.3.1.
2Tacitus, The Annals,13.5.
3Tacitus, The Annals,13.5; Dio Cassius, Roman History,53.1.在奥古斯都晚年，元老院会议常常在这里召开。(Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars,The DefiedAugustus,29.）
4Tacitus, The Annals,13.5.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.193.
2神圣的克劳迪的神庙曾被尼禄摧毁，后被苇伯芗修复（Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Vespasian,9.）。
3Tacitus, The Annals,13.5.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.33.3-6.
5Tacitus, The Annals,13.12; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,28; Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.7.1;
6CIL,11.1414.Tacitus, The Annals,13.13.
7Tacitus, The Annals,13.14.
8Tacitus, The Annals,13.14.
9为庆祝罗马的农神萨图恩（Saturn）的节日，从12月17日开始，一直持续到23日，是罗马最流行的节日，在古罗马的街道上、公共场所和住宅中举行。
1Tacitus, The Annals,13.15-27; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,33; Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.7.4.
2（俄）科瓦略夫：《古代罗马史》[M]，王以铸译，上海：上海三联书店出版社，2007年，第637页。
3Tacitus, The Annals,13.16.
4Tacitus, The Annals,13.18; Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.8.4-5.
5这是意大利坎帕尼亚（Campania）地区靠近那不勒斯（Naples）的一个港口城市。
6Tacitus, The Annals,14.1.
1Tacitus, The Annals,13.19.
2Tacitus, The Annals,13.19-20.
3Tacitus, The Annals,14.3.
4Tacitus, The Annals,14.3.
56Tacitus, The Annals,14.5.Tacitus, The Annals,14.5.
7Tacitus, The Annals,14.8.
8Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,36.
9Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,34.
10Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,34.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,34.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,62.42.
45Dio Cassius, Roman History,62.42.Dio Cassius, Roman History,62.42.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,62.42.
7Tacitus, The Annals,13.18.
8Tacitus, The Annals,13.18.
9Tacitus, The Annals,13.18.
1Tacitus, The Annals,13.18.
2Tacitus, The Annals,14.3.
3Tacitus, The Annals,14.9.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,34.
5Tacitus, The Annals,14.9.
1Seneca, Octavia,609-613.
2Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.274.
3Rose, C. B., Dynastic Commemoration and Imperial Portraiture in the Julio-Claudian Period[M], Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997, p.83-86.
4Tacitus, The Annals,12.65.
1Tacitus, The Annals,14.63.
2Tacitus, The Annals,14.60.
3Tacitus, The Annals,14.60.
4Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.270.
5Tacitus, The Annals,14.61.
6Tacitus, The Annals,14.63.
1Tacitus, The Annals,14.62-64.
2Tacitus, The Annals,14.64.
3Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.272.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.210.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
3Tacitus, The Annals,14.63.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
5Tacitus, The Annals,11.2.
1Pliny The Elder, Natural History,37.50,28.183,33.140; Juvenal, Staire.,6.462; Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.28.1.
2Tacitus, The Annals,13.45.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
4Tacitus, The Annals,13.45-46.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Otho,3; Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.11.1-3; Plutarch, Lives, Galba,
19.
2Tacitus, The Annals,13.45.
34Tacitus, The Annals,13.46.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
5Tacitus, The Annals,13.46.
6Tacitus, The Annals,13.46.
7Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Otho,3.
8Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Otho,4.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
2公元60年，尼禄首次在罗马举办，赛会完全按照希腊人的方式，包括音乐、体操和赛马三部分，为期五年。尼禄把这个赛会称作“尼禄尼亚（Neronia）
3Tacitus, The Annals,16.6.
4Tacitus, The Annals,16.6.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,63.27.
6Tacitus, The Annals,16.6.
7Tacitus, The Annals,16.6.
1Tacitus, The Annals,16.6.
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4刘文明：《文化变迁中的罗马女性》[M]，长沙：湖南人民出版社，2001年。
5裔昭印：从宗教看古罗马社会的性别关系[J]，北京：世界历史，2004（2）。
6裔昭印：《西方妇女史》[M]，北京：商务印书馆，2009年。
7宫秀华：罗马妇女在婚姻家庭中地位[J]，长春：东北师范大学学报，1990（2）。
8宫秀华：共和末期帝国初期妇女的社会地位[J]，长春：东北师范大学学报，1992（1）。
9吴藜：试论古罗马人的有夫权婚姻和无夫权婚姻[J]：北京：世界历史，1994（1）。
1付静：《古罗马妇女美德：男性意识形态和妇女的应对（约公元前2世纪至公元2世纪）》[D]，[博士学位论文]，上海：复旦大学，2009年。
2邹芝：《古罗马家庭研究——从共和晚期到帝国早期》[D]，[博士学位论文]，上海：上海师范大学，2010年。
3何越：《古罗马妇女经济地位研究》[D]，[硕士学位论文]，长春：东北师范大学，2006年。
4黄娜：《试论古罗马富有妇女群的形成和影响（公元前200年—公元200年）》[D]，[硕士学位论文]，长春：东北师范大学，2006年。
5陈常欣：《古罗马贵族母亲家庭地位研究》[D]，[硕士学位论文]，上海：上海师范大学，2008年。
6谈佳珺：《论古罗马帝国前期皇室女性的家庭地位》[D]，[硕士学位论文]，上海：上海师范大学，2010年。
1Tacitus. The Annals Z. trans. John Jackson..Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1951.(塔西佗著．王以铸，崔妙因译．编年史[M]．北京：商务印书馆,1983．)
2Suetonius. The Lives of the Caesars[Z]. trans. J. C. Rolfe. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1950.(苏埃托尼乌斯著．张竹明，王乃新，蒋平等译．罗马十二帝王传[M]．北京：商务印书馆,2000．)
3Dio Cassius. Dio’s Roman History[Z]. trans. Earnest Cary. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UniversityPress,1968.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992.
23Boergas, J., Lives of the Roman Empresses[M], New York: WM. H. Wise&CO.,1935.Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999.
4Burns, J., Great Women of Imperial Rome: Mothers and Wives of Caesars [M], London: Taylor&Francis,2007.
5Barrett, A. A., Livia-First Lady of Imperial Rome [M], New Haven: Yale University Press,2002.
6Barrett, A. A., Agrippina: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Early Empire [M], New Haven and London: YaleUniversity Press,1996.
7Barrett, A. A., Agrippina: Sister of Calugula, Wife of Claudius, Mother of Nero [M], London: Taylor&Francise-library,2005.
8Huntsman, E. D., The Family and Property of Livia Drusilla[M], Ann Arbor: UMI Company,1997.
9Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992.
10Ginsburg, J., Representing Agrippina: Constructions of Female Power in the Early Roman Empire [M], Oxford,New York: Oxford University Press,2006.
