高功率镱（Yb～（3+））离子掺杂双包层光纤激光器的研究
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摘要
高功率光纤激光器是集结了激光二极管光纤模块及其泵浦技术、双包层光纤制作技术及光纤光栅技术与一身的新型激光器技术，在众多领域有着重要的应用前景，国际上已是十几亿美元的产业，被誉为二十一世纪初最伟大的发明之一。
在本论文中，首先概述了光纤激光器的发展历史、最新研究现状及最新发展情况，总结了实现高功率光纤激光器所需要的关键技术，如高功率泵浦模块、双包层光纤及光纤光栅技术等。
双包层光纤概念的提出使得光纤激光器作为高功率输出器件成为可能。因此在本论文里采用几何光学和纤维光学模式理论的方法分析了不同内包层结构的双包层光纤对光纤激光器性能的影响，建立理论分析模型，并设计了新型内包层结构的双包层光纤。
结合稀土离子的吸收及发射特性及二极管泵浦固体激光原理，应用相关的理论建立了高功率F-P腔型光纤激光器的理论分析模型，利用MATLAB、MathCAD，ORIGIN等软件，采用数值计算及分析方法，结合具体参量数值对实验进行了模拟分析，并研究了不同特性参量对激光器性能的影响。
针对采用透镜耦合及双色镜作为谐振腔的光纤激光器所具有的缺点，如结构复杂，调节困难等，提出了全光纤化的双包层光纤激光器结构，主要包括高效率光束压缩及大芯径光纤熔接的实现，利用在双包层光纤内制作光纤光栅来实现激光谐振腔等技术。建立了光纤激光器实验及测试系统，实现了十瓦连续输出的高功率光纤激光器，实现了近衍射受限单模(TEM00)输出。这种全光纤化结构的高功率光纤激光器具有显著的实用化意义。
分析了新型光纤激光器(如光子晶体光纤激光器及多纤芯双包层光纤激光器)的基本原理及发展现况，设计了一种新型可实现高功率输出的双包层光纤激光器结构，并从理论分析出发给出其工作原理及制作方法。
总结了自己在光纤耦合输出激光二极管模块方面所做的一些工作，建立了半导体激光器列阵远场光束分布模型，并结合具体参数分析了不同结构的激光器列阵的光束远场分布特性，可以知道我们设计和优化激光器列阵的结构。设计并制作了光纤耦合模块的温度控制系统，并制作成温控光纤输出激光器半导体系统投入使用。设计了高亮度光纤准直输出半导体激光模块，并应用到我们的双包层光纤激光器结构中。最后分析了在高功率激光领域光纤的重要应用及优化选择。
在最后一章里概述了自己在半导体微腔激光器方面的研究工作。
High power fiber laser is a novel laser technology that combined of the LD fiber modules and its pumping techniques, double-clad fiber(DCF) fabricating technology and fiber grating techniques. Fiber laser has a important role of application in many fields. It has come in being a laser industry of several billion USD all over the world, and fiber laser has been called one of the greatest inventions at the beginning of 21st Century. So there should be an important meaning on energetically development work in the field of fiber laser.
The basic operation principle and the recent development was summarized generally, the realization of high power fiber laser and its key techniques were analyzed, which including high power fiber pumping modules> DCF and fiber grating technologies, etc.
The advancement with the conception of double-clad fiber makes it possible that fiber laser as a type of device with high-power output. In this paper, by using the method of geometrical optics and the theory of fiber optics mode, we analyzed difference characteristics of double-clad fiber andthe effect of all kinds of DCF's inner-cladding structures on1 the absorption efficiency of DCF and its laser. The analyzing model was established, and a novel inner-cladding structure of DCF with higher performance was designed.
Integrated by the absorption and emission characteristics of rare-earth-ions in DCF and the LD's pumping principle with its relative references, the-academic model of high power DCF laser with F-P cavity was based, by using methods of numerical analysis, the high power DCF laser was simulation with good results and consistency.
