极限载荷条件下的风力机叶片铺层优化设计研究
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摘要
大型风力机叶片的结构设计主要集中在叶片的铺层设计。开展叶片铺层的优化设计研究对降低叶片成本、弥补现有计算分析软件的功能缺陷以及提高叶片的设计效率具有重要意义。由于在叶片的铺层设计过程中,需要考虑的设计要求多、变量多、目标多,进行优化设计建模复杂。尤其是与载荷相关的极限弯矩、最大叶尖偏移、极限强度等设计要求的计算复杂费时,需要进行深入研究并建立适当的模型。因此,本文将对用于叶片铺层设计的优化算法以及一些设计要求展开研究,最终建立一种极限载荷条件下的叶片铺层优化设计模型,以用于不同的叶片铺层设计。完成的研究工作如下：
第一,针对风力机叶片铺层设计过程中多目标、多约束的特点,在作者原有改进的单目标粒子群算法基础上,结合小生境技术,建立了一种改进的多目标粒子群算法。测试函数的计算结果表明,该算法具有较强的多目标寻优能力,可以做为风力机叶片铺层的优化设计工具。
第二,建立了叶片实际铺层同叶片结构特性之间的关系,并对其进行了验证。验证结果表明,PreLayers和PreComp结合用于叶片的结构特性计算是可行的。另外,采用曲线关系表示叶片的刚度分布,比采用线性关系表示,其计算结果更接近于实验值。这对以后叶片的有限元建模具有指导意义。而后分析了叶片铺层参数对叶片截面刚度的影响和原因。研究表明：在不增加截面质量线密度的条件下,将铺层放在截面厚度越大的位置对挥舞刚度的贡献越大,这一结论为叶片的刚度设计提供了指导。
第三,结合PreLayers和PreComp程序,编程建立了叶片自振频率以及叶片质量的计算模型,并进行了验证。然后分析了叶片铺层参数对一阶挥舞频率的影响。结果表明,在不增加叶片质量的条件下,将叶片铺层向叶根方向移动将有助于提高叶片的一阶挥舞频率,为叶片频率设计提供了指导。
第四,对极限载荷产生的原因进行了分析。得到了攻角α在0.0到90.0度的范围内时,C,-a曲线的理论边界曲线方程,并对设计低载翼型提出了新的要求。其次分析得到了较大叶尖速比时(λr≥4),入流角、入流速度与风力机参数之间的关系式,且有当局部尖速比越大时,V0→Ωr的结论。通过进一步分析,得到了相比于Cn的增大,转速的增大更易产生极限载荷的结论。据此对控制极限载荷提出了相应的要求。然后,依据以上的研究分析结果,结合改进的PSO算法,建立了一种新的极限载荷预测模型ELPM。计算结果表明,ELPM可以用于风力机叶片的极限载荷预测。最后,基于ELPM模型计算得到的极限载荷,给出了一种简单合理的最大叶尖偏移以及极限强度的计算方法。
第五,基于以上的研究结果,建立了一种极限载荷条件下的风力机叶片铺层优化设计模型。在该模型中,PreLayers程序可以对不同的叶片进行参数化建模；自由变量、目标函数和约束条件可以根据不同的设计目标和要求进行改变；并且该模型能够考虑大部分的设计要求,如质量、频率、最大叶尖偏移、极限强度等。模型的应用结果表明,可以将其用于不同叶片的铺层设计。
Blade Structural design on Large-scale wind turbine blade mainly focuses on blade layers design. Carrying out the study on the blade layers optimization is meaningful for reducing the blade cost, making up the functional defects of existing analysis software and improving the efficiency of blade design. Because during the process of blade layers design, many design requirements, variables and objectives need to consider, it is complex to build the optimal design model. Especially, computing the ultimate bending moment, maximum blade tip deflection, ultimate strength and other design requirements which are related to the load are complicated and time-consuming, they need to deeply research and build proper models. Hence, this article will study on the optimization algorithms used for the blade layers optimization and some design requirements, which aims to build a wind turbine blade layers optimization design model under extreme loads to be used in different blade layers design. The following research works have been finished.
Firstly, based on the modified single-objective particle swarm optimization by the author, an improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization, which is integrated with the niche technology, is established for the characteristics of multi-objective, multi-constraint during the design process of wind turbine blade layers. Calculation results of the testing functions show that it has strong multi-objective optimization capability and can be used as a optimal design tool for wind turbine blade layers.