1Adkins, L., Adkins, R. A., Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome[M], New York: Oxford University Press,2004, p.235.(中译名《探寻古罗马文明》，张楠、王悦、范秀琳译，北京：商务印书馆，2008年。)
2莱斯莉·阿德金斯、罗伊·阿德金斯：《探寻古罗马文明》，张楠、王悦、范秀琳译，北京：商务印书馆，2008年，第443页。
3参见李大维：《罗马帝国弗鲁曼塔里伊研究》[D]：[博士学位论文]，长春：东北师范大学，2011，第3页。
4Great. M., Roman History from Coins: Some uses of the Imperial Coinage to the Historian[M], Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1968, p.38,见Plate8, No.1; Plate10, No.2-5.
1《十二铜表法》第五表（1），刑义田编译：《古罗马的荣光：罗马史资料选译》[Z]，台北：远流，1997，第117页。
1(德）恩格斯：《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》[M]，北京：人民出版社，1972年，载：《马克思恩格斯选集》第4卷，第49页。
2（美）路易斯·亨利·摩尔根：《古代社会》[M]，杨东莼等译，北京：商务印书馆，1987年，第475页。
3它汇集了公元4世纪以来皇帝的法令，共十六卷，是在很多法学家的共同努力下编纂完成的。公元438年，《狄奥多西法典》在罗马帝国东西部以狄奥多西和瓦伦丁尼安两位皇帝的名义同时颁布，这部法典为100年后查士丁尼法典的编制提供了基础。
4（英）纳撒尼尔·哈里斯：《古罗马生活》[M]，卢佩媛、赵国柱、冯秀云译，太原：希望出版社，2007年，第63页。
5Cantarella, E., Pandora's Daughters[M]. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press,1987, p.115.
12Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.24.Lattimore, R., Themes in Greek and Latin Epitaphs[M], Urbana, Illinois: Illinois University Press,1942, p.187-191.
3Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.27.
4约翰·多米尼克·克洛桑：《耶稣传》[M]，高师宁、段琪译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1997年，第84页。
2Livy, From the Founding of the City,3.44.4.
1Shelton, Jo-Ann,As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.37.
2Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.299.
3转引自Lefkowitz, M. R., Fant, M. B., Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation[M],Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1992, p.152.
4付静：《古罗马妇女美德：男性意识形态和妇女的应对（约公元前2世纪至公元2世纪）》[D]，[博士学位论文]，上海：复旦大学，2009年，第56页。
5Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.62.
6Pliny The Younger, Letters,4.19.
7Tacitus, Agricola,4.
1Quintillian, The Elements of Oratory,1.1.
2Cantarella, E., Pandora's Daughters[M], Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press,1987, p.134.
3（古罗马）尤里安：《学说汇纂》，第16编，转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第23页。
4Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.71.
5（古罗马）乌尔比安：《论订婚》单编本，转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第23页。
6这在本章第四节中还会详细讨论。
7Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.71.
8Saller, R. P., Men’s Age at Marriage and Its Consequences in the Roman Family[J], Classical Philology,(1987)82, p.21-34.
1Dixon, S., The Roman Family[M], Baltimore and London: The Hopkins University Press,1992, p.77.
1Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.18.
2（英）梅因：《古代法》[M]，沈景一译，北京：商务印书馆，1997年，第89页。
3（芬兰）E.A.韦斯特马克：《人类婚姻简史》，李彬等译，北京：商务印书馆，2002年，第122页。
4（法）古朗士：《希腊罗马古代社会研究》[M]，李玄伯译，上海：上海文艺出版社，1986年，第69页。
5（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《民法大全选译》之《家庭》，第67页。
1盖乌斯：《法学阶梯》，第70页。
2Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.3.
3Matrona是一个特别用来表明妇女婚姻状况的词。
4(法）安德烈·比尔基埃：《家庭史(第三卷)》[M]，袁树仁等译，上海：上海三联书店出版社，2003年，第59-60页.
5Dixon, S., The Roman Mother [M], Australia: Croom Helm Ltd.,1988, cf. Preface.
6Plutarch, Lives, Coriolanus,33-36.
7Plutarch, Lives, Tiberius Gracchus,1, Gaius Gracchus,19.
8Tacitus, Dialogus,28.
9Tacitus, Agricola,4.
1布鲁图是公元前44年刺杀凯撒的凶手之一，后被凯撒的养子屋大维追杀，战败后被迫自杀。关于布鲁图对母亲的尊敬参见Cicero, Letters To Atticus,15.11.
2刘文明：《文化变迁中的罗马女性》[M]，长沙：湖南人民出版社，2001年，第3页。
3林秀雄：《夫妻财产制之研究》[M]，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第132页。
1Plutach, Lives, Numa Pompilius,25(3).
2Vergil, Aeneid,2.780-789.(Virgil, Eclogues. Georgics. Aeneid Ⅰ-Ⅳ[Z], With an English Translation byFairclough, H. R., Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1999.)
3Columella, De Re Rustica,2.
4Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.46.
5Watson, A., Rome of the Ⅻ Tables—Persons and Property[M], Princeton: Princeton University Press,1975, p.75-76.
1邹芝：《古罗马家庭研究——从共和晚期到帝国早期》[D]，[博士学位论文]，上海：上海师范大学，2010年，第61页。
2邹芝：《古罗马家庭研究——从共和晚期到帝国早期》[D]，[博士学位论文]，上海：上海师范大学，2010年，第31页。
3Dixon, S., The Roman Family[M], Baltimore and London: The Hopkins University Press,1992, p.44.
4Gardner, J.F., Women in Roman Law and Society[M], London: Croom Helm Ltd,1986, p.67-68.
5Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.48.
6莫尔顿·亨特：《情爱自然史》[M]，赵跃、李建光译，北京：作家出版社，1988年，第112页。
1罗马银币，公元前217年以前1塞斯泰尔凯斯值2.5阿司（as），后来相当于4阿司。
2Plutarch, Lives. Pompey,45.
3Cornell, T. J., The Second Punic War[M], London: University of London Press,1996, p.127.
4（法）让-皮埃尔·罗伯特：《古罗马人的欢娱》[M]，王长明、田禾、李变香译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年，第120页。
5（法）让-皮埃尔·罗伯特：《古罗马人的欢娱》[M]，王长明、田禾、李变香译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年，第107-108页。
6（英）霍普金斯：《征服者与奴隶》[M]，闫瑞生译，西安：陕西人民教育出版社，1993年，第36页。
7宫秀华：《罗马：从共和走向帝制》[M]，长春：东北师范大学出版社，2002年，第194页。
8Brunt, P.A., Italian Manpower225B.C.-A.D.14[M], New York: Oxford University Press,1971, p.60.
9（英）霍普金斯：《征服者与奴隶》[M]，闫瑞生译，西安：陕西人民教育出版社，1993年，第5-6页。
10Erickson, C., Civilization and Society in the West[M], London: Penguin,1908, p.78-79.