Relative to the shortcoming and difficulty of the realization of fiber laser with lenses-coupling and dichroic-coating mirror, a novel all-fiber DCF laser structure was designed, the beam-reducing, high efficiency splicing of fibers with large-core and the double-clad fiber grating as resonant cavity. The measuring and experimental equipment were set up. The high power fiber laser with CW (continuous wave) output more than 10 Watts, the laser beam is near diffraction-limited single mode (TEMOO). This all-fiber-structure high power fiber laser has the marked
sense of practicability.
The new fiber laser, including photonic crystal fiber (PCF) laser and multi-core double-clad fiber laser, was analyzed. One of novel structure. DCF laser that will be used into high power output was put forward based on the theoretic analysis.
Working on laser diode fiber-coupling modules was summed up, They are, setting up the model of far-field distribution of laser array and the far-field characteristics of difference structures; designing the temperature-controlled laser diode fiber modules, that has been used as a laser system with temperature-controlled and fiber-output; realization with high-brightness laser diode fiber-coupling modules; the fiber's application in the field of high power laser.
Work on the research of microcavity semiconductor laser was summarized.
在本论文中，首先概述了光纤激光器的发展历史、最新研究现状及最新发展情况，总结了实现高功率光纤激光器所需要的关键技术，如高功率泵浦模块、双包层光纤及光纤光栅技术等。
双包层光纤概念的提出使得光纤激光器作为高功率输出器件成为可能。因此在本论文里采用几何光学和纤维光学模式理论的方法分析了不同内包层结构的双包层光纤对光纤激光器性能的影响，建立理论分析模型，并设计了新型内包层结构的双包层光纤。
结合稀土离子的吸收及发射特性及二极管泵浦固体激光原理，应用相关的理论建立了高功率F-P腔型光纤激光器的理论分析模型，利用MATLAB、MathCAD，ORIGIN等软件，采用数值计算及分析方法，结合具体参量数值对实验进行了模拟分析，并研究了不同特性参量对激光器性能的影响。
针对采用透镜耦合及双色镜作为谐振腔的光纤激光器所具有的缺点，如结构复杂，调节困难等，提出了全光纤化的双包层光纤激光器结构，主要包括高效率光束压缩及大芯径光纤熔接的实现，利用在双包层光纤内制作光纤光栅来实现激光谐振腔等技术。建立了光纤激光器实验及测试系统，实现了十瓦连续输出的高功率光纤激光器，实现了近衍射受限单模(TEM00)输出。这种全光纤化结构的高功率光纤激光器具有显著的实用化意义。
分析了新型光纤激光器(如光子晶体光纤激光器及多纤芯双包层光纤激光器)的基本原理及发展现况，设计了一种新型可实现高功率输出的双包层光纤激光器结构，并从理论分析出发给出其工作原理及制作方法。
总结了自己在光纤耦合输出激光二极管模块方面所做的一些工作，建立了半导体激光器列阵远场光束分布模型，并结合具体参数分析了不同结构的激光器列阵的光束远场分布特性，可以知道我们设计和优化激光器列阵的结构。设计并制作了光纤耦合模块的温度控制系统，并制作成温控光纤输出激光器半导体系统投入使用。设计了高亮度光纤准直输出半导体激光模块，并应用到我们的双包层光纤激光器结构中。最后分析了在高功率激光领域光纤的重要应用及优化选择。
在最后一章里概述了自己在半导体微腔激光器方面的研究工作。
High power fiber laser is a novel laser technology that combined of the LD fiber modules and its pumping techniques, double-clad fiber(DCF) fabricating technology and fiber grating techniques. Fiber laser has a important role of application in many fields. It has come in being a laser industry of several billion USD all over the world, and fiber laser has been called one of the greatest inventions at the beginning of 21st Century. So there should be an important meaning on energetically development work in the field of fiber laser.
