加拿大环境政策研究
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摘要
加拿大政府一贯重视环境保护，而皮埃尔·特鲁多政府时期（1968－1984年）则是加拿大现代环境史上的奠基时代。
特鲁多政府环境政策的产生有着广阔的国际和国内背景。考察加拿大环境政策发展史，特鲁多政府时期的环境政策最能反映加拿大环境政治和环境外交特点及其在国际环境运动中发挥的作用。从国内方面看，特鲁多政府在环境政策的法规和政策建设方面取得了长足的进步。1971年联邦环境部创立后，省级环境机构也纷纷建立。这些联邦和各省的环境部门至今都是加拿大最重要的机构之一。1968年至1975年前后，特鲁多政府还密集颁布了多项环境法律、法规，为环境保护和环境治理提供了法制基础。此外，环境评估审查程序在这一时期的形成，不仅为现代环境评估机制提供了参照，而且对后世具有深远的影响。特鲁多政府不单致力于政策的建设，同时还非常重视政策的落实与监管。对五大湖水质治理、酸雨污染防治和有毒化学物质的治理等典型案例，都显示了加拿大环境政策制度化的成功。从国际方面讲，加拿大在这一时期的国际环境外交成果也是丰硕的。1970年，加拿大外交部发布《加拿大外交政策》的白皮书，其中阐明了构成加拿大外交政策出发点的六大国家利益，环境保护是其重要组成部分之一，也是加拿大建设“公平社会”的目标之一。无论是在1972年斯德哥尔摩人类环境会议和1974年的国际海洋法会议等国际会议上，还是在应对臭氧层破坏和有机污染物危害等国际环境问题方面，加拿大都充当了积极参与者乃至领导者的角色。
特鲁多政府的环境政策不仅奠定了加拿大现代环境政策的基本架构，对加拿大环境保护具有开创先河、润泽后世的地位，并且在世界的环境保护运动中也具有非常重要的历史地位。
The Canadian government has always attached great importance to environmentalprotection while Pierre Trudeau's term (1968-1984) is founding era in modernenvironmental history in Canada. The environmental policies in this period wereimportant contents and should not be neglected.
The birth of environmental policies in Trudeau government based on internationaland domestic backgrounds.Investigating the development of Canadian environmentalhistory, the environmental policies in Trudeau's term showed the characteristics ofenvironmental politics and environmental diplomacy in Canada, including its role inenvironmental movement of the world.
In the waves of the domestic and foreign environmental movements, the Trudeaugovernment could not avoid the questions the environmentalists had raised. It wasdetermined to mount an attack on environmental problems and to establish the newmachinery to make that attack effective, including constructing new institutions anddepartments, making new environmental laws and rules and implementinginstitutionalized environmental assessment and review. In terms of constructing newinstitutions, the most evident step taken by the Trudeau government in response toenvironmental concerns was the establishment of the Department of the Environment(or Environment Canada). As for making new environmental laws, a steady flow oflegislation in1970s vastly enhanced the capacity of the federal government to provideenvironmental protection. As far as institutionalized environmental assessment, Canadawas one of the earliest countries to explore it. Then environmental policies evolvedfrom the initial phase of combating pollution by cleaning up after the event to the stageof planning to prevent pollution. Therefore, the establishment of environmentalassessment in Trudeau's term was a great step forward.
With the forming of environmental system gradually, the Trudeau governmentcarried out many outstanding environmental policies at home and abroad, mainlyincluding the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, which was a landmark in Canadianenvironmental history and its impact on the public was profound. In addition, Canadaplayed a leading role not only in combating toxic pollution, but also in dealing with acid rain and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.The environmental policies in Pierre Trudeau government period (1968-1984) wereimportant contents in Canadian environmental history, even in the environmentalmovement of the world and should not be neglected. They constituted the basicstructure for modern environmental policies of Canada.
特鲁多政府环境政策的产生有着广阔的国际和国内背景。考察加拿大环境政策发展史，特鲁多政府时期的环境政策最能反映加拿大环境政治和环境外交特点及其在国际环境运动中发挥的作用。从国内方面看，特鲁多政府在环境政策的法规和政策建设方面取得了长足的进步。1971年联邦环境部创立后，省级环境机构也纷纷建立。这些联邦和各省的环境部门至今都是加拿大最重要的机构之一。1968年至1975年前后，特鲁多政府还密集颁布了多项环境法律、法规，为环境保护和环境治理提供了法制基础。此外，环境评估审查程序在这一时期的形成，不仅为现代环境评估机制提供了参照，而且对后世具有深远的影响。特鲁多政府不单致力于政策的建设，同时还非常重视政策的落实与监管。对五大湖水质治理、酸雨污染防治和有毒化学物质的治理等典型案例，都显示了加拿大环境政策制度化的成功。从国际方面讲，加拿大在这一时期的国际环境外交成果也是丰硕的。1970年，加拿大外交部发布《加拿大外交政策》的白皮书，其中阐明了构成加拿大外交政策出发点的六大国家利益，环境保护是其重要组成部分之一，也是加拿大建设“公平社会”的目标之一。无论是在1972年斯德哥尔摩人类环境会议和1974年的国际海洋法会议等国际会议上，还是在应对臭氧层破坏和有机污染物危害等国际环境问题方面，加拿大都充当了积极参与者乃至领导者的角色。
特鲁多政府的环境政策不仅奠定了加拿大现代环境政策的基本架构，对加拿大环境保护具有开创先河、润泽后世的地位，并且在世界的环境保护运动中也具有非常重要的历史地位。
The Canadian government has always attached great importance to environmentalprotection while Pierre Trudeau's term (1968-1984) is founding era in modernenvironmental history in Canada. The environmental policies in this period wereimportant contents and should not be neglected.
The birth of environmental policies in Trudeau government based on internationaland domestic backgrounds.Investigating the development of Canadian environmentalhistory, the environmental policies in Trudeau's term showed the characteristics ofenvironmental politics and environmental diplomacy in Canada, including its role inenvironmental movement of the world.
In the waves of the domestic and foreign environmental movements, the Trudeaugovernment could not avoid the questions the environmentalists had raised. It wasdetermined to mount an attack on environmental problems and to establish the newmachinery to make that attack effective, including constructing new institutions anddepartments, making new environmental laws and rules and implementinginstitutionalized environmental assessment and review. In terms of constructing newinstitutions, the most evident step taken by the Trudeau government in response toenvironmental concerns was the establishment of the Department of the Environment(or Environment Canada). As for making new environmental laws, a steady flow oflegislation in1970s vastly enhanced the capacity of the federal government to provideenvironmental protection. As far as institutionalized environmental assessment, Canadawas one of the earliest countries to explore it. Then environmental policies evolvedfrom the initial phase of combating pollution by cleaning up after the event to the stageof planning to prevent pollution. Therefore, the establishment of environmentalassessment in Trudeau's term was a great step forward.
With the forming of environmental system gradually, the Trudeau governmentcarried out many outstanding environmental policies at home and abroad, mainlyincluding the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, which was a landmark in Canadianenvironmental history and its impact on the public was profound. In addition, Canadaplayed a leading role not only in combating toxic pollution, but also in dealing with acid rain and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm.The environmental policies in Pierre Trudeau government period (1968-1984) wereimportant contents in Canadian environmental history, even in the environmentalmovement of the world and should not be neglected. They constituted the basicstructure for modern environmental policies of Canada.
引文
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③持此观点的学者主要包括汤姆·阿克斯沃西(TomAxworthy)、彼得·多贝尔(Peter Dobell)、佩顿·里昂(Peyton Lyon)和迈克尔·塔克(Michael Tucker)。
①转引自蓝仁哲：《加拿大文化论》，重庆出版社，2008年版，第262页。
②G. Bruce Doern, ed., Getting it Green: Case Studies in Canadian Environmental Regulation,Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute,1990, p.33.
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②O. P. Dwivedi, ed., Protecting the Environment: Issues and Choices-Canadian Perspective,Vancouver: Copp Clark Publishing,1974, p.165.
③加拿大国有企业是指根据议会通过的特别法案或是依照《加拿大商业公司法》成立的完全由政府拥有的独立法人实体。参考中国驻加拿大大使馆经济商务参赞处网站，http://ca.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/ddfg/200306/20030600101872.html,2012-1-9.
①Doern and Conway, The Greening of Canada, p.15.
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①G. Bruce Doern and Richard Phidd, Canadian Public Policy: Ideas, Structures, Process, Toronto:Methuen,1983, p.113.
②转引自Thomas Conway,“The Marginalization of the Department of the Environment:Environmental Policy1971-1988,”[Ph. D. Dissertation] Ottawa: Carleton University,1992, p.73.
③Canada. Parliament. House of Commons, Debates: Official Report, Volume3, p.45.
