饲料营养成分对饥饿后日本沼虾生长及生理功能的影响
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摘要
本文对日本沼虾进行了不同时间(4天和8天)的饥饿处理后再投喂不同营养水平的饲料。考察了体重增加率、体长增加率、耗氧率、排氨率、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、Na+-K+-ATPase活性等指标的变化,探讨了恢复投喂阶段饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉等营养水平对日本沼虾补偿生长及生理功能的影响。主要结果如下：
1、饲料蛋白水平对日本沼虾饥饿后生长及生理功能的影响
饥饿期间处理组日本沼虾的代谢率及酶活性显著低于对照组。4天饥饿结束后投喂不同蛋白水平的饲料,在恢复投喂第4天代谢率及酶活性均迅速增加,饲料蛋白含量为30%(S2)和45%(S3)实验组个体各指标高于对照组和低蛋白含量S1组(15%)。体重和体长增长率S2和S3组显著高于对照组,表现出完全补偿生长,并与代谢率及酶活性的变化相一致。到实验结束时各实验组日本沼虾代谢率和酶活性均恢复到对照组水平。8天饥饿处理组日本沼虾的生长率、代谢率及酶活性均不及对照组,说明4天饥饿时间对于日本沼虾补偿生长是较为适宜的,并且实现完全补偿生长饲料中最适蛋白含量为30-45%。
2、饲料淀粉水平对日本沼虾饥饿后生长及生理功能的影响
饥饿期间各处理组的代谢率及酶活性指标显著低于对照组4天饥饿结束后,投喂不同淀粉水平的饲料,代谢率及酶活性均显著增加,低淀粉含量的实验组S1(15%)S2(20%)和S3(25%)各指标高于高淀粉含量S4(30%)组,S2(20%)和S3(25%)组生长率显著高于对照组和S1和S4组,出现完全补偿生长。因此确定日本沼虾经4天饥饿后饲料淀粉最适淀粉含量为20-25%。8天的饥饿处理组没有出现完全补偿生长现象,代谢率和酶活性也低于持续饱食组。
3、饲料脂肪水平对日本沼虾饥饿后生长及生理功能的影响
饥饿期间处理组的代谢率及酶活性指标显著低于对照组;4天饥饿结束后,投喂不同脂肪水平的饲料的饥饿处理组代谢率和酶活性均显著上升,其中脂肪含量为7%(S2)和11%(S3)的实验组在恢复投喂4天时代谢率和转氨酶、Na+-K+-ATPase活性显著高于对照组。体重增长率和体长增长率显示,S2和S3处理组实现完全补偿生长,并和代谢率变化趋势表现一致。因此,确定饲料脂肪水平对饥饿后日本沼虾生长的最适含量为7-11%。8天的饥饿处理没有实现补偿生长,且代谢率和酶活性低于对照组。
总之,饲料中蛋白、淀粉和脂肪水平影响着经饥饿后日本沼虾的生长与代谢,在恢复投喂4天时生长率、代谢率和酶活性显著增加,并随着时间的延长逐渐恢复到对照组水平。经4天饥饿的日本沼虾能够实现完全补偿生长,而8天饥饿组则不能实现完全补偿生长。因此饥饿时间和恢复投喂后饲料营养水平是日本沼虾能否实现补偿生长的关键因素。
The shrimps Macrobrachium nipponens following 4 and 8-day starvation were fed with different nutritional level diets. The growth and physiological indicators including increase rate of body weight and body length, oxygen consumption rate, ammonia-N excretion rate, activities of enzymes (Na+-K+-ATPase, GOT, GPT) were measured in refeeding periods. The effects of dietary nutrition (protein, fat and starch) levels on growth and physiological functions of the shrimps undergoing starvation were studied. The main results as follows:
1 The effects of dietary protein levels on growth and physiological functions of the shrimps following starvation.
The oxygen consumption rate, ammonia-N excretion rate, and the activities of enzymes (Na+-K+-ATPase, GOT, GPT) of the experimental groups during starvation decreased obviously compared with control group. After the shrimps undergoing 4-day starvation were fed with diets containing different protein contents 4 days, the metabolic rates and activities of enzymes increased promptly, which treatment groups S2(containing protein of 30%) and S3(containing protein of 45%) were greater than S1(containing protein of 15%) and control group SO. In the experimental end, body weight and body length increase rates of S2 and S3 were greater than S0, and completely compensatory growth achieved. The growth rate, metabolic rate and activities of enzymes of the shrimps following 8-day starvation were lower than the control group, suggesting that 4 days was acceptable starvation time for the shrimp's compensatory growth. So protein level of 30-45% in diets was suitable for the shrimp's compensatory growth following 4-day starvation.