Secondly, the relationship between actual blade layers and the structural characteristics of blade are built and tested. Test results show that using the PreLayers and PreComp together for computing the blade structural properties is feasible. In addition, computed results by using the curve relationship to express the blade stiffness distribution are closer to the experimental values than using the linear relationship. This has some instructive for setting up the blade finite element model in the future. Then the influence of the blade layers parameters on the sectional stiffness and its reason are analyzed. The researches show that without increasing the sectional mass-line-density, the bigger of the sectional thick of the position at which the layers locate, the greater contribution for the flapwise stiffness. This conclusion provides guidance for the blade stiffness design.
Thirdly, a blade natural frequency calculating model and a mass calculating model, which are integrated with the PreLayers and PreComp software, are built by programming and verified. Then the influence of the blade layers parameters on the first-order flapwise frequency are analyzed. The results show that the blade layers moving toward the blade root will improve the first-order flapwise frequency without increasing the blade mass. It provides guidance for the blade frequency design.
Fourthly, the reasons for generating the extreme loads are analyzed. A theoretical boundary curve equation between the normal force coefficient Cn and the attack angle a is set up when the attack angle is at the range of0.0to90.0degree. Some new demands are put forward for designing low-load airfoils. In addition, the relationships of wind turbine parameters with the inflow angle and the inflow angle are obtained when the local blade tip speed ratio (TSR) is bigger (λr≥4). And there is a conclusion that the inflow velocity V0will be closer to Ωr while the local TSR becomes bigger. Through the further analysis, another conclusion, which is that the augment of rotor speed will easier produce the extreme load compared with the augment of Cn, is gotten. According to it, some requirements are proposed to control the extreme load. Then, based on the above researching and analyzing results, combined with the improved PSO algorithm, a new extreme load prediction model ELPM is developed. The computation results show that, ELPM can be used to predict the exteme loads for wind turbine blades. Finally, according to the extreme loads from the ELPM, a simple and reasonable method for calculating the maximum blade tip deflection and the ultimate strength is given.
Fifthly, based on the above research results, a wind turbine blade layers optimization design model under extreme loads is eventually established. In this model, PreLayers can build the parametric modeling for different blades; free variables, objective function and constraints can be changes according to different design objectives and requirements; and this model can consider most of the design requirements, such as mass, frequency, maximum blade tip deflection, ultimate strength requirements and so on. Results from applicating this model show that this model can be used in different blades for designing blade layers.
第一,针对风力机叶片铺层设计过程中多目标、多约束的特点,在作者原有改进的单目标粒子群算法基础上,结合小生境技术,建立了一种改进的多目标粒子群算法。测试函数的计算结果表明,该算法具有较强的多目标寻优能力,可以做为风力机叶片铺层的优化设计工具。
第二,建立了叶片实际铺层同叶片结构特性之间的关系,并对其进行了验证。验证结果表明,PreLayers和PreComp结合用于叶片的结构特性计算是可行的。另外,采用曲线关系表示叶片的刚度分布,比采用线性关系表示,其计算结果更接近于实验值。这对以后叶片的有限元建模具有指导意义。而后分析了叶片铺层参数对叶片截面刚度的影响和原因。研究表明：在不增加截面质量线密度的条件下,将铺层放在截面厚度越大的位置对挥舞刚度的贡献越大,这一结论为叶片的刚度设计提供了指导。
第三,结合PreLayers和PreComp程序,编程建立了叶片自振频率以及叶片质量的计算模型,并进行了验证。然后分析了叶片铺层参数对一阶挥舞频率的影响。结果表明,在不增加叶片质量的条件下,将叶片铺层向叶根方向移动将有助于提高叶片的一阶挥舞频率,为叶片频率设计提供了指导。
第四,对极限载荷产生的原因进行了分析。得到了攻角α在0.0到90.0度的范围内时,C,-a曲线的理论边界曲线方程,并对设计低载翼型提出了新的要求。其次分析得到了较大叶尖速比时(λr≥4),入流角、入流速度与风力机参数之间的关系式,且有当局部尖速比越大时,V0→Ωr的结论。通过进一步分析,得到了相比于Cn的增大,转速的增大更易产生极限载荷的结论。据此对控制极限载荷提出了相应的要求。然后,依据以上的研究分析结果,结合改进的PSO算法,建立了一种新的极限载荷预测模型ELPM。计算结果表明,ELPM可以用于风力机叶片的极限载荷预测。最后,基于ELPM模型计算得到的极限载荷,给出了一种简单合理的最大叶尖偏移以及极限强度的计算方法。
第五,基于以上的研究结果,建立了一种极限载荷条件下的风力机叶片铺层优化设计模型。在该模型中,PreLayers程序可以对不同的叶片进行参数化建模；自由变量、目标函数和约束条件可以根据不同的设计目标和要求进行改变；并且该模型能够考虑大部分的设计要求,如质量、频率、最大叶尖偏移、极限强度等。模型的应用结果表明,可以将其用于不同叶片的铺层设计。