①The British North America Act,1867. In Dave De Brou and Bill Waiser, eds., DocumentingCanada: A History of Modern Canada in Documents, Saskatoon: Fifth House Publishers,1992,pp.11-12.
①李兴山、赵理文主编：《环境与可持续发展：加拿大的经验与启示》，北京：中共中央党校出版社，2010年版，第31页。
②刘艺工：《当代加拿大法律制度研究》，北京：民族出版社，2008年版，第229页。
②Patrick Monahan, Constitutional Law, Toronto: Irwin Law,2006, pp.439-447.
④“环境公共财产”论认为，空气、水、日光等是人类生活必需的环境要素，不是自由财产，不得为一人或数人所占有和支配，它们属于人类的共有财产，未经全体共有人的同意，共有者中的一人或数人不得擅自利用、支配、污染、损耗。参见关效荣、司玉琢、吴琦：《国际经济法大辞典》，大连：大连海事大学出版社，1993年版，第469页。
⑤“环境公共委托”论认为，共有人为了合理支配共有财产，是受托人和委托人之间的关系。受托人有为委托人保存、管理所委托财产的义务。受托人如果滥用委托权，未经委托人同意处置此项财产，由此而对委托人造成侵害，则应承担法律责任。参见关效荣、司玉琢、吴琦：《国际经济法大辞典》，第469页。
⑥袁红梅、李卓、陈玉文等著：《保护与救济：社会转型下的权利机制研究》，长春：吉林人民出版社，2008年版，第290-293页。
①陈明等编著：《可持续发展概论》，北京：冶金工业出版社，2008年版，第158-160页。
②参考加拿大外交部法律顾问J.A.比斯利(J.A. Beesley)在1972年6月14日向联合国人类环境会议全体大会就“人类环境宣言”草案所做的发言内容。参阅Arthur E. Blanchette, ed.,Canadian Foreign Policy1966-1976: Selected Speeches and Documents, Ottawa: CarletonUniversity Press,1980, pp.296-298.
③Axworthy and Trudeau, eds., Towards a Just Society, pp.155-157.
①转引自Doern and Conway, The Greening of Canad, p.213.
①Clean Air Act,1971in Brou and Waiser, eds., Documenting Canada, pp.568-570.
③参考该书书中信息而绘制，David Estrin, John Swaigen and MaryAnne Carswell, eds.,Environment on Trial: A Handbook of Ontario Environmental Law, Toronto: CanadianEnvironmental Law Research Foundation,1978, p.152.
①Dwivedi, ed., Protecting the Environment, p.165.
①The National Environmental Policy Act of1969, as amended,http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/nepapub/nepa_documents/RedDont/Req-NEPA.pdf,2012-02-24.
②Dixon Thompson,“Conserver Society,”http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/conserver-society,2012-03-13.
②George Hoberg,“Sleeping with an Elephant: The American Influence on CanadianEnvironmental Regulation,” Journal of Public Policy, Vol.11, No.1, Lesson-Drawing acrossNations(Jan.-Mar,1991), p.117.
③Sandra M.C. Weston, The Canadian Federal Environmental Assessment and Review Process: AnAnalysis of the Initial Assessment Phase, A Report Prepared for the Canadian EnvironmentalAssessment Research Council, December1991, p.5.
①Weston, The Canadian Federal Environmental Assessment and Review Process, p.5.
①Herbert Paschen, The Role of Environmental Impact Assessment in the DecisionMaking Process:Proceedings of an International Workshop Held in Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany,August1987, Berlin: E. Schmidt,1989, p.326.
②Memo from Reed Logie to Robert Shaw,25April1974,1.转引自Doern and Conway, TheGreening of Canada, p.196.
③Ted Schrecker,“The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act: Tremulous Step Forward, orRetreat into Smoke and Mirrors?” Canadian Environmental Law Reports, No.5,(1991),pp.192-246.
①R. Boardman, ed., Canadian Environmental Policy: Ecosystems, Politics and Process, Toronto:Oxford University Press,1992, pp.83-105.
②Environment Canada, Amendments to the Environmental Assessment and Review Process:Submission to the Interdepartmental Committee on the Environment,14January1976.
①Environmental Assessment and Review Process Guidelines Order, SOR/84/867(21June1984),s.3, http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/index_e.htm,2011-11-22.
②Ron R. Wallace,“Assessing the Assessors: An Examination of the Impact of the FederalEnvironmental Assessment and Review Process on Federal Decision Making,” Arctic, Vol.39, No.3,(1986), p.240.
②Thomas S. Axworthy and Pierre Elliott Trudeau, eds., Towards a Just Society: The Trudeau Years,Markham, Ontario: Viking,1990, p.159.
①王秀梅编著：《加拿大文化博览》，上海：上海世界图书出版公司，2004年版，第117-118页；韩欣主编：《世界名水上卷》，北京：东方出版社，2007年版，第7-11页。
①Hugh McCullum, Radical Compassion: The Life&Times of Archbishop Ted Scott, Tenth Primateof the Anglican Church of Canada (1971-1986), Toronto: ABC Pub. World Council of Churches,2004, p.227.
②CBC,“Canadians Question the Proposed Mackenzie Pipeline” Options Radio Broadcast (28January1973), online: CBC DigitalArchives.http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/rights_freedoms/clips/1545/,2011-10-25.
③丁见民：“二战后加拿大土著民族政策的演变,”《历史教学》，2010年第4期，第44页。
①Introduction of Thomas Berger,参考http://www.cpj.ca/en/content/thomas-berger-my-idea-canada,2011-10-29
①The Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry Report,https://www.neb-one.gc.ca/ll-eng/livelink.exe?func=ll&objId=238336&objAction=browse&redirect=3&redirect=4,2011-10-30.
①Kim Pamela Stanton,“Truth Commissions and Public Inquiries: Addressing Historical Injusticesin Established Democracies,”[Dissertation] Toronto: University of Toronto,2010.
①Lynton K. Caldwell, ed., Perspectives on Ecosystem Management for the Great Lakes: A Reader,Albany: State University of New York Press,1988, p.143.
②Jerome O. Nriagu and Mila S. Simmons, Toxic Contaminants in the Great Lakes, NewYork:Wiley,1984, p.ix;Marlene S. Evans and John E Cannon, eds., Toxic Contaminants andEcosystem Health, New York: Wiley,1988, p.xi.
①Harold B. Gotaas,“Outwitting the Patient Assassin: The Human Use of Lake Pollution,”Bulletion of the Atomic Scientists—Science and Public Affairs, Vol.25,No.5(1969), pp.8-10.
③Nriagu and Simmons, Toxic Contaminants in the Great Lakes, p.x.
①Richard B. Bilder,“Controlling Great Lakes Pollution:A Study in United States-CanadianEnvironmental Cooperation,” Michigan Law Review,Vol.70,No.3(1972), p.501.
②The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States of America and Canada,http://www.ijc.org/en/activities/consultations/glwqa/guide_3.php,2009-10-18.
③The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States of America and Canada,http://www.ijc.org/en/activities/consultations/glwqa/guide_3.php,2009-10-18.
①International Joint Commission(IJC), Special Report Under the1978Great Lakes Water QualityAgreement on Pollution in the Niagara River, Ottawa and Washington: IJC,1980, p.4.
②John E. Carroll, Environmental Diplomacy—An Examination and a Prospective ofCanadian-U.S. Transboundary Environmental Relations, Ann Arbor: University of MichiganPress.1983, p.156.
③“Act on Niagara Pollution,” Toronto Sunday Star Editorial, February15,1981,取自Proquest数据库。
①Niagara River Toxic Committee, Report of The Niagara River Toxics Committee, October,1984,PDF文件取自美国环境保护署官方网站，http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/nrtc/index.html,2011-11-24.
②G. Bruce Doern and Thomas Conway, The Greening of Canada: Federal Institutions andDecisions, Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press,1994, p.148.
①莫祥银主编：《环境科学概论》，北京：化学工业出版社，2009年版，第37页。
②Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), The OECD Programme onLong Range Transport of Air Pollutants, Ottawa,1977, p.2.
③Doern and Conway, The Greening of Canada, p.152.
①Ross Howard and Michael Perley, Acid Rain: The Devastating Impact on North America, NewYork: McGraw-Hill,1982, p.164.
①The1979Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution,http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/lrtap_h1.html,2011-11-10.
②John E Carroll and Canadian-American Committee, Acid Rain: An Issue in Canadian-AmericanRelations, Washington, D.C.: Canadian-American Committee, p.43.