1（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第93页。
2李雅书选译：《世界史资料丛刊.罗马帝国时期（上）》[G]，北京：商务印书馆，1985年，第50页。
3Frances, G., Marriage and Family in the Middle Age [M], New York: New York Press,1987, p.20.
4邹芝：《古罗马家庭研究——从共和晚期到帝国早期》[D]，[博士学位论文]，上海：上海师范大学，2010年，第31页。
5Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.31.
1Pomeroy, S. B., Goddesses, Whores, Wives, and Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity[M], New York:Schocken Books,1975, p.189.
2Cantarella, E., Pandora's Daughters[M], Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press,1987, p.134.
3Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.33.鲁派卡里亚节
（Lupercalia）是罗马非常古老的宗教节日，是为纪念收养罗马城的建立者罗慕路斯（Romulus）和瑞慕斯
（Remus）兄弟两的牧羊人鲁派库(Lupercus)而设立的节日，它在每年的2月13日到15日举行，为城市去除邪恶并为民众祈求健康和多育。
4Lefkowitz, M. R., Fant, M. B., Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation[M], Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1992, p.213.
5Ovid, Amores,3.2.1-14,19-26,33-38,43-59,61-84.
6Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,73.
1Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.10.
2Cicero, On the Laws,3.7; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Julius,52.3.
3Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.47.
4Dixon, S., The Roman Mother [M], Australia: Croom Helm Ltd.,1988, p.31.
1（古罗马）莫德斯汀：《论区别》第4编，转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第25页。
2Brundage, J., Law, Sex and Society in Christian Europe[M], Chicago: University of Chicago Press,1987, p.183, p.194, p.238.
3Lelis, A.A., Percy,W.A., Verstraete,B.C., The Age of Marriage in Ancient Rome[M], New York: The EdwinMellen Press,2003, p.90.
4（古罗马）彭波尼：《论萨宾》第3编，转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第31页。
5（法）让-皮埃尔·内罗杜：《古罗马的儿童》[M]，张鸿、向征译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年，第10页。
6（法）让-皮埃尔·内罗杜：《古罗马的儿童》[M]，张鸿、向征译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年，第10页。
7Pliny The Younger, Letters,5.16.
1（法）让-皮埃尔·内罗杜：《古罗马的儿童》[M]，张鸿、向征译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年，第20页。
2（法）让-皮埃尔·内罗杜：《古罗马的儿童》[M]，张鸿、向征译，桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年，第27页。
3Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.66.
4Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.24.
5Lelis, A.A., Percy,W.A., Verstraete,B.C., The Age of Marriage in Ancient Rome[M], New York: The EdwinMellen Press,2003, p.31.
6CIL,3.3572.
7Soranus, Gynecology,1.30-32.
8Brunt, P.A., Italian Manpower225B.C.-A.D.14[M], New York: Oxford University Press,1971, p.558.
9Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.16.2.
1Dixon, S., The Roman Mother [M], Australia: Croom Helm Ltd.,1988, p.14.
2Plutarch, Lives, Tiberius Gracchus,17.
3Plutarch, Lives, Numa Pompilius,25(3).
4(英)纳撒尼尔·哈里斯：《古罗马生活》[M]，卢佩媛、赵国柱、冯秀云译，太原：希望出版社，2007年，第59页。
5转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第33页。
6（古罗马）查士丁尼：《法学阶梯》[M]，徐国栋译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2000年，第45页。
1Plutarch, Lives, Romulus,22.
2《十二铜表法》第四表，刑义田编译：《古罗马的荣光：罗马史资料选译》[Z]，台北：远流，1997，第117页。
3Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,2.25.
4Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,9.2.
5Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,2.25.
1Gellius, A., Attic Night,4.3.
2Gardner, J.F., Women in Roman Law and Society[M], London: Croom Helm Ltd,1986, p.186.
3Dixon, S., The Marriage Alliance in the Roman Elite[J], Journal of Family History,10(1985), p.359-360.
4Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,6.3.12.
5Seneca, De Beneficiis,3.16.2.
6详见Juvenal, Staire,6.142;6.224.(Juvenal and Persius, Staire[Z], With an English Translation by Ramsay,G.G., Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1950.)
1Cicero, On the Laws,3.
2Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,2.9.1.
3Gellius, A. Attic Night.1.6.2.
4Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,2.25.
5（古罗马）乌尔比安：《论通奸》第4编，转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第35页。
6（德）奥托·基弗：《古罗马风化史》[M]，姜瑞章译，沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，2000年，第61页。
1（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第70页。
2转引自：韩满春：《帝国的命运——罗马人与战争》[M]，北京：法律出版社，2009，第160页。
3转引自：（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第69页。
4（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第93-95页。
5（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第106页。
6(古罗马)普劳图斯：《孪生兄弟》[Z]，选自《古罗马戏剧选》，杨宪益、杨周翰、王焕生译，北京：人民文学出版社，1991年，第214页。
7Plutarch, Lives, Cato Maior,24.
1Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,6.1.23.
2Gellius, A., Attic Night,10.23.
3Quintillian, The Elements of Oratory,5.2.39.
4(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第24页。
5Juvenal, Staire,6.595-597.
6Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.106.
12Tacitus, Germania,19; Plutarch, Lives, Gaius Marius,497E.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,47.
3Ovid, Amores,1.8.44.
4Juvenal. Staires.6.224.
5（德）奥托·基弗：《古罗马风化史》[M]，姜瑞章译，沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，2000年，第42页。
6（俄）科瓦略夫：《古代罗马史》[M]，王以铸译，上海：上海三联书店出版社，2007年，第590页。
1(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第25页。
2公元前169年的保民官Q·沃科尼·塞克萨(Q. Voconius Sexa)在老加图的支持下通过的法律。该法规定，拥有100,000塞斯泰尔凯斯(Sesterces)财产的妇女不能接受遗产。
3Horace, Carmen,3.6.
4Pliny The Elder, Natural History,34.31.
5(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第26页。
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,72-73.
2Dixon, S., The Roman Mother [M], Australia: Croom Helm Ltd.,1988, p.25.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,56.3.4.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.16.1-2; Tacitus, The Annals,3.25.
5Harace, Satires,2.5; Juvenal, Staire,1.37-39; Tacitus, The Annals,15.19.
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,56.1.
2参见Brunt, P.A., Italian Manpower225B.C.-A.D.14[M], New York: Oxford University Press,1971, p.
562-566; Hopkins, K., Death and Renewal[M], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1983, p.95-96, p.
242-243; Gardner, J.F., Women in Roman Law and Society[M], London: Croom Helm Ltd,1986, p.117-138.
3Richlin, A., Approaches to the Sources on Adultery at Rome, Reflections of women in Antiquity, editied by Foley,H. P., New York: Gordon&Breach, p.379-404.
12Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.83.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,69.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Tiberius,63.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,65.