2 The effects of dietary protein levels on growth and physiological functions of the shrimps following starvation.
Compared with control group S0, oxygen consumption rate, ammonia-N excretion rate, and activities of enzymes (Na+-K+-ATPase, GOT, GPT) of the shrimps obviously decreased during starvation period. After 4-day starvation, the metabolic rate and activities of enzymes of the shrimp refed with the diets containing different starch contents for 4 days increased speedily. The treatment groups S1 (15%), S2 (20%) and S3 (25%) fed lower content starch diets had greater metabolic rate and activities of enzymes than S4 (30%). The growth rates of S2 and S3 were significantly greater than SO and S4; the shrimps achieved completely compensatory growth. The treatment groups undergoing 8-day starvation did not achieved compensatory growth, and their growth rate, metabolic rate and enzymatic activities were lower than control group during refeeding period. The starch level of 20-25% in diets was suitable for the shrimp's compensatory growth following 4-day starvation.
3 The effects of dietary fat levels on growth and physiological functions of the shrimps following starvation.
After 4-day starvation, the metabolic rate and activities of enzymes of the shrimp refed with the diets containing different fat contents for 4 days increased speedily. The treatment groups S2 (7%) and S3 (11%) had higher metabolic rate and enzymatic activities than control group. S2 and S3 achieved completely compensatory growth by body weight and body length increase rate. The treatment groups undergoing 8-day starvation did not achieved compensatory growth, and their growth rate, metabolic rate and enzymatic activities were lower than control group during refeeding period. The fat level of 7-11% in diets was suitable for the shrimp's compensatory growth following 4-day starvation.
In conclusion, the dietary protein, starch and fat levels made influences on growth and metabolism of shrimp following starvation. The metabolic rate and enzymatic activities of shrimp refed for 4 days increased promptly, and approached gradually to control group. The shrimps undergoing 4-day starvation could achieve compensatory growth whereas shrimps undergoing 8-day starvation did not. It was suggested that starvation time and nutritional level were key factors affecting shrimp's compensatory growth.
1、饲料蛋白水平对日本沼虾饥饿后生长及生理功能的影响
饥饿期间处理组日本沼虾的代谢率及酶活性显著低于对照组。4天饥饿结束后投喂不同蛋白水平的饲料,在恢复投喂第4天代谢率及酶活性均迅速增加,饲料蛋白含量为30%(S2)和45%(S3)实验组个体各指标高于对照组和低蛋白含量S1组(15%)。体重和体长增长率S2和S3组显著高于对照组,表现出完全补偿生长,并与代谢率及酶活性的变化相一致。到实验结束时各实验组日本沼虾代谢率和酶活性均恢复到对照组水平。8天饥饿处理组日本沼虾的生长率、代谢率及酶活性均不及对照组,说明4天饥饿时间对于日本沼虾补偿生长是较为适宜的,并且实现完全补偿生长饲料中最适蛋白含量为30-45%。
2、饲料淀粉水平对日本沼虾饥饿后生长及生理功能的影响
饥饿期间各处理组的代谢率及酶活性指标显著低于对照组4天饥饿结束后,投喂不同淀粉水平的饲料,代谢率及酶活性均显著增加,低淀粉含量的实验组S1(15%)S2(20%)和S3(25%)各指标高于高淀粉含量S4(30%)组,S2(20%)和S3(25%)组生长率显著高于对照组和S1和S4组,出现完全补偿生长。因此确定日本沼虾经4天饥饿后饲料淀粉最适淀粉含量为20-25%。8天的饥饿处理组没有出现完全补偿生长现象,代谢率和酶活性也低于持续饱食组。
3、饲料脂肪水平对日本沼虾饥饿后生长及生理功能的影响
饥饿期间处理组的代谢率及酶活性指标显著低于对照组;4天饥饿结束后,投喂不同脂肪水平的饲料的饥饿处理组代谢率和酶活性均显著上升,其中脂肪含量为7%(S2)和11%(S3)的实验组在恢复投喂4天时代谢率和转氨酶、Na+-K+-ATPase活性显著高于对照组。体重增长率和体长增长率显示,S2和S3处理组实现完全补偿生长,并和代谢率变化趋势表现一致。因此,确定饲料脂肪水平对饥饿后日本沼虾生长的最适含量为7-11%。8天的饥饿处理没有实现补偿生长,且代谢率和酶活性低于对照组。
总之,饲料中蛋白、淀粉和脂肪水平影响着经饥饿后日本沼虾的生长与代谢,在恢复投喂4天时生长率、代谢率和酶活性显著增加,并随着时间的延长逐渐恢复到对照组水平。经4天饥饿的日本沼虾能够实现完全补偿生长,而8天饥饿组则不能实现完全补偿生长。因此饥饿时间和恢复投喂后饲料营养水平是日本沼虾能否实现补偿生长的关键因素。
The shrimps Macrobrachium nipponens following 4 and 8-day starvation were fed with different nutritional level diets. The growth and physiological indicators including increase rate of body weight and body length, oxygen consumption rate, ammonia-N excretion rate, activities of enzymes (Na+-K+-ATPase, GOT, GPT) were measured in refeeding periods. The effects of dietary nutrition (protein, fat and starch) levels on growth and physiological functions of the shrimps undergoing starvation were studied. The main results as follows:
1 The effects of dietary protein levels on growth and physiological functions of the shrimps following starvation.
The oxygen consumption rate, ammonia-N excretion rate, and the activities of enzymes (Na+-K+-ATPase, GOT, GPT) of the experimental groups during starvation decreased obviously compared with control group. After the shrimps undergoing 4-day starvation were fed with diets containing different protein contents 4 days, the metabolic rates and activities of enzymes increased promptly, which treatment groups S2(containing protein of 30%) and S3(containing protein of 45%) were greater than S1(containing protein of 15%) and control group SO. In the experimental end, body weight and body length increase rates of S2 and S3 were greater than S0, and completely compensatory growth achieved. The growth rate, metabolic rate and activities of enzymes of the shrimps following 8-day starvation were lower than the control group, suggesting that 4 days was acceptable starvation time for the shrimp's compensatory growth. So protein level of 30-45% in diets was suitable for the shrimp's compensatory growth following 4-day starvation.
2 The effects of dietary protein levels on growth and physiological functions of the shrimps following starvation.
Compared with control group S0, oxygen consumption rate, ammonia-N excretion rate, and activities of enzymes (Na+-K+-ATPase, GOT, GPT) of the shrimps obviously decreased during starvation period. After 4-day starvation, the metabolic rate and activities of enzymes of the shrimp refed with the diets containing different starch contents for 4 days increased speedily. The treatment groups S1 (15%), S2 (20%) and S3 (25%) fed lower content starch diets had greater metabolic rate and activities of enzymes than S4 (30%). The growth rates of S2 and S3 were significantly greater than SO and S4; the shrimps achieved completely compensatory growth. The treatment groups undergoing 8-day starvation did not achieved compensatory growth, and their growth rate, metabolic rate and enzymatic activities were lower than control group during refeeding period. The starch level of 20-25% in diets was suitable for the shrimp's compensatory growth following 4-day starvation.
3 The effects of dietary fat levels on growth and physiological functions of the shrimps following starvation.
After 4-day starvation, the metabolic rate and activities of enzymes of the shrimp refed with the diets containing different fat contents for 4 days increased speedily. The treatment groups S2 (7%) and S3 (11%) had higher metabolic rate and enzymatic activities than control group. S2 and S3 achieved completely compensatory growth by body weight and body length increase rate. The treatment groups undergoing 8-day starvation did not achieved compensatory growth, and their growth rate, metabolic rate and enzymatic activities were lower than control group during refeeding period. The fat level of 7-11% in diets was suitable for the shrimp's compensatory growth following 4-day starvation.
In conclusion, the dietary protein, starch and fat levels made influences on growth and metabolism of shrimp following starvation. The metabolic rate and enzymatic activities of shrimp refed for 4 days increased promptly, and approached gradually to control group. The shrimps undergoing 4-day starvation could achieve compensatory growth whereas shrimps undergoing 8-day starvation did not. It was suggested that starvation time and nutritional level were key factors affecting shrimp's compensatory growth.
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