①特雷尔冶炼厂是加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的一家冶炼厂，在20世纪20年代扩大生产时曾增设两根高达400英尺的烟囱。从该烟囱排出的大量二氧化硫气体随上升气流南下，越过特雷尔以南的加美边界，进入美国华盛顿州，导致该州的农作物和森林遭受损害。为此，美国多次要求加拿大赔偿损失。根据国际关系中一国在其领土上的任何活动都必须对他国无损害这样的原则，裁定加拿大败诉，最后承担了赔偿的责任。此后，特雷尔冶炼厂案作为关于跨界环境损害的国际法判例的典型案件。参考林灿铃：《国际环境法》，北京：人民出版社，2004年版，第46-48页；《法律学习小词典》编写组编：《国际法·国际私法·国际经济法学习小词典》，北京：中国法制出版社，2006年版，第46-47页。
①参考杨令侠：“加拿大与美国关于酸雨的环境外交”，《南开学报》，2002年第3期，第120页。
①G. Bruce Doern and C.D. Howe Institute, Green Diplomacy: How Environmental PolicyDecisions are Made, C.D. Howe Institute,1993, p.40.
①Doern and C.D. Howe Institute, Green Diplomacy, pp.39-40.
②Doern and Conway, The Greening of Canada, p.156.
①Canadian Institute of International Affairs and Parliamentary Centre for Foreign Affairs andForeign Trade, International Canada, Volume3, Toronto: Canadian Institute of International Affairs,1972, p.151.
②Arthur E Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy,1977-1992: Selected Speeches andDocuments, Ottawa: Carleton University Press,1994, pp.117-126.
①Canada. Environment Canada and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,Conference on the Human Environmen: A Report on Canada's Preparations for and Participationin the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, Sweden, June1972[Government Document], p.7.
①Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Parliamentary Centre for Foreign Affairs and ForeignTrade, International Canada, Volume3, Toronto: Canadian Institute of International Affairs,1972,p.151.
②Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy1966-1976, pp.297-298；曲格平，彭近新主编：《环境觉醒：人类环境会议和中国第一次环境保护会议》，北京：中国环境科学出版社，2010年版，第147页。
③C. B. Bourne, Canadian Yearbook of International Law Volume XI, Vancouver: University ofBritish Columbia Press,1973, p.303.
①Canada. Environment Canada and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,Conference on the Human Environment, p.11.
①Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy1966-1976, pp.272-274.
①Canada. Environment Canada and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,Conference on the Human Environment, p.13.
②Donald McRae and Gordon Munro, eds., Canadian Oceans Policy: National Strategies and theNew Law of the Sea, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press,1989, pp.95-132.
①Canada. Environment Canada and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,Conference on the Human Environment, p.14.
①《国际先驱论坛报》(International Herald Tribune)1972年6月5日社论，取自Proquest数据库。
②Canada. Environment Canada and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,Conference on the Human Environment, p.15.
②参见葛音：“由‘准联邦制’到‘标准联邦制’——兼论英国枢密院司法委员会对加拿大联邦制的影响”，《内蒙古大学学报》，2011年第4期，第36页。
③The Constitution Act,1867, http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/PRINT_E.pdf,2011-08-17.
①The Constitution Act,1867, http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/PRINT_E.pdf,2011-08-17.
②Peter W. Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, Scarborough, Ontario: Carswell,1992, p.537.在书中，霍格(Hogg)把第92款第13条描述为“各省至今最重要的权力源头”。他详述道：“大部分主要的宪法案例都涉及联邦权力的三个原则（和平、秩序与良好的政府，贸易和商业，刑法）和‘财产权与民法权利’之间的争论。”
③D. Tingley, ed., Environmental Protection and the Canadian Constitution, Alberta: EnvironmentLaw Center,1987, p.31.
①Robert Boardman, ed., Canadian Environmental Policy: Ecosystems, Politics, and Process,Toronto; New York: Oxford University Press,1992, pp.4-5.
②Donald J. Savoie, Federal-Provincial Collaboration: The Canada-New Brunswick GeneralDevelopment Agreement, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press,1981, p.51.
①Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food,1974Ontario Mushroom Pesticide Recommendations,1973, http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-5-369E.pdf,2011-11-07.
②王瑞贺、焦亚尼、蔡晨风等著：《加拿大议会》，北京：中国财政经济出版社，第63-69页。
①Water Quality In The Saint John River Basin,http://www.ijc.org/php/publications/pdf/ID536.pdf,2011-11-28; Canada. EnvironmentCanada/United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Canada and the HumanEnvironment: A Contribution by the Government of Canada to the United Nations Conference onthe Human Environment, Stockholm, Sweden, June1972[Government Document], pp.47-48.
①Richard B. Stewart,“Pyramids of Sacrifice? Problems of Federalism in Mandating StateImplementation of National Environmental Policy,” Yale Law Journal,Vol.86(1977),pp.1196-1272.
①Michael Oliver, ed., Social Purpose for Canada, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1961,p.65.
①Debora VanNijnatten and Robert Boardman,eds., Canadian Environmental Policy: Context andCases, Toronto: Oxford University Press,2002, pp.66-86.
②R. Simeon, ed., Intergovernmental Relations, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1985, p.64.
①Kathryn Harrison, Passing the Buck: Federalism and Canadian Environmental Policy,pp.101-102.
②Melody Hessing and Michael Howlett, Canadian Natural Resource and Environment Policy:Political Ecnomy and Public Policy, Toronto: UBC Press,1997, p.124.
③Douglas Macdonald, Business and Environmental Politics in Canada, Peterborough,Ontario.; Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press,2007, p.57.
②Neil John Bradford, Commissioning Ideas: Canadian National Policy Innovation inComparative Perspective, Toronto: Oxford University Press,1998, p.4.
①Stephen Brooks and Andrew Stritch, Business and Government in Canada, Scarborough, Ontario:Prentice-Hall,1991, p.16.
②Frances Cairncross, Green Inc.: A Guide to Business and the Environment, Washington: IslandPress,1995, p.178.
①Macdonald, Business and Environmental Politics in Canada, p.77.
②James W. Parlour,“The Politics of Water Pollution Control: A Case Study of the CanadianFisheries Act Amendments and the Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations,1970,” Journal ofEnvironmental Management, Vol.13(1981), p.137.
①Macdonald, Business and Environmental Politics in Canada, pp.79-80.
①[联邦德国]莫尔特曼：“生态危机：自然享有和平吗？”，载刘小枫主编，杨德友、董友等译：《20世纪西方宗教哲学文选》，上海：三联书店，1991年版，第1761页。
②Donald Hughes, North American Indian Ecology, El Paso: Texas Western Press,1996, p.17;Joseph Epes Brown, Animals of the Soul: Sacred Animals of the Oglala Sioux, Rockport: ElementBooks,1997, pp.71-82;付成双：“现代环境主义视野下的‘生态的印第安人’”，《历史研究》，2011年第4期，第158页。
③转引自李鄂荣等编：《环境地质学》，北京：地质出版社，1991年版，第18页。
④详见付成双：“现代环境主义视野下的‘生态的印第安人’”，《历史研究》，2011年第4期，第156-172页。
①R. Bruce Morrison and C. Roderick Wilson, eds., Native Peoples: The Canadian Experience,Toronto: Oxford University Press,2004, pp.101-128.
①Canada Act1982, in Dave De Brou and Bill Waiser, eds., Documenting Canada-A History ofModern Canada in Documents, Saskatoon: Fifth House Publishers,1992, p.606.
①Debora VanNijnatten and Robert Boardman, eds., Canadian Environmental Policy: Context andCases, Toronto: Oxford University Press,2002, p.87.
②徐再荣：《全球环境问题与国际回应》，北京：中国环境出版社，2007年版，第145页。
③1956年6月，国际自然保护协会改名为国际自然及自然资源保护联盟(International Unionfor Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources--IUCN)。
①Riley E. Dunlap and William Michelson, eds., Handbook of Environmental Sociology, Westport,CT: Greenwood Press,2002, p.449.
①Paul Griss, ed., Environmental Groups: Adapting to Changing Times, Ottawa: NRTEE, Spring1993, pp.4-6.
②Glen Toner,“The Canadian Environmental Movement: A Conceptual map,”http://sd-cite.iisd.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=4640,2011-10-7.
③Eugene Lee and Anthony Perl, eds., The Integrity Gap: Canada's Environmental Policy andInstitutions, Vancouver: UBC Press,2003, p.34.
①林梅：“环境可持续发展中的公众参与——以加拿大为例”，《马克思主义与现实》，2010年第1期，第180页。
⑤马彩华、游奎编著：《环境管理的公众参与——途径与机制保障》，青岛：中国海洋大学出版社，2009年版，第36-43页。
①Allan Kornberg and Harold D. Clarke, eds., Political Support in Canada: The Crisis Years,Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press,1983, pp.265-268.
①George Hoberg,“Sleeping with an Elephant: the American Influence on Canadian EnvironmentalRegulation,” Journal of Public Policy, Vol.11, No.1(Jan-Mar,1991), pp.107-131.