5（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第116页。
1（法）维奥莱纳·瓦诺依克：《世界上最古老的行业——古希腊罗马的娼妓与社会》[M]，邵济源译，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2007年，第116-117页。
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars. Tiberius,35.
3刘文明：《文化变迁中的罗马女性》[M]，长沙：湖南人民出版社，2001年，第38页。
4Plutarch, Lives, Numa Pompilius,25(3).
5Gellius, A., Attic Night,5.19.
6Seneca, Epistles,99.1.113.
1Livy, From the Founding of the City,1.9-13; Ovid, The Art of Love,1.99-134.
2Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.10.
3Plutarch, Lives, Romulus,19-22.
4刘文明：《文化变迁中的罗马女性》[M]，长沙：湖南人民出版社，2001年，第5-6页。
5Livy, From the Founding of the City,1.57-60.
1Livy, From the Founding of the City,2.40.1-12; Dionysius of Halicarnassus. The Roman Antiquities.8.39-62.
2Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.299.
3Livy, From the Founding of the City,34.2.2.
1Cicero, Brutus,211.
2Cicero, On Divination,1.36.
34Plutarch, Lives, Tiberius Gracchus,1.Valerius Maximus, Memorable Doings and Sayings,4.4.1.
5Ambra, E., Roman Women[M], New York: Cambridge University Press,2007, p.94.
6Tacitus, Germania,20.
7Gellius, A., Attic Night,12.1.17.
8Plutarch, Lives, Tiberius Gracchus,1.
1Appian, Civil Wars,4.32-3.（古罗马）阿庇安：《罗马史》，谢德风译，北京：商务印书馆，1997年，下卷，第340-342页。
2Appian, Civil Wars,4.34.（古罗马）阿庇安：《罗马史》，谢德风译，北京：商务印书馆，1997年，下卷，第342页。
3Appian. Civil Wars.4.33.（古罗马）阿庇安：《罗马史》，谢德风译，北京：商务印书馆，1997年，下卷，第341页。
4（古罗马）凯撒：《内战记》，任炳湘、王士俊译，北京：商务印书馆，1986年，第99页。
5Lefkowitz, M. R., Fant, M. B., Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation[M], Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1992, p.152.
6Lefkowitz, M. R., Fant, M. B., Women’s Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation[M], Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1992, p.152.
1Bauman, R., Lawyers and Politics in the Early Roman Empire[M], Munich: Oxford University Press,1989, p.307.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,4.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus.4; Plutarch, Lives, Antony,31.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Julius,27.
4详见本文第二章第二节，第二章第五节，第三章第一节。
2Plutarch, Lives, Antony,87.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,63.
4Plutarch, Lives, Antony,30.
5（古罗马）乌尔比安：《论告示》第6编，转引自（意）桑德罗·斯奇巴尼选编：《婚姻、家庭和遗产继承》，费安玲译，北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001年，第41页。
1Plutarch, Lives, Antony,31; Dio Cassius, Roman History,48.31.3; Appian, Civil Wars,5.64,5.66.
2Plutarch, Lives, Antony,33; Appian, Civil Wars,5.76.
3古希腊城市，在今天土耳其，离爱琴海（Aegean Sea）26公里处的密细亚城（Mysia）。
4Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.31-32; Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.92.
5Appian, Civil Wars,5.64.
6Plutarch, Lives, Antony,35; Dio Cassius, Roman History,48.54; Appian, Civil Wars,5.93-95.
1Appian, Civil Wars,5.93.
2一种战舰和商船合并构造的船队。
3Appian, Civil Wars,5.95.
45Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.92.Dio Cassius, Roman History,47.7.4-5.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,49.38.1-2.
7Dio Cassius, Roman History,49.15.5-6.
8Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.94.
9Plutarch, Lives, Antony,53.
1Plutarch, Lives, Antony,55.
2Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,
31999, p.32.Purcell,N., Livia and the Womanhood of Rome[J], PCPS32(1986), p.85.
4Flory, M., Livia and the History of Public Honorific Statues for women in Rome,[J],TAPA123(1993), p.293-295.
5Plutarch, Lives. Antony,57; Dio Cassius, Roman History,50.3.2.
6Plutarch, Lives. Antony,57;58; Dio Cassius, Roman History,49.33.3-4.
1P·韦纳、陆象淦：何谓皇帝？帝者，神也[J]，《国外社会科学》，2005（3），第117页。
2Tacitus, The Annals,1.3.
3Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.27.
1Seneca, Consolation to Marcia,1.
23Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,29.Kleiner, Diana E.E., Matheson, S., I Claudia: Women in Ancient Rome[J], Exhibition Catalogue, YaleUniversity Art Gallery, Sept.6-Dec.7(1996), p.32.
4Pliny The Elder, Natural History,34.31,35.114,35.139.
5Pliny The Elder, Natural History,36.24.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.35.4-5.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied. Augustus,61.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied. Augustus,61; Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.35.
3Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.34.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,51.19.2;51.22.2-3.
5Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.34.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.35.4-5.
2Plutarch, Lives. Antony,36; Dio Cassius, Roman History,48.54.5-6; Appian, Civil Wars,5.95.
3Plutarch, Lives. Antony,53; Dio Cassius, Roman History,49.33.3-4.
4Plutarch, Lives, Antony,53,54; Dio Cassius, Roman History,49.32.4-5,49.33.3-4,50.3.2.
1Plutarch, Lives, Antony,87.
2Vergil, Aeneid,6.884.
34Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Vergil,32.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,29.
5Plutarch, Lives, Antony,54.
6Plutarch, Lives, Antony,87.
7Plutarch, Lives, Antony,87; Dio Cassius, Roman History,51.15.5.
8Plutarch, Lives, Antony,35;56;57.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.29.
2Flory, M., Abducta Neroni Uxor: the Historigraphical Tradition on the Marriage of Octavian and Livia[M],Transactions of the American Philological Association,118(1988), p.345-346.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,69.
4Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.75.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,99.
1Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.75.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,63.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,73.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.4-6.
5Ovid, Tristia,2.161-164; Horace, Carmina,3.14.5.
6Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.77.
7Flory M., Sic Exempla Parantur: Livia’s Shrine to Concordia and the Porticus Liviae, Historia,33(1984), p.319.
8Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.77.
9Dio Cassius, Roman History,49.38.1.
12Dixon, S., The Roman Family[M], Baltimore and London: The Hopkins University Press,1992, p.149.Dixon, S., The Roman Family[M], Baltimore and London: The Hopkins University Press,1992, p.150.
3Kleiner, Diana E.E., Matheson, S., I Claudia: Women in Ancient Rome[J], Exhibition Catalogue, YaleUniversity Art Gallery, Sept.6-Dec.7(1996), p.32-33.
4Galinsky, K., Augustan Culture: an Interpretative Introduction[M], Princeton: Princeton University Press,1996,p.98.
1Livy, From the Founding of the City,2.40.1-12; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,8.39-62.
23Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,8.39.1,8.44.2.Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,8.43.3-7.
4Livy, From the Founding of the City,2.40.1-3.
5Galinsky, K., Augustan Culture: an Interpretative Introduction[M], Princeton: Princeton University Press,1996,p.80-8.
6Dionysius of Halicarnassus, The Roman Antiquities,8.56.
1Seneca, Consolation to Marcia,3.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.103.
3Tacitus, The Annals,4.57.
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.57.
5Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.38.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.39.
23Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.8.2.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,12-13.
4Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.124.
5Velleius Paterculus, The Roman History,2.104.1.
6Velleius Paterculus, The Roman History,2.121.1.
7Tacitus, The Annals,4.37.
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,56.46.1-2.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.125.
34Tacitus, The Annals,1.14.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,50.
5Tacitus, The Annals,1.14.
6Tacitus, The Annals,1.14.
7Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,50.
8Tacitus, The Annals,1.13.
1Tacitus, The Annals,2.34; Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.12.
2Tacitus, The Annals,3.17.
3公元前13年，奥古斯都为了纪念自己的外甥兼女婿马尔凯鲁修建。马尔凯鲁是奥古斯都的姐姐屋大维亚的儿子，于公元前23年去世。
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.57.
5位于意大利南部的拍宁苏拉（Peninsula），西濒第勒尼安海（Tyrrhenian Sea)。
6Tacitus, The Annals,4.57.
2Tacitus, The Annals,4.57.
3Tacitus, The Annals,3.64.
4Tacitus, The Annals,3.64; Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.3.3.
5Tacitus, The Annals,3.71.
6Winkes, R., Livia, Octavia, Julia, Louvain-la-Neuve and Providence: Art and Archaeology Publications[M],1995, p.24.
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.27.
8Tacitus, The Annals,4.16.
9Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,50.
10它对付的是由于官吏渎职而玷污了罗马人民的尊严的罪行，如军队的背叛、煽动人民发动叛乱等。
11Tacitus, The Annals,1.72.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,51.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.3.3.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,51.
4Tacitus, The Annals,5.1; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,10; Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.1-3.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.6.
6Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,11.
7Pliny the Younger, Letters,14.7.
12Tacitus, The Annals,5.1.Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.4; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,99.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,81.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,69,71; Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.5; Horace,Odes,2.12.连奥古斯都的朋友都承认他有私通的行为，但这是他的策略而非情欲，他的目的是通过政敌的妻子更好地了解和对付他的政敌。安东尼指责奥古斯都曾当着一位卸任执政官的面，将后者的妻子从他的餐厅领进卧室，当这位妻子返回餐桌时已是头发蓬乱，耳朵赤红。
5Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.124;Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.4.
6Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.86.
7(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第34页。
8即奥古斯都的女儿朱里亚与阿格瑞帕所生的小儿子小阿格瑞帕。
9Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.5.
1Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,
21999, p.86.Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.64.
3Tacitus, The Annals,1.3;1.5;1.6;2.69-72.
4Tacitus, The Annals,3.1.
5Tacitus, The Annals,1.5.
6Tacitus, The Annals,1.5.
1Tacitus, The Annals,2.69-72.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.124.
3Tacitus, The Annals,1.6.
45Dio Cassius, Roman History,53.33.4.Shelton, Jo-Ann, As the Romans Did [M], New York: Oxford University Press,1988, p.292.
6Burn, A. R., Hic Breve Viritur: A Study of the Expectation of Life in the Roman Empire[J], Past and Present,
4(1953), p.16; Hopin, K., On the Probable Age Structure of the Roman Population[J], Population Studies,20(1966), p.263.
7Hopkins, K., Death and Renewal[M], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1983, p.125-126.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.83.
2Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.87-88.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.12.
4Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.103.
1Tacitus, The Annals,5.3.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.2.2-6.
3Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.83.
4Velleius Paterculus, The Roman History,2.130.5.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.151.
2Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.18.
3今法国中东部城市里昂（Lyons），位于巴黎（Paris）和马赛(Marseille)之间。
4Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.151.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,1.
1Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.20.
2Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.152.
3Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews,18.180; Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M],London: Routledge,1992, p.15-16.
4Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.143.
5Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.152.
6Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,15; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,1; Claudius,2.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,2; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,30.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,3.
3Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.153.
4Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.148.
5Pliny The Elder, Natural History,9.81.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,5.
2Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990,p.24.
3Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.84.
4Tacitus, The Annals,2.59.
5Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.145.
1Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.17-22.
2Tacitus, The Annals,59-61.
3Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.17, p.20-21,
4p.43-45, p.70-83.Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.16.
5Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.143.
6Tacitus, The Annals,2.3.
7Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Vitellius,2.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Vitellius,4; Vitellius,8.
23Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.154.Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.154-155.
4Tacitus, The Annals,3.3.
5Tacitus, The Annals,3.3.
6Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.150; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities,18.179-186,202-204,236.
1Josephus, Jewish Antiquities,18.143.
2Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.68-83.
3Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.150.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.11.6-7,65.14.1-2; Josephus, Jewish Antiquities,18.181-182.
5Kokkinos, N., Antonia Augusta: Portrait of A Great Roman Lady[M], London: Routledge,1992, p.25-27;Boddington, A., Sejanus: Whose Conspiracy?[J], AJPhil,84(1963), p.7-8.
6（俄）科瓦略夫：《古代罗马史》[M]，王以铸译，上海：上海三联书店出版社，2007年，第626页。
1Tacitus, The Annals,4.7-8; Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.11.6-7.
2Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.155.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,50.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.
56Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,23.
7Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.156.
8Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.156.
9Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,23.
10Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,23.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15; Claudius,11.
3Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.59.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,11.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,11.
1Appian, Civil Wars,5.53.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,62.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,63, The Defied Augustus,69; Dio Cassius, RomanHistory,48.34.3.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,48.34.3.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,64.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,64.
3（英）特威兹穆尔：《奥古斯都》[M]，王以铸译，北京：中国社会科学出版社,1988年，第290页。
4Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.35.
5Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M].,New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.46.
1即色雷斯。
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,51.15.5; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,63.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,63.
4(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第21页。
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.6.
2http://en.wikipedia.org\wiki\Julia the Elder.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,64.
4（英）特威兹穆尔：《奥古斯都》[M]，王以铸译，北京：中国社会科学出版社,1988年，第290页。
5(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第22页。
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,63; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,7.
23Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,7.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,7.
4Tacitus, The Annals,1.53.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.10.12-16; Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.45.149; Seneca, De Beneficiis,
6.32.1-2.
6Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.38.
1Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.4.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.46.
2关于公元前2年对朱里亚的审判，古代作家都有详细的记载，详见：Tacitus, The Annals,1.53,3.24,4.44,6.51; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,19,63,101; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars,Tiberius,7,10,11,50; Dio Cassius, Roman History,54.35.4,55.2,55.4,55.9.7,55.10.12-16,55.13.1,56.32.4;Seneca, De Beneficiis,6.32.1-2; Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.45,7.149,21.8-9; Velleius Paterculus,Compendium of Roman History,2.93.2,96.1,100.2-5.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,65.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,65.这是《伊利亚特》第3卷第40行，赫克托尔对巴里斯所说的话。
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,65.