Blade Structural design on Large-scale wind turbine blade mainly focuses on blade layers design. Carrying out the study on the blade layers optimization is meaningful for reducing the blade cost, making up the functional defects of existing analysis software and improving the efficiency of blade design. Because during the process of blade layers design, many design requirements, variables and objectives need to consider, it is complex to build the optimal design model. Especially, computing the ultimate bending moment, maximum blade tip deflection, ultimate strength and other design requirements which are related to the load are complicated and time-consuming, they need to deeply research and build proper models. Hence, this article will study on the optimization algorithms used for the blade layers optimization and some design requirements, which aims to build a wind turbine blade layers optimization design model under extreme loads to be used in different blade layers design. The following research works have been finished.
Firstly, based on the modified single-objective particle swarm optimization by the author, an improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization, which is integrated with the niche technology, is established for the characteristics of multi-objective, multi-constraint during the design process of wind turbine blade layers. Calculation results of the testing functions show that it has strong multi-objective optimization capability and can be used as a optimal design tool for wind turbine blade layers.
Secondly, the relationship between actual blade layers and the structural characteristics of blade are built and tested. Test results show that using the PreLayers and PreComp together for computing the blade structural properties is feasible. In addition, computed results by using the curve relationship to express the blade stiffness distribution are closer to the experimental values than using the linear relationship. This has some instructive for setting up the blade finite element model in the future. Then the influence of the blade layers parameters on the sectional stiffness and its reason are analyzed. The researches show that without increasing the sectional mass-line-density, the bigger of the sectional thick of the position at which the layers locate, the greater contribution for the flapwise stiffness. This conclusion provides guidance for the blade stiffness design.
Thirdly, a blade natural frequency calculating model and a mass calculating model, which are integrated with the PreLayers and PreComp software, are built by programming and verified. Then the influence of the blade layers parameters on the first-order flapwise frequency are analyzed. The results show that the blade layers moving toward the blade root will improve the first-order flapwise frequency without increasing the blade mass. It provides guidance for the blade frequency design.
Fourthly, the reasons for generating the extreme loads are analyzed. A theoretical boundary curve equation between the normal force coefficient Cn and the attack angle a is set up when the attack angle is at the range of0.0to90.0degree. Some new demands are put forward for designing low-load airfoils. In addition, the relationships of wind turbine parameters with the inflow angle and the inflow angle are obtained when the local blade tip speed ratio (TSR) is bigger (λr≥4). And there is a conclusion that the inflow velocity V0will be closer to Ωr while the local TSR becomes bigger. Through the further analysis, another conclusion, which is that the augment of rotor speed will easier produce the extreme load compared with the augment of Cn, is gotten. According to it, some requirements are proposed to control the extreme load. Then, based on the above researching and analyzing results, combined with the improved PSO algorithm, a new extreme load prediction model ELPM is developed. The computation results show that, ELPM can be used to predict the exteme loads for wind turbine blades. Finally, according to the extreme loads from the ELPM, a simple and reasonable method for calculating the maximum blade tip deflection and the ultimate strength is given.
Fifthly, based on the above research results, a wind turbine blade layers optimization design model under extreme loads is eventually established. In this model, PreLayers can build the parametric modeling for different blades; free variables, objective function and constraints can be changes according to different design objectives and requirements; and this model can consider most of the design requirements, such as mass, frequency, maximum blade tip deflection, ultimate strength requirements and so on. Results from applicating this model show that this model can be used in different blades for designing blade layers.
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