②1972年10月，加拿大外交部长米切尔·夏普(Mitchell Sharp)在《国际透视》(InternationalPerspective)上发表了题为“加美关系：未来的选择”(Canada-U.S. Relations: Options for theFuture)的文章，文章认为，加拿大对美国的政策存在三种选择，即继续坚持现行政策，与美国的外交政策保持一定程度的一致性；更加密切加美关系，寻求建立一个自由贸易区；加强与其他国家的联系，减轻对美国的依赖。夏普认为，加拿大的对美政策应该倾向于“第三种选择”。参考：Mitchell Sharp,“Canada-U.S. Relations: Options for the Future,” InternationalPerspective，Issue Special (1972).
③Costas Melakopides, Pragmatic Iidealism: Canadian Foreign Policy,1945-1995, Montreal;London: McGill-Queen's University Press,1998, pp.87-127.
④Eugene Lee and Anthony Perl, eds., The Integrity Gap: Canada's Environmental Policy andInstitutions, Vancouver: UBC Press,2003, p.16.
①Hoberg,“Sleeping with an Elephant,” Journal of Public Policy, Vol.11, No.1(Jan-Mar,1991),pp.107-131.
②聂洪文编：《加拿大地图册》，北京：中国地图出版社，2008年版，第12页。
③杨令侠：《战后加拿大与美国关系研究》，北京：世界知识出版社，2001年版，第1页。
④一般来说，现代环境外交肇始于1972年的联合国人类环境会议。国际上较早直接使用“环境外交”一词的是由美国新罕布什尔州立大学的学者约翰·卡洛(John Carroll)在1983年出版的著作《环境外交：对美国和加拿大跨界环境关系的回顾与展望》(John E. Carroll,Environmental Diplomacy: An Examination and a Prospective of Canadian-U.S. TransboundaryEnvironmental Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.1983)一书。
⑤Environmental Diplomacy-The United States-Canada Bilateral Relationship,http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/Environmental-Diplomacy-The-united-states-canada-bilateral-relationship.html,2009-10-15.
①Hazel Erskine,“The Polls: Pollution and Its Costs,” Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol.36(1972),p.120.
①转引自Kathryn Harrison, Passing the Buck: Federalism and Canadian Environmental Policy,Vancouver [B.C.]: UBC Press,1996, p.61.
②Richard Rose and Tom Garvin,“The Public Policy Effects of Independence: Ireland as a TestCase,” European Journal of Political Research, Vol.11(1983), pp.377-397.
①Hoberg,“Sleeping with an Elephant,” Journal of Public Policy, Vol.11, No.1(Jan-Mar,1991),p.127.
②Marci McDonald,“Fields of Force,” Maclean′s, Special Report: Portrait of Two Nations, July3,1989, p.27.
③OECD官方网站，http://www.oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_36734052_36761863_1_1_1_1_1,00.html,2012-01-05.
①OECD,“The Problems of Modern Society: Economic Growth, Environment and Welfare,”C(69)168,1969.参考：www.oecd.org/dataoecd/1/31/46899252.pdf.2011-09-02；[日]环境厅主编，李金昌译：《日本的经验——环境政策成功了吗？》，北京：化学工业出版社，1980年版，第107-108页。
②OECD, Celebrating40years of the OECD Environment Policy Committee1971-2011, pp.4-10,PDF文件取自http://www.oecd.org/document/25/0,3746,en_2649_33713_1895129_1_1_1_1,00.html,2012-2-9.
①Canada and the United Nations,http://www.thecanadapage.org/UN.htm,2012-02-09.
②Overview of the United Nations,http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/canada-magazine/,2012-02-09.
③檀跃宇：“联合国环境规划署的缘起及其局限性”，《当代世界》，2011年第8期，第44-47页。
①莫里斯·斯特朗曾任1972年斯德哥尔摩人类环境会议秘书长、联合国环境开发署（UNEP）首任执行官、1992年里约联合国环境和发展大会地球峰会秘书长，还曾8次担任联合国副秘书长，但最为人称道的还是在环境领域的杰出贡献，被尊称为“地球工作者”。参考：http://www.mauricestrong.net/,2011-10-13；欧阳雄：“联合国环境署创始人：莫里斯·斯特朗”，《决策与信息》，2009年第12期，第21-22页。
②前两次海洋法会议分别在1958年和1960年举行。1958年会议所通过的公约基本代表了海洋大国的观点和发达国家的海洋权益，没有充分反映出中小国家的利益和合理要求，因此并未被普遍接受；1960年会议中的两个提案，由于未获得足够的赞成票，没有取得任何成果。
①联合国第三次海洋法会议编：《联合国第三次海洋法公约（汉英）》，北京：海洋出版社，1996年版，第28页。
②Arthur E. Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy,1977-1992: Selected Speeches andDocuments, Ottawa: Carleton University Press,1994, p.117.
③Environmental Education: Tracing the High Points of its History,http://ec.gc.ca/education/default.asp?lang=En&n=616D4080-1&offset=6&toc=show,2011-10-16.
①1981年，在萨斯克彻温省建立的草原国家公园(Grasslands National Park)；1984年，在育空地区建立的依华域国家公园(Ivvavik National Park)；1984年，在魁北克省建立的明安群岛国家公园保护区（MinganArchipelago National Park Reserve）。
②Axworthy and Trudeau, eds., Towards a Just Society: The Trudeau Years, pp.166-167.
④Canadian Heritage, http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1266037002102/1265993639778,2012-2-9.
①Environment Canada, Pollution Prevention: A Federal Strategy for Action, Minister of Supplyand Services Canada,1995, p.3.http://www.ec.gc.ca/p2/default.asp?lang=En&n=1246ADE2-1,2011-12-27.
②环境正义是指人类社会在处理环境保护问题时，各群体、区域、族群、民族国家之间行驶的权利与履行的义务应该公平对等。1982年,美国北卡罗来纳州沃伦县居民,在联合基督教会的支持下举行游行示威,抗议在阿夫顿社区附近建造多氯联苯废物填埋场。包括哥伦比亚特区议员沃特·E·方特罗伊(Walter E. Fauntroy)等在内的500多名示威者,由于试图阻止填埋场的施工而遭到逮捕。这次沃伦抗议不仅第一次将种族、贫困与工业废物的环境后果联系到一起,而且在社会上引起强烈反响,并促发了美国国内一系列有色人种以及穷人的类似行动。“沃伦抗议”正式拉开了美国环境正义运动的序幕。参见王韬洋：“有差异的主体与不一样的环境‘想象’——‘环境正义’视角中的环境伦理命题分析”，《哲学研究》，2003年第3期，第27页；晋海：“美国环境正义运动及其对我国环境法学基础理论研究的启示”，《河海大学学报》，2008年第10卷第3期，第24页。
①Arthur E. Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy1966-1976: Selected Speeches andDocuments, Ottawa: Carleton University Press,1980, pp.272-274.
①Harald Von Riekhoff,“The Impact of Prime Minister Trudeau on Foreign Policy,” InternationalJournal, Vol.33, No.2(1978), pp.256-257.
①W. L. White, R. C. Nelson and R. H. Wagenberg, Introduction to Canadian Politics andGovernment, Toronto: Harcourt Brace Canada,1998, p.62.
①加拿大统计局网站，http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html,2011-11-17.
②Adam Wellstead,“The (Post) Staples Economy and the (Post) Staples State in HistoricalPerspective,” Canadian Political Science Review,No.1(2007), pp.8-25.
③Norman Pearson,“Environmental Policy Planning in Canada,” in O.P.Dwivedi ed., Protectingthe Environment: Issues and Choices-Canadian Perspectives, Toronto: Copp Clark,1974,pp.161-171.
①David Staines and Jean O'Grady, eds., Northrop Frye on Canada, Toronto; Buffalo: Universityof Toronto Press,2003, p.xxxiii.
①Doug Macdonald, The Politics of Pollution, Toronto: McClelland&Stewart,1991, p.48.
②David Richard Boyd, Unnatural Law: Rethinking Canadian Environmental Law and Policy,Vancouver: UBC Press,2003, p.4.
①阿瑟·汉森：“加拿大环境与发展经验及其在中国的适用性”，www.gddx.gov.cn/hjbhyfz/ziliao/5-3.doc,2011-04-09.