4Tacitus, The Annals,1.53; Ovid, Ex Ponto,4.16.31.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.10.11.
1Wiseman, T.P., Calpurnius Siculus and the Claudian Civil War[J], Journal of Roman Studies,72(1982), p.57-67.
2Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History,2.100.5.
3Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History,2.100.5; Seneca, De Clementia,1.10.3.
4Horace, Carmen,4.2.
56Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.48.Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History,2.100.4.
7Tacitus, The Annals,4.44.
8Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.10.15.
9Seneca, De Beneficiis,6.3.
10Pliny The Elder, Natural History,21.9.
12Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.10.Seneca, De Beneficiis,6.32.1.
3Macrobius, Staires,2.5.9.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,23.
5Elaine, F., Julia Augusti[M], London and New York: Routledge,2006, p.82, p.157.
6Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.44.149.
7Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.10.15.
8Tacitus, The Annals,1.53.
9Ferrill, A., Augustus and his Dauthter: a Modern Myth[J], Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History,2(1980), p.334-336, p.344.
10Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.45.149; Ferrill, A., Augustus and his Dauthter: a Modern Myth[J], Studiesin Latin Literature and Roman History,2(1980), p.344.
11Ferrill, A., Augustus and his Dauthter: a Modern Myth[J], Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History,2(1980), p.336.
1Barrett, A. A., Agrippina: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Early Empire [M], New Haven and London: YaleUniversity Press,1996, p.20-21.
2Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.38.
3Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.39.
4Seneca, De Brevitate Vitae,4.5.
5Ferrill, A., Augustus and his Dauthter: a Modern Myth[J], Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History,
62(1980), p.344.Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.39.
7Seneca, De Beneficiis,6.32.1; Juvenal, Staire,6.115-132.
8Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.39.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.114.
2Seneca, De Beneficiis,6.32.1.
3Pliny The Elder, Natural History,21.6.9.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.10.12.
1Tacitus, The Annals,1.53.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,22.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,22.
4Tacitus, The Annals,1.53.
1详见Macrobius, Staires,2.5.1-9.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.115.
3Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.149.
12Levick, B., Tiberius the Politician[M], London and New York: Routledge,1999, p.26-29.Pliny The Elder, Natural History,7.45.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,72.
4Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.116.
5Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.111.
6Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.57.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.59.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,55.13.1.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,65.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.36.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,7.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.3.
12Tacitus, The Annals,4.61.Tacitus, The Annals,3.75.
3（法）让-皮埃尔·罗伯特：《古罗马人的欢娱》[M]，王长明、田禾、李变香译，桂林：广西师范大学
出版社，2005年，第110页。
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.27.5.
5Tacitus, The Annals,3.19.
1Tacitus, The Annals,4.3.
2Severy, B., Family and State in the Early Emperial Monarchy: The Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre,Tabula Siarensis and Tabula, Habana[J], CP,95(2000), p.318-337; Freisenbruch, A., Caesar’s Wives: Sex, Powerand Politics in the Roman Empire[M], New York: Free Press,2010, p.90.
3Tacitus, The Annals,2.43.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,3.
5Levick, B., Tiberius the Politician[M], London and New York: Routledge,1999, p.127.
1Tacitus, The Annals,4.3.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,62.
3Tacitus, The Annals,4.3.
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.3.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.11.7.
1Pliny The Elder, Natural History,29.20; Tacitus, The Annals,6.29; Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.24.5.
2Tacitus, The Annals,6.29.
3Tacitus, The Annals,6.2.
1Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.5.
2Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.5.
1现今德国的科布伦茨（Koblenz）。
2Tacitus, The Annals,1.41; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,9; Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.5.6.
3Seneca, De Constantia,18.4.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,12.
5Tacitus, The Annals,1.69.
6Tacitus, The Annals,1.69.
1Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.8.
2Tacitus, The Annals,1.31-32; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,25; Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.5-6.
3Tacitus, The Annals,1.33.
4Tacitus, The Annals,1.40-41.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.5-6.
6Tacitus, The Annals,1.31-49.
1Tacitus, The Annals,1.69.
2Tacitus, The Annals,1.69.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,8.
1Tacitus, The Annals,1.33.
2Tacitus, The Annals,2.43.
3Tacitus, The Annals,2.59-61.
1Tacitus, The Annals,2.43.
2Tacitus, The Annals,2.55.
3Tacitus, The Annals,2.69-71.
4Tacitus, The Annals,2.73.
5Tacitus, The Annals,2.84.
1Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.37.
23Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.38.Tacitus, The Annals,2.83.
4Tacitus, The Annals,2.73.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,3.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.18.6-8.
7Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.5.
1Tacitus, The Annals,6.26.
2以反对奢侈为主要目的，它是对汉尼拔作战时为节约的目的而通过的，但在20年后被取消。（Livy,34.1.）
3Tacitus, The Annals,3.33.
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.20.
1Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.19.
2Maranon, G. Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.110.
3Tacitus, The Annals,1.33.
4Tacitus, The Annals,5.3.
5Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.155.
1Tacitus, The Annals,2.73.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.155.
3Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.39.
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.2.
5详见Tacitus, The Annals.4.10; Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.22.1-3.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.143.
2Wood, S. E., Imperial Women:_A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.183.
3Tacitus, The Annals,4.12.
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.8.
1Tacitus, The Annals,4.12.
2Tacitus, The Annals,4.17.
3Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.145.
4Tacitus, The Annals,1.32.
5Tacitus, The Annals,3.42.
1Tacitus, The Annals,4.18-20.按照一般的规定（虽然也有例外），在定罪之前自杀的人可以保全自己的财产（Tacitus, The Annals,6.29.）。
2Tacitus, The Annals,4.52.
34Tacitus, The Annals,4.52; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,54.Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.20.
5Tacitus, The Annals,4.39.
6Tacitus, The Annals,4.40.
7Tacitus, The Annals,4.66.
1Maranon, G.,Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.42.
2Tacitus, The Annals,4.53.
3Tacitus, The Annals,1.13；1.76,2.32,2.35,2.36,3.11,3.19,4.7,6.23,6.25; Dio Cassius, Roman History,57.2.5,58.3.1-6.
4Tacitus, The Annals,4.54; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,53.
5Tacitus, The Annals,4.57.
6Tacitus, The Annals,4.60.
7Tacitus, The Annals,4.60.
1Tacitus, The Annals,4.68-70.
2Tacitus, The Annals,4.68.
3Seneca, De Ira,3.21.5.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,54.
5Tacitus, The Annals,4.67.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,53.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,54.
3Tacitus, The Annals,6.25.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Tiberius,54.
5Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.43.
6Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15.
2详见Tacitus,Annals,2.43;4.17.
3Marsh, F.B., Roman Parties in the Reign of Tiberius[J], American Historical Review,31(1926), p.233-250.
4Allen, W., The Political atomosphere of the reign of Tiberius[J], TAPA,72(1941), p.4-5.
5Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.155.
6Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.155.
7Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.155.
1Tacitus, The Annals,6.25.
2Seneca, Consolation to Helvia,16.
3Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.105.
4Tacitus, The Annals,1.69.
1Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990,
2p.5.Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990,p.6.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, The Defied Augustus,86.
4Tacitus, The Annals,2.72.
5Tacitus, The Annals,3.4.
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.11.2.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.3.4
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,58.12.6.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15.
6Barrett, A. A., Caligula: The Corruption of Power[M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1990, p.63.
7Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24; Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.22.6; Juvenal, Staire,4.81.
8Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.
9Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.11.1.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.11.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.
4Wood, S. E., Divia Drusilla Panthea and the Sister of Caligula[J], American Journal of Archaeology,3(1995),p.459.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24; Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.11.1.
67Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24; Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.11.1-5.
8Wood, S. E., Divia Drusilla Panthea and the Sister of Caligula[J], American Journal of Archaeology,3(1995), p.455-482.
9Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,25.
10Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.8.7.
1Wood, S. E., Divia Drusilla Panthea and the Sister of Caligula[J], American Journal of Archaeology,3(1995),p.455-482.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.20.1.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,23.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History.,59.22.6-11.
5Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.162.
1CIL,6.4362.
2Elder Seneca, Controversiae,1.3.10.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15; Barrett, A. A., Agrippina: Sex, Power, and Politics in theEarly Empire [M], New Haven and London: Yale University Press,1996, p.52-53.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,24.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.163.
3Barrett, A. A., Agrippina: Sex, Power, and Politics in the Early Empire [M], New Haven and London: YaleUniversity Press,1996, p.82.
4CIL,6.891.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.167-168.
3http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Valeria Messalina.
45Ehrhardt, C., Messalina and the succession to Claudius[J], Antich-thon,12(1978), p.56.Mottershead, J., Suetonius: Claudius[M], Bristol: Bristol Classical Press,1986, p.107.
6Levik, B., Claudius[M], London: Routledge Press,1990, p.55.
7Levik, B., Claudius[M], London: Routledge Press,1990, p.55.
8Pliny The Elder, Natural History,10,83.(Pliny The Elder, Natural History[Z], With an English Translation byH.Rackham, M.A., Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1950.)
12Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,26; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.22.5.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,17; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.22.2.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.2;60.14.
4维台里在公元43年、47年、50年担任执政官，公元48年任监察官。
56Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.92.Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.18.
7Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.172.
8Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Veterlius,2.
9Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.18.
10Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,34.
1Tacitus, The Annals,11.2.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.14; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,37.
3Tacitus, The Annals,11.1-3.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.18.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.5,60.21,60.25.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.11-2, Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.小多米提即后来的尼禄。
7Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.171.
8Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,29.
9Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.14, Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,37.
1其女取了跟她一样的名字，后来嫁给了未来的皇帝尼禄。
2Tacitus, The Annals,11.1-3.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.15-6.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,37.
5Tacitus, The Annals,16.34; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.16.6.
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.18.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.8.
3Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.169.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.8.5.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,26.
6公元68年被西班牙军团拥戴为皇帝，公元69年在近卫军叛乱中被杀。
7Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Galba,5.
8Tacitus, The Annals,12.5-6.
9Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.169.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero; Dio Cassius, Dio’s Roman History,60.11-12.
2Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.171-172.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.5,60.21,60.25.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,29.
1Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.90.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.30; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,27.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.14.
4Tacitus, The Annals,11.26-38.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.31.
6Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,26.
7古罗马的港口城市，今第勒尼安海（Tyrrhenian Sea）海岸罗马的一个自治市。
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.31.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,28.
4Hezog-Hauser, G., Wotke F., Valeria Messalina[J], RE,8A(1955), p.251.
5Tacitus, The Annals,11.5-7.
1Juvenal and Persius, Staire[Z], With an English Translation by Ramsay, G.G., Cambridge, Massachusetts:
2Harvard University Press,1950,6.115-132.Pliny The Elder, Natural History,10.172.
3Tacitus, The Annals,11.35.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.18.
5Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,33.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.18.
1Levik, B., Claudius[M], London: Routledge Press,1990, p.56.
2Hezog-Hauser, G., Wotke, F., Valeria Messalina[J], RE,8A(1955), p.253.
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.15.
2Tacitus, The Annals,11.3.
3克劳迪出生于公元前10年8月，公元41年1月即位，此时已将近51岁。根据现代学者的研究，当时罗马人的平均预期寿命是妇女约27岁，男子约37岁，只有相对很少的人能看到孙子女出生。（详见Burn, A.R., Hic Breve Viritur: A Study of the Expectation of Life in the Roman Empire[J], Past and Present,4(1953), p.16;Hopin, K., On the Probable Age Structure of the Roman Population[J], Population Studies,20(1966), p.263.）
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
5Ehrhardt, C., Messalina and the succession to Claudius[J], Antich-thon,12(1978), p.68.
6特洛伊游戏战争是由出身豪门的少年子弟组成的马队表演。
7Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,29.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,29.
3Levick, B., Tiberius the Politician[M], London and New York: Routledge,1999, p.65-67.
4(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第90页。
1Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.22.
2Tacitus, The Annals,11.27.
3罗马的半军事性的夜间警卫队和消防队。其士兵主要从被释奴中征募。
4用以维持和训练剑奴以备皇帝举行剑斗比赛时使用。监督应是骑士出身，这个职位是担任某种比较负责的财务职位之前的必经阶段。
5Tacitus, The Annals,11.35.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.218.
2Alston, R., Aspects of Roman History, AD14-117[M], London and New York: Routledge,1998, p.89.
3(美)威尔·杜兰：《奥古斯都时代》[M]，台北幼狮文化公司译，北京：东方出版社，2005年，第90页。
4（俄）科瓦略夫：《古代罗马史》[M]，王以铸译，上海：上海三联书店出版社，2007年，第632页。皇帝的私产埃及的长官由骑士充任。
12Tacitus, The Annals,11.25.Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.188.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.28.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.28.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.22.
6Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.188.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,5.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Caligula,15.
2Dio Cassius, Roman History,59.22.5-7.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,5.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.4.1; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.8.5; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,6.
1Tacitus, The Annals,12.5.
2Tacitus, The Annals,12.6.
3Tacitus, The Annals,12.6.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,26.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,26.
23Tacitus, The Annals,12.22.Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.32.4.
4Tacitus, The Annals,12.22; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.
5Tacitus, The Annals,12.25.
6Tacitus, The Annals,12.9.
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.3.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,27.
2Tacitus, The Annals,12.4.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,29.