①参考邹晶：加中环境合作方兴未艾——访加拿大环境部部长史蒂芬·狄安先生，《世界环境》，2005年第5期，第66页。
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[1][美]笆笆拉·沃德、[美]勒内·杜博斯：《只有一个地球:对一个小小行星的关怀和维护》，《国外公害丛书》编委会译校，长春：吉林人民出版社，1997年版。
[2][美]亨利·梭罗：《瓦尔登湖》，徐迟译，长春：吉林人民出版社，1997年版。
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[1]蔡守秋：《环境政策学》，北京：科学出版社，2009年版。
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[3]梅雪芹：“世界史视野下环境史研究的重要意义”，《社会科学战线》，2008年第6期。
[4]付成双：“现代环境主义视野下的‘生态的印第安人’”，《历史研究》，2011年第4期。
[5]檀跃宇：“联合国环境规划署的缘起及其局限性”，《当代世界》，2011年第8期。
[6]林梅：“环境可持续发展中的公众参与——以加拿大为例”，《马克思主义与现实》，2010年第1期。
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[9]岳世平：“当代西方环境运动述评”，《河南大学学报》，2006年第46卷第6期。
[10]张献华：“试论20世纪加拿大和美国五大湖的环境协调机制”《，上饶师范学院学报》，2010年第4期。
[11]张献华：“二战后土著民族在加拿大环境政策中的作用”，《内蒙古大学学报》，2011年第4期。
[12]郑志国：“加拿大环境友好的理念与实践”，《岭南学刊》，2006年第2期。
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[2]滕海键：“美国环境政策研究（1970s～1990s）”[博士学位论文]，天津：南开大学，2007。
[3]薛宁：“试析特鲁多的‘公正社会’”[硕士学位论文]，石家庄：河北师范大学，2009年。
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②Dwivedi, ed., Resources and the Environment, p.43.
⑥The Gallup Report,28May1990, http://www.gallup.com/home.aspx,2011-11-12.
①Anthony Downs,“Up and Down with Ecology-The ‘Issue-Attention Cycle’,” The Public Interest,Vol.28(1972), p.38.
②美国学者查尔斯·琼斯(Charles Jones)认为，从一般意义上来说，公共政策过程包括以下主要步骤：观念的形成和定义(perception and definition)、观念的积聚(aggregation)、组织(organization)、寻求政策的政治代言人(representation)、让政策议题进入决策程序(agendasetting)、政策形成(policy formulation)、合法化(legitimation)、资源配置(resource attachment)、执行(implemention)；评估(evaluation)；改进或调整/结束(change-adjustment/termination)。参见Charles Jones, An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy, Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Pub.Co.,1984.
①Green Values, http://greenparty.ca/party/values,2012-1-12.
②Green Party of Canada, Vision Green, April,2011.
①Neil S. Forkey,"Thinking Like a River: The Making of Hugh MacLennan's EnvironmentalConsciousness," Journal of Canadian Studies, Vol.41, No.2,(2007), pp.42-64.
①Hugh Maclennan, Rivers of Canada, Toronto: Macmilian of Canada,1974, p.7.
②Maclennan, Seven Rivers of Canada, p.32.
①George Radwanski, Trudeau, Toronto: Macmillan of Canada,1978, p.45.
②薛宁：“试析特鲁多的‘公正社会’”[硕士学位论文]，石家庄：河北师范大学，2009，第6页。
①转引自刘广太：《特鲁多总理传》，北京：世界知识出版社，2005年版，第4页。
②Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Against the Current: Selected Writings,1939-1996, Toronto: McClelland&Stewart,1996, p.10.
③Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Memoirs, Toronto: McClelland&Stewart,1993, pp.39-40.
③Radwanski, Trudeau, p.81.
①转引自刘广太：《特鲁多总理传》，北京：世界知识出版社，2005年版，第26页；
③王瑞贺、焦亚尼、蔡晨风等著：《加拿大议会》，北京：中国财政经济出版社，第101页。
①加拿大总理，http://book2.duxiu.com,2012-03-14.
②转引自刘广太：《特鲁多总理传》，北京：世界知识出版社，2005年版，第3页。
③G. Bruce Doern and Thomas Conway, The Greening of Canada: Federal Institutions andDecisions, Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press,1994, p.20.
④Roseann Runte, The Foundation for International Training: Twenty-five Years Dedicated toInternational Development, New York; Ottawa: Legas,2001, p.15.
①R. H. Clayton,“The Birth of the Association,” CACOR Newsletter,(11September1974),pp.1-6.
②Canada. Parliament. House of Commons, House of Commons Debates, Official Report, Issue2,Volume1, Queen's Printer,1969, p.5.
③Harald Von Riekhoff,“The Impact of Prime Minister Trudeau on Foreign Policy,” InternationalJournal, Vol.33, No.2(1978), pp.267-286.
④Canada. Parliament. House of Commons, House of Commons Debates, Official Report, Issue2,Volume1, Queen's Printer,1969, p.5.
①Canada. Environment Canada/United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Canadaand the Human Environment: A Contribution by the Government of Canada to the United NationsConference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, Sweden, June1972[Government Document],pp.85-86.
①Canada. Environment Canada/United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Canadaand the Human Environment: A Contribution by the Government of Canada to the United NationsConference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, Sweden, June1972[Government Document],pp.86-87.
②J. L. Granatstein, Canadian Foreign Policy: Historical Readings, Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman,1992, p.288.
③李剑鸣、杨令侠主编：《20世纪美国和加拿大社会发展研究》，北京：人民出版社，2005年版，第205页。
①Axworthy and Trudeau, eds., Towards a Just Society, pp.357-358.
②Axworthy and Trudeau, eds., Towards a Just Society, p.358.
③Department of External Affairs, Foreign Policy for Canadians, Ottawa,1970, pp.14-16.
①Department of External Affairs, Foreign Policy for Canadians, Ottawa,1970, p.27.
②Department of External Affairs, Foreign Policy for Canadians, Ottawa,1970, pp.14-16.
③持此观点的学者主要包括汤姆·阿克斯沃西(TomAxworthy)、彼得·多贝尔(Peter Dobell)、佩顿·里昂(Peyton Lyon)和迈克尔·塔克(Michael Tucker)。
①转引自蓝仁哲：《加拿大文化论》，重庆出版社，2008年版，第262页。
②G. Bruce Doern, ed., Getting it Green: Case Studies in Canadian Environmental Regulation,Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute,1990, p.33.
①Statistics Canada, Canada Year Book: Statistical Annual of the Resources, Demography,Institutions and Social and Economic Conditions of Canada1972, Published by Authority of theMinister of Industry, Trade and Commerce.
①Department of Fisheries and Forestry,“Notes for a Speech in the House of Commons on theSpeech from the Throne, Thursday, October15,1970.”转引自Doern, ed., Getting it Green, p.215.
①About Environment Canada, http://www.ec.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=BD3CE17D-1,2011-08-11.
②O. P. Dwivedi, ed., Protecting the Environment: Issues and Choices-Canadian Perspective,Vancouver: Copp Clark Publishing,1974, p.165.
③加拿大国有企业是指根据议会通过的特别法案或是依照《加拿大商业公司法》成立的完全由政府拥有的独立法人实体。参考中国驻加拿大大使馆经济商务参赞处网站，http://ca.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/ddfg/200306/20030600101872.html,2012-1-9.
①Doern and Conway, The Greening of Canada, p.15.
②Canada. Parliament. House of Commons, Debates: Official Report, Volume3, Queen's Printer,1978, pp.2616-2617.
①G. Bruce Doern and Richard Phidd, Canadian Public Policy: Ideas, Structures, Process, Toronto:Methuen,1983, p.113.
②转引自Thomas Conway,“The Marginalization of the Department of the Environment:Environmental Policy1971-1988,”[Ph. D. Dissertation] Ottawa: Carleton University,1992, p.73.
③Canada. Parliament. House of Commons, Debates: Official Report, Volume3, p.45.
①The British North America Act,1867. In Dave De Brou and Bill Waiser, eds., DocumentingCanada: A History of Modern Canada in Documents, Saskatoon: Fifth House Publishers,1992,pp.11-12.
①李兴山、赵理文主编：《环境与可持续发展：加拿大的经验与启示》，北京：中共中央党校出版社，2010年版，第31页。
②刘艺工：《当代加拿大法律制度研究》，北京：民族出版社，2008年版，第229页。
②Patrick Monahan, Constitutional Law, Toronto: Irwin Law,2006, pp.439-447.
④“环境公共财产”论认为，空气、水、日光等是人类生活必需的环境要素，不是自由财产，不得为一人或数人所占有和支配，它们属于人类的共有财产，未经全体共有人的同意，共有者中的一人或数人不得擅自利用、支配、污染、损耗。参见关效荣、司玉琢、吴琦：《国际经济法大辞典》，大连：大连海事大学出版社，1993年版，第469页。
⑤“环境公共委托”论认为，共有人为了合理支配共有财产，是受托人和委托人之间的关系。受托人有为委托人保存、管理所委托财产的义务。受托人如果滥用委托权，未经委托人同意处置此项财产，由此而对委托人造成侵害，则应承担法律责任。参见关效荣、司玉琢、吴琦：《国际经济法大辞典》，第469页。
⑥袁红梅、李卓、陈玉文等著：《保护与救济：社会转型下的权利机制研究》，长春：吉林人民出版社，2008年版，第290-293页。
①陈明等编著：《可持续发展概论》，北京：冶金工业出版社，2008年版，第158-160页。
②参考加拿大外交部法律顾问J.A.比斯利(J.A. Beesley)在1972年6月14日向联合国人类环境会议全体大会就“人类环境宣言”草案所做的发言内容。参阅Arthur E. Blanchette, ed.,Canadian Foreign Policy1966-1976: Selected Speeches and Documents, Ottawa: CarletonUniversity Press,1980, pp.296-298.
③Axworthy and Trudeau, eds., Towards a Just Society, pp.155-157.
①转引自Doern and Conway, The Greening of Canad, p.213.
①Clean Air Act,1971in Brou and Waiser, eds., Documenting Canada, pp.568-570.
③参考该书书中信息而绘制，David Estrin, John Swaigen and MaryAnne Carswell, eds.,Environment on Trial: A Handbook of Ontario Environmental Law, Toronto: CanadianEnvironmental Law Research Foundation,1978, p.152.
①Dwivedi, ed., Protecting the Environment, p.165.
①The National Environmental Policy Act of1969, as amended,http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/nepapub/nepa_documents/RedDont/Req-NEPA.pdf,2012-02-24.
②Dixon Thompson,“Conserver Society,”http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/conserver-society,2012-03-13.
②George Hoberg,“Sleeping with an Elephant: The American Influence on CanadianEnvironmental Regulation,” Journal of Public Policy, Vol.11, No.1, Lesson-Drawing acrossNations(Jan.-Mar,1991), p.117.
③Sandra M.C. Weston, The Canadian Federal Environmental Assessment and Review Process: AnAnalysis of the Initial Assessment Phase, A Report Prepared for the Canadian EnvironmentalAssessment Research Council, December1991, p.5.
①Weston, The Canadian Federal Environmental Assessment and Review Process, p.5.
①Herbert Paschen, The Role of Environmental Impact Assessment in the DecisionMaking Process:Proceedings of an International Workshop Held in Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany,August1987, Berlin: E. Schmidt,1989, p.326.
②Memo from Reed Logie to Robert Shaw,25April1974,1.转引自Doern and Conway, TheGreening of Canada, p.196.
③Ted Schrecker,“The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act: Tremulous Step Forward, orRetreat into Smoke and Mirrors?” Canadian Environmental Law Reports, No.5,(1991),pp.192-246.
①R. Boardman, ed., Canadian Environmental Policy: Ecosystems, Politics and Process, Toronto:Oxford University Press,1992, pp.83-105.
②Environment Canada, Amendments to the Environmental Assessment and Review Process:Submission to the Interdepartmental Committee on the Environment,14January1976.
①Environmental Assessment and Review Process Guidelines Order, SOR/84/867(21June1984),s.3, http://www.ceaa.gc.ca/index_e.htm,2011-11-22.
②Ron R. Wallace,“Assessing the Assessors: An Examination of the Impact of the FederalEnvironmental Assessment and Review Process on Federal Decision Making,” Arctic, Vol.39, No.3,(1986), p.240.
②Thomas S. Axworthy and Pierre Elliott Trudeau, eds., Towards a Just Society: The Trudeau Years,Markham, Ontario: Viking,1990, p.159.
①王秀梅编著：《加拿大文化博览》，上海：上海世界图书出版公司，2004年版，第117-118页；韩欣主编：《世界名水上卷》，北京：东方出版社，2007年版，第7-11页。
①Hugh McCullum, Radical Compassion: The Life&Times of Archbishop Ted Scott, Tenth Primateof the Anglican Church of Canada (1971-1986), Toronto: ABC Pub. World Council of Churches,2004, p.227.
②CBC,“Canadians Question the Proposed Mackenzie Pipeline” Options Radio Broadcast (28January1973), online: CBC DigitalArchives.http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/rights_freedoms/clips/1545/,2011-10-25.
③丁见民：“二战后加拿大土著民族政策的演变,”《历史教学》，2010年第4期，第44页。
①Introduction of Thomas Berger,参考http://www.cpj.ca/en/content/thomas-berger-my-idea-canada,2011-10-29
①The Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry Report,https://www.neb-one.gc.ca/ll-eng/livelink.exe?func=ll&objId=238336&objAction=browse&redirect=3&redirect=4,2011-10-30.
①Kim Pamela Stanton,“Truth Commissions and Public Inquiries: Addressing Historical Injusticesin Established Democracies,”[Dissertation] Toronto: University of Toronto,2010.
①Lynton K. Caldwell, ed., Perspectives on Ecosystem Management for the Great Lakes: A Reader,Albany: State University of New York Press,1988, p.143.
②Jerome O. Nriagu and Mila S. Simmons, Toxic Contaminants in the Great Lakes, NewYork:Wiley,1984, p.ix;Marlene S. Evans and John E Cannon, eds., Toxic Contaminants andEcosystem Health, New York: Wiley,1988, p.xi.
①Harold B. Gotaas,“Outwitting the Patient Assassin: The Human Use of Lake Pollution,”Bulletion of the Atomic Scientists—Science and Public Affairs, Vol.25,No.5(1969), pp.8-10.
③Nriagu and Simmons, Toxic Contaminants in the Great Lakes, p.x.
①Richard B. Bilder,“Controlling Great Lakes Pollution:A Study in United States-CanadianEnvironmental Cooperation,” Michigan Law Review,Vol.70,No.3(1972), p.501.
②The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States of America and Canada,http://www.ijc.org/en/activities/consultations/glwqa/guide_3.php,2009-10-18.
③The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement between the United States of America and Canada,http://www.ijc.org/en/activities/consultations/glwqa/guide_3.php,2009-10-18.
①International Joint Commission(IJC), Special Report Under the1978Great Lakes Water QualityAgreement on Pollution in the Niagara River, Ottawa and Washington: IJC,1980, p.4.
②John E. Carroll, Environmental Diplomacy—An Examination and a Prospective ofCanadian-U.S. Transboundary Environmental Relations, Ann Arbor: University of MichiganPress.1983, p.156.
③“Act on Niagara Pollution,” Toronto Sunday Star Editorial, February15,1981,取自Proquest数据库。
①Niagara River Toxic Committee, Report of The Niagara River Toxics Committee, October,1984,PDF文件取自美国环境保护署官方网站，http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/nrtc/index.html,2011-11-24.
②G. Bruce Doern and Thomas Conway, The Greening of Canada: Federal Institutions andDecisions, Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press,1994, p.148.
①莫祥银主编：《环境科学概论》，北京：化学工业出版社，2009年版，第37页。
②Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), The OECD Programme onLong Range Transport of Air Pollutants, Ottawa,1977, p.2.
③Doern and Conway, The Greening of Canada, p.152.
①Ross Howard and Michael Perley, Acid Rain: The Devastating Impact on North America, NewYork: McGraw-Hill,1982, p.164.
①The1979Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution,http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/lrtap_h1.html,2011-11-10.
②John E Carroll and Canadian-American Committee, Acid Rain: An Issue in Canadian-AmericanRelations, Washington, D.C.: Canadian-American Committee, p.43.
①特雷尔冶炼厂是加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的一家冶炼厂，在20世纪20年代扩大生产时曾增设两根高达400英尺的烟囱。从该烟囱排出的大量二氧化硫气体随上升气流南下，越过特雷尔以南的加美边界，进入美国华盛顿州，导致该州的农作物和森林遭受损害。为此，美国多次要求加拿大赔偿损失。根据国际关系中一国在其领土上的任何活动都必须对他国无损害这样的原则，裁定加拿大败诉，最后承担了赔偿的责任。此后，特雷尔冶炼厂案作为关于跨界环境损害的国际法判例的典型案件。参考林灿铃：《国际环境法》，北京：人民出版社，2004年版，第46-48页；《法律学习小词典》编写组编：《国际法·国际私法·国际经济法学习小词典》，北京：中国法制出版社，2006年版，第46-47页。
①参考杨令侠：“加拿大与美国关于酸雨的环境外交”，《南开学报》，2002年第3期，第120页。
①G. Bruce Doern and C.D. Howe Institute, Green Diplomacy: How Environmental PolicyDecisions are Made, C.D. Howe Institute,1993, p.40.
①Doern and C.D. Howe Institute, Green Diplomacy, pp.39-40.
②Doern and Conway, The Greening of Canada, p.156.
①Canadian Institute of International Affairs and Parliamentary Centre for Foreign Affairs andForeign Trade, International Canada, Volume3, Toronto: Canadian Institute of International Affairs,1972, p.151.
②Arthur E Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy,1977-1992: Selected Speeches andDocuments, Ottawa: Carleton University Press,1994, pp.117-126.
①Canada. Environment Canada and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,Conference on the Human Environmen: A Report on Canada's Preparations for and Participationin the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, Sweden, June1972[Government Document], p.7.
①Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Parliamentary Centre for Foreign Affairs and ForeignTrade, International Canada, Volume3, Toronto: Canadian Institute of International Affairs,1972,p.151.
②Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy1966-1976, pp.297-298；曲格平，彭近新主编：《环境觉醒：人类环境会议和中国第一次环境保护会议》，北京：中国环境科学出版社，2010年版，第147页。
③C. B. Bourne, Canadian Yearbook of International Law Volume XI, Vancouver: University ofBritish Columbia Press,1973, p.303.
①Canada. Environment Canada and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,Conference on the Human Environment, p.11.
①Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy1966-1976, pp.272-274.
①Canada. Environment Canada and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,Conference on the Human Environment, p.13.
②Donald McRae and Gordon Munro, eds., Canadian Oceans Policy: National Strategies and theNew Law of the Sea, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press,1989, pp.95-132.
①Canada. Environment Canada and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,Conference on the Human Environment, p.14.
①《国际先驱论坛报》(International Herald Tribune)1972年6月5日社论，取自Proquest数据库。
②Canada. Environment Canada and United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,Conference on the Human Environment, p.15.
②参见葛音：“由‘准联邦制’到‘标准联邦制’——兼论英国枢密院司法委员会对加拿大联邦制的影响”，《内蒙古大学学报》，2011年第4期，第36页。
③The Constitution Act,1867, http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/PRINT_E.pdf,2011-08-17.
①The Constitution Act,1867, http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/PRINT_E.pdf,2011-08-17.
②Peter W. Hogg, Constitutional Law of Canada, Scarborough, Ontario: Carswell,1992, p.537.在书中，霍格(Hogg)把第92款第13条描述为“各省至今最重要的权力源头”。他详述道：“大部分主要的宪法案例都涉及联邦权力的三个原则（和平、秩序与良好的政府，贸易和商业，刑法）和‘财产权与民法权利’之间的争论。”
③D. Tingley, ed., Environmental Protection and the Canadian Constitution, Alberta: EnvironmentLaw Center,1987, p.31.
①Robert Boardman, ed., Canadian Environmental Policy: Ecosystems, Politics, and Process,Toronto; New York: Oxford University Press,1992, pp.4-5.
②Donald J. Savoie, Federal-Provincial Collaboration: The Canada-New Brunswick GeneralDevelopment Agreement, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press,1981, p.51.
①Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food,1974Ontario Mushroom Pesticide Recommendations,1973, http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-5-369E.pdf,2011-11-07.
②王瑞贺、焦亚尼、蔡晨风等著：《加拿大议会》，北京：中国财政经济出版社，第63-69页。
①Water Quality In The Saint John River Basin,http://www.ijc.org/php/publications/pdf/ID536.pdf,2011-11-28; Canada. EnvironmentCanada/United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Canada and the HumanEnvironment: A Contribution by the Government of Canada to the United Nations Conference onthe Human Environment, Stockholm, Sweden, June1972[Government Document], pp.47-48.
①Richard B. Stewart,“Pyramids of Sacrifice? Problems of Federalism in Mandating StateImplementation of National Environmental Policy,” Yale Law Journal,Vol.86(1977),pp.1196-1272.
①Michael Oliver, ed., Social Purpose for Canada, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1961,p.65.
①Debora VanNijnatten and Robert Boardman,eds., Canadian Environmental Policy: Context andCases, Toronto: Oxford University Press,2002, pp.66-86.
②R. Simeon, ed., Intergovernmental Relations, Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1985, p.64.
①Kathryn Harrison, Passing the Buck: Federalism and Canadian Environmental Policy,pp.101-102.
②Melody Hessing and Michael Howlett, Canadian Natural Resource and Environment Policy:Political Ecnomy and Public Policy, Toronto: UBC Press,1997, p.124.
③Douglas Macdonald, Business and Environmental Politics in Canada, Peterborough,Ontario.; Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press,2007, p.57.
②Neil John Bradford, Commissioning Ideas: Canadian National Policy Innovation inComparative Perspective, Toronto: Oxford University Press,1998, p.4.
①Stephen Brooks and Andrew Stritch, Business and Government in Canada, Scarborough, Ontario:Prentice-Hall,1991, p.16.
②Frances Cairncross, Green Inc.: A Guide to Business and the Environment, Washington: IslandPress,1995, p.178.
①Macdonald, Business and Environmental Politics in Canada, p.77.
②James W. Parlour,“The Politics of Water Pollution Control: A Case Study of the CanadianFisheries Act Amendments and the Pulp and Paper Effluent Regulations,1970,” Journal ofEnvironmental Management, Vol.13(1981), p.137.
①Macdonald, Business and Environmental Politics in Canada, pp.79-80.
①[联邦德国]莫尔特曼：“生态危机：自然享有和平吗？”，载刘小枫主编，杨德友、董友等译：《20世纪西方宗教哲学文选》，上海：三联书店，1991年版，第1761页。
②Donald Hughes, North American Indian Ecology, El Paso: Texas Western Press,1996, p.17;Joseph Epes Brown, Animals of the Soul: Sacred Animals of the Oglala Sioux, Rockport: ElementBooks,1997, pp.71-82;付成双：“现代环境主义视野下的‘生态的印第安人’”，《历史研究》，2011年第4期，第158页。
③转引自李鄂荣等编：《环境地质学》，北京：地质出版社，1991年版，第18页。
④详见付成双：“现代环境主义视野下的‘生态的印第安人’”，《历史研究》，2011年第4期，第156-172页。
①R. Bruce Morrison and C. Roderick Wilson, eds., Native Peoples: The Canadian Experience,Toronto: Oxford University Press,2004, pp.101-128.
①Canada Act1982, in Dave De Brou and Bill Waiser, eds., Documenting Canada-A History ofModern Canada in Documents, Saskatoon: Fifth House Publishers,1992, p.606.
①Debora VanNijnatten and Robert Boardman, eds., Canadian Environmental Policy: Context andCases, Toronto: Oxford University Press,2002, p.87.
②徐再荣：《全球环境问题与国际回应》，北京：中国环境出版社，2007年版，第145页。
③1956年6月，国际自然保护协会改名为国际自然及自然资源保护联盟(International Unionfor Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources--IUCN)。
①Riley E. Dunlap and William Michelson, eds., Handbook of Environmental Sociology, Westport,CT: Greenwood Press,2002, p.449.
①Paul Griss, ed., Environmental Groups: Adapting to Changing Times, Ottawa: NRTEE, Spring1993, pp.4-6.
②Glen Toner,“The Canadian Environmental Movement: A Conceptual map,”http://sd-cite.iisd.org/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=4640,2011-10-7.
③Eugene Lee and Anthony Perl, eds., The Integrity Gap: Canada's Environmental Policy andInstitutions, Vancouver: UBC Press,2003, p.34.
①林梅：“环境可持续发展中的公众参与——以加拿大为例”，《马克思主义与现实》，2010年第1期，第180页。
⑤马彩华、游奎编著：《环境管理的公众参与——途径与机制保障》，青岛：中国海洋大学出版社，2009年版，第36-43页。
①Allan Kornberg and Harold D. Clarke, eds., Political Support in Canada: The Crisis Years,Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press,1983, pp.265-268.
①George Hoberg,“Sleeping with an Elephant: the American Influence on Canadian EnvironmentalRegulation,” Journal of Public Policy, Vol.11, No.1(Jan-Mar,1991), pp.107-131.
②1972年10月，加拿大外交部长米切尔·夏普(Mitchell Sharp)在《国际透视》(InternationalPerspective)上发表了题为“加美关系：未来的选择”(Canada-U.S. Relations: Options for theFuture)的文章，文章认为，加拿大对美国的政策存在三种选择，即继续坚持现行政策，与美国的外交政策保持一定程度的一致性；更加密切加美关系，寻求建立一个自由贸易区；加强与其他国家的联系，减轻对美国的依赖。夏普认为，加拿大的对美政策应该倾向于“第三种选择”。参考：Mitchell Sharp,“Canada-U.S. Relations: Options for the Future,” InternationalPerspective，Issue Special (1972).
③Costas Melakopides, Pragmatic Iidealism: Canadian Foreign Policy,1945-1995, Montreal;London: McGill-Queen's University Press,1998, pp.87-127.
④Eugene Lee and Anthony Perl, eds., The Integrity Gap: Canada's Environmental Policy andInstitutions, Vancouver: UBC Press,2003, p.16.
①Hoberg,“Sleeping with an Elephant,” Journal of Public Policy, Vol.11, No.1(Jan-Mar,1991),pp.107-131.