4Tacitus, The Annals,12.9.
5Tacitus, The Annals,12.58.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.8.
8在帝国时期，这是皇子的头衔。
9Tacitus, The Annals,12.41.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.181.
23Tacitus, The Annals,12.41.Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.32.5.
4Tacitus, The Annals,12.42; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.6a.
5Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.179.
6Tacitus, The Annals,12.7.
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.26; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.2a.
12Tacitus, The Annals,12.42.Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.2.
3Pliny The Elder, Natural History,33.63; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.3.
4Tacitus, The Annals,12.27; Pliny The Elder, Natural History,4.106.
5详见CIL,9.1584,14.208.
6曾领导凯尔特人反抗罗马人的入侵，战败后被逮捕并被押送到罗马，后作为战俘被宣判处以死刑。他在临刑前发表了一篇演说并因此被克劳迪赦免。
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.37.
8Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.7,12.
9Tacitus, The Annals,14.11.
1Tacitus, The Annals,12.42; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.6a.
23Tacitus, The Annals,12.43.Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.31.8.
4Tacitus, The Annals,12.57; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.33.1.
5Tacitus, The Annals,12.59.
6Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,43.
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.64; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,43.
1Tacitus, The Annals,12.64.
2Tacitus, The Annals,12.64.
3Tacitus, The Annals,4.27;12.65.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,7.
5Bauman, R,. Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.186.
6它是拉提姆（Latium）地区的一个城市，位于第勒尼安海（Tyrrhenian Sea）沿岸阿皮亚大道（Via Appia）上。
7Tacitus, The Annals,12.66,13.1; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.34.4.
8详见Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Claudius,44; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,33; Tacitus,The Annals,12.66; Dio Cassius, Roman History,60.34.2-4,60.35; Seneca, Octavia,164-165,31-32,44,102;Juvenal, Staire,5.147,6.620-621; Pliny The Elder, Natural History,2.92,11.189,22.92.
9Griffin, M. T., Nero: The End of a Dynasty[M], London: Batsford,1984, p.32; Levik, B., Claudius[M], London:Routledge Press,1990, p.76-77; Warmington, B. H., Nero: Reality and Legend[M], London: Chatto&Windus,1969, p.19-20.
1Tacitus, The Annals,13.2.
23Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,9.Tacitus, The Annals,13.1.
4Tacitus, The Annals,13.2.
5Tacitus, The Annals,13.2.
6Tacitus, The Annals,12.69.
7Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.192.
1Tacitus, The Annals,13.3-4; Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.3.1.
2Tacitus, The Annals,13.5.
3Tacitus, The Annals,13.5; Dio Cassius, Roman History,53.1.在奥古斯都晚年，元老院会议常常在这里召开。(Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars,The DefiedAugustus,29.）
4Tacitus, The Annals,13.5.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.193.
2神圣的克劳迪的神庙曾被尼禄摧毁，后被苇伯芗修复（Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Vespasian,9.）。
3Tacitus, The Annals,13.5.
4Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.33.3-6.
5Tacitus, The Annals,13.12; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,28; Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.7.1;
6CIL,11.1414.Tacitus, The Annals,13.13.
7Tacitus, The Annals,13.14.
8Tacitus, The Annals,13.14.
9为庆祝罗马的农神萨图恩（Saturn）的节日，从12月17日开始，一直持续到23日，是罗马最流行的节日，在古罗马的街道上、公共场所和住宅中举行。
1Tacitus, The Annals,13.15-27; Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,33; Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.7.4.
2（俄）科瓦略夫：《古代罗马史》[M]，王以铸译，上海：上海三联书店出版社，2007年，第637页。
3Tacitus, The Annals,13.16.
4Tacitus, The Annals,13.18; Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.8.4-5.
5这是意大利坎帕尼亚（Campania）地区靠近那不勒斯（Naples）的一个港口城市。
6Tacitus, The Annals,14.1.
1Tacitus, The Annals,13.19.
2Tacitus, The Annals,13.19-20.
3Tacitus, The Annals,14.3.
4Tacitus, The Annals,14.3.
56Tacitus, The Annals,14.5.Tacitus, The Annals,14.5.
7Tacitus, The Annals,14.8.
8Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,36.
9Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,34.
10Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,34.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,34.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
3Dio Cassius, Roman History,62.42.
45Dio Cassius, Roman History,62.42.Dio Cassius, Roman History,62.42.
6Dio Cassius, Roman History,62.42.
7Tacitus, The Annals,13.18.
8Tacitus, The Annals,13.18.
9Tacitus, The Annals,13.18.
1Tacitus, The Annals,13.18.
2Tacitus, The Annals,14.3.
3Tacitus, The Annals,14.9.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,34.
5Tacitus, The Annals,14.9.
1Seneca, Octavia,609-613.
2Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.274.
3Rose, C. B., Dynastic Commemoration and Imperial Portraiture in the Julio-Claudian Period[M], Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997, p.83-86.
4Tacitus, The Annals,12.65.
1Tacitus, The Annals,14.63.
2Tacitus, The Annals,14.60.
3Tacitus, The Annals,14.60.
4Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.270.
5Tacitus, The Annals,14.61.
6Tacitus, The Annals,14.63.
1Tacitus, The Annals,14.62-64.
2Tacitus, The Annals,14.64.
3Wood, S. E., Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images,40B.C.-A.D.68[M], Leiden, Boston, Koln: Brill,1999, p.272.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.210.
2Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
3Tacitus, The Annals,14.63.
4Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
5Tacitus, The Annals,11.2.
1Pliny The Elder, Natural History,37.50,28.183,33.140; Juvenal, Staire.,6.462; Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.28.1.
2Tacitus, The Annals,13.45.
3Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
4Tacitus, The Annals,13.45-46.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Otho,3; Dio Cassius, Roman History,61.11.1-3; Plutarch, Lives, Galba,
19.
2Tacitus, The Annals,13.45.
34Tacitus, The Annals,13.46.Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
5Tacitus, The Annals,13.46.
6Tacitus, The Annals,13.46.
7Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Otho,3.
8Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Otho,4.
1Suetonius, The Lives of the Caesars, Nero,35.
2公元60年，尼禄首次在罗马举办，赛会完全按照希腊人的方式，包括音乐、体操和赛马三部分，为期五年。尼禄把这个赛会称作“尼禄尼亚（Neronia）
3Tacitus, The Annals,16.6.
4Tacitus, The Annals,16.6.
5Dio Cassius, Roman History,63.27.
6Tacitus, The Annals,16.6.
7Tacitus, The Annals,16.6.
1Tacitus, The Annals,16.6.
1Maranon, G., Tiberius: The Resentful Caesar[M], New York: Duel, Sloan and Pearce,1956, p.89.
1Tacitus, The Annals,13.1.
1Bauman, R., Women and Politics in Ancient Rome [M], Great Britain: T J Press(Padstow) Ltd.,1992, p.217.
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