②聂洪文编：《加拿大地图册》，北京：中国地图出版社，2008年版，第12页。
③杨令侠：《战后加拿大与美国关系研究》，北京：世界知识出版社，2001年版，第1页。
④一般来说，现代环境外交肇始于1972年的联合国人类环境会议。国际上较早直接使用“环境外交”一词的是由美国新罕布什尔州立大学的学者约翰·卡洛(John Carroll)在1983年出版的著作《环境外交：对美国和加拿大跨界环境关系的回顾与展望》(John E. Carroll,Environmental Diplomacy: An Examination and a Prospective of Canadian-U.S. TransboundaryEnvironmental Relations. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.1983)一书。
⑤Environmental Diplomacy-The United States-Canada Bilateral Relationship,http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/Environmental-Diplomacy-The-united-states-canada-bilateral-relationship.html,2009-10-15.
①Hazel Erskine,“The Polls: Pollution and Its Costs,” Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol.36(1972),p.120.
①转引自Kathryn Harrison, Passing the Buck: Federalism and Canadian Environmental Policy,Vancouver [B.C.]: UBC Press,1996, p.61.
②Richard Rose and Tom Garvin,“The Public Policy Effects of Independence: Ireland as a TestCase,” European Journal of Political Research, Vol.11(1983), pp.377-397.
①Hoberg,“Sleeping with an Elephant,” Journal of Public Policy, Vol.11, No.1(Jan-Mar,1991),p.127.
②Marci McDonald,“Fields of Force,” Maclean′s, Special Report: Portrait of Two Nations, July3,1989, p.27.
③OECD官方网站，http://www.oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_36734052_36761863_1_1_1_1_1,00.html,2012-01-05.
①OECD,“The Problems of Modern Society: Economic Growth, Environment and Welfare,”C(69)168,1969.参考：www.oecd.org/dataoecd/1/31/46899252.pdf.2011-09-02；[日]环境厅主编，李金昌译：《日本的经验——环境政策成功了吗？》，北京：化学工业出版社，1980年版，第107-108页。
②OECD, Celebrating40years of the OECD Environment Policy Committee1971-2011, pp.4-10,PDF文件取自http://www.oecd.org/document/25/0,3746,en_2649_33713_1895129_1_1_1_1,00.html,2012-2-9.
①Canada and the United Nations,http://www.thecanadapage.org/UN.htm,2012-02-09.
②Overview of the United Nations,http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/canada-magazine/,2012-02-09.
③檀跃宇：“联合国环境规划署的缘起及其局限性”，《当代世界》，2011年第8期，第44-47页。
①莫里斯·斯特朗曾任1972年斯德哥尔摩人类环境会议秘书长、联合国环境开发署（UNEP）首任执行官、1992年里约联合国环境和发展大会地球峰会秘书长，还曾8次担任联合国副秘书长，但最为人称道的还是在环境领域的杰出贡献，被尊称为“地球工作者”。参考：http://www.mauricestrong.net/,2011-10-13；欧阳雄：“联合国环境署创始人：莫里斯·斯特朗”，《决策与信息》，2009年第12期，第21-22页。
②前两次海洋法会议分别在1958年和1960年举行。1958年会议所通过的公约基本代表了海洋大国的观点和发达国家的海洋权益，没有充分反映出中小国家的利益和合理要求，因此并未被普遍接受；1960年会议中的两个提案，由于未获得足够的赞成票，没有取得任何成果。
①联合国第三次海洋法会议编：《联合国第三次海洋法公约（汉英）》，北京：海洋出版社，1996年版，第28页。
②Arthur E. Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy,1977-1992: Selected Speeches andDocuments, Ottawa: Carleton University Press,1994, p.117.
③Environmental Education: Tracing the High Points of its History,http://ec.gc.ca/education/default.asp?lang=En&n=616D4080-1&offset=6&toc=show,2011-10-16.
①1981年，在萨斯克彻温省建立的草原国家公园(Grasslands National Park)；1984年，在育空地区建立的依华域国家公园(Ivvavik National Park)；1984年，在魁北克省建立的明安群岛国家公园保护区（MinganArchipelago National Park Reserve）。
②Axworthy and Trudeau, eds., Towards a Just Society: The Trudeau Years, pp.166-167.
④Canadian Heritage, http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1266037002102/1265993639778,2012-2-9.
①Environment Canada, Pollution Prevention: A Federal Strategy for Action, Minister of Supplyand Services Canada,1995, p.3.http://www.ec.gc.ca/p2/default.asp?lang=En&n=1246ADE2-1,2011-12-27.
②环境正义是指人类社会在处理环境保护问题时，各群体、区域、族群、民族国家之间行驶的权利与履行的义务应该公平对等。1982年,美国北卡罗来纳州沃伦县居民,在联合基督教会的支持下举行游行示威,抗议在阿夫顿社区附近建造多氯联苯废物填埋场。包括哥伦比亚特区议员沃特·E·方特罗伊(Walter E. Fauntroy)等在内的500多名示威者,由于试图阻止填埋场的施工而遭到逮捕。这次沃伦抗议不仅第一次将种族、贫困与工业废物的环境后果联系到一起,而且在社会上引起强烈反响,并促发了美国国内一系列有色人种以及穷人的类似行动。“沃伦抗议”正式拉开了美国环境正义运动的序幕。参见王韬洋：“有差异的主体与不一样的环境‘想象’——‘环境正义’视角中的环境伦理命题分析”，《哲学研究》，2003年第3期，第27页；晋海：“美国环境正义运动及其对我国环境法学基础理论研究的启示”，《河海大学学报》，2008年第10卷第3期，第24页。
①Arthur E. Blanchette, ed., Canadian Foreign Policy1966-1976: Selected Speeches andDocuments, Ottawa: Carleton University Press,1980, pp.272-274.
①Harald Von Riekhoff,“The Impact of Prime Minister Trudeau on Foreign Policy,” InternationalJournal, Vol.33, No.2(1978), pp.256-257.
①W. L. White, R. C. Nelson and R. H. Wagenberg, Introduction to Canadian Politics andGovernment, Toronto: Harcourt Brace Canada,1998, p.62.
①加拿大统计局网站，http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html,2011-11-17.
②Adam Wellstead,“The (Post) Staples Economy and the (Post) Staples State in HistoricalPerspective,” Canadian Political Science Review,No.1(2007), pp.8-25.
③Norman Pearson,“Environmental Policy Planning in Canada,” in O.P.Dwivedi ed., Protectingthe Environment: Issues and Choices-Canadian Perspectives, Toronto: Copp Clark,1974,pp.161-171.
①David Staines and Jean O'Grady, eds., Northrop Frye on Canada, Toronto; Buffalo: Universityof Toronto Press,2003, p.xxxiii.
①Doug Macdonald, The Politics of Pollution, Toronto: McClelland&Stewart,1991, p.48.
②David Richard Boyd, Unnatural Law: Rethinking Canadian Environmental Law and Policy,Vancouver: UBC Press,2003, p.4.
①阿瑟·汉森：“加拿大环境与发展经验及其在中国的适用性”，www.gddx.gov.cn/hjbhyfz/ziliao/5-3.doc,2011-04-09.
①参考邹晶：加中环境合作方兴未艾——访加拿大环境部部长史蒂芬·狄安先生，《世界环境》，2005年第5期，第66页。
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[4]胡筱敏：《环境学概论》，武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2010年版。
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[1]何炳光：“加拿大资源环境宏观管理经验的启示与若干建议”，《中国人口资源与环境》，2002年第3期。
[2]葛音：“由‘准联邦制’到‘标准联邦制’——兼论英国枢密院司法委员会对加拿大联邦制的影响”，《内蒙古大学学报》，2011年第4期。
[3]梅雪芹：“世界史视野下环境史研究的重要意义”，《社会科学战线》，2008年第6期。
[4]付成双：“现代环境主义视野下的‘生态的印第安人’”，《历史研究》，2011年第4期。
[5]檀跃宇：“联合国环境规划署的缘起及其局限性”，《当代世界》，2011年第8期。
[6]林梅：“环境可持续发展中的公众参与——以加拿大为例”，《马克思主义与现实》，2010年第1期。
[7]任志宏、赵细康：“公共治理新模式与环境治理方式的创新”，《学术研究》，2009年第9期。
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[10]张献华：“试论20世纪加拿大和美国五大湖的环境协调机制”《，上饶师范学院学报》，2010年第4期。
[11]张献华：“二战后土著民族在加拿大环境政策中的作用”，《内蒙古大学学报》，2011年第4期。
[12]郑志国：“加拿大环境友好的理念与实践”，《岭南学刊》，2006年第2期。
[1]贺建涛：“特鲁多时期官方发展援助(ODA)研究”[硕士学位论文]，福州：福建师范大学，2009年。
[2]滕海键：“美国环境政策研究（1970s～1990s）”[博士学位论文]，天津：南开大学，2007。
[3]薛宁：“试析特鲁多的‘公正社会’”[硕士学位论文]，石家庄：河北师范大学，2009年。