The basic operation principle and the recent development was summarized generally, the realization of high power fiber laser and its key techniques were analyzed, which including high power fiber pumping modules> DCF and fiber grating technologies, etc.
The advancement with the conception of double-clad fiber makes it possible that fiber laser as a type of device with high-power output. In this paper, by using the method of geometrical optics and the theory of fiber optics mode, we analyzed difference characteristics of double-clad fiber andthe effect of all kinds of DCF's inner-cladding structures on1 the absorption efficiency of DCF and its laser. The analyzing model was established, and a novel inner-cladding structure of DCF with higher performance was designed.
Integrated by the absorption and emission characteristics of rare-earth-ions in DCF and the LD's pumping principle with its relative references, the-academic model of high power DCF laser with F-P cavity was based, by using methods of numerical analysis, the high power DCF laser was simulation with good results and consistency.
Relative to the shortcoming and difficulty of the realization of fiber laser with lenses-coupling and dichroic-coating mirror, a novel all-fiber DCF laser structure was designed, the beam-reducing, high efficiency splicing of fibers with large-core and the double-clad fiber grating as resonant cavity. The measuring and experimental equipment were set up. The high power fiber laser with CW (continuous wave) output more than 10 Watts, the laser beam is near diffraction-limited single mode (TEMOO). This all-fiber-structure high power fiber laser has the marked
sense of practicability.
The new fiber laser, including photonic crystal fiber (PCF) laser and multi-core double-clad fiber laser, was analyzed. One of novel structure. DCF laser that will be used into high power output was put forward based on the theoretic analysis.
Working on laser diode fiber-coupling modules was summed up, They are, setting up the model of far-field distribution of laser array and the far-field characteristics of difference structures; designing the temperature-controlled laser diode fiber modules, that has been used as a laser system with temperature-controlled and fiber-output; realization with high-brightness laser diode fiber-coupling modules; the fiber's application in the field of high power laser.
Work on the research of microcavity semiconductor laser was summarized.
引文
1．光纤激光器-访IPG公司总裁记录，激光产品世界，2002年，第10期：31-35
2．聂秋华著，光纤激光器和放大器技术，电子工业出版社，1997
3. Snitzer, E. Proposed fiber cavities for optical lasers. J.Appl.Phys. 1961,32: 36-39
4. Koester, C.J.,E.Snitzer. Amplification in a fiber laser. Appl. Opt. 1964,3: 1182-1186
5. Snitzer,E. Glass lasers. Appl.Opt. 1966,5: 1487-1499
6. Johan Nilsson,Jayanta K. Sahu,Yoonchan Jeong, et al., High power fiber laser:new developments, Proc. SPIE V4974
7. E.Snitzer, H.Po, F.Hakimi, et al. Double-clad,offset core Nd fiber laser. Proc.Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors, Postdeadline paper PD5.1988: 41
8. H.Po et al., Double-clad high brightness Nd fiber laser pumped by GaAs phased array. Post-deadline paper PD07, OFC' 89
9. H.Po,J.D. Cao,B.M.Laliberte, et al., High power neodymium-doped single transverse mode fiber laser. Electron. Lett. 1993,19: 1500-1501
10. H.Zellmer, U.Willamowski,A.Tunnermann, et al,, High power cw neodymium-doped fiber laser operating at 9.2W with high beam quality Opt. Lett.,1995,20: 578-580
11. Hanna D.C., Percival R.W., Perry I.R. et al., Continuous-wave oscillation of a monomode ytterbium-doped fiber laser. Electron Lett., 1988, 24(17): 1111-1113
12. H.M.Pask,J.L.Archambault,D.C.Hanna, Operation of cladding-pumped Yb~(3+) doped silica fibre lasers in 1μm region, Electronics letters, 1994,Vol.30 (11): 863-865.
13. M.Muedel,B.Engstrom,D.Kea. et al... 35-Watt cw singlemode ytterbium fiber laser at 1.1m. Proc. CLEO, 1997,Post-deadline paper CPD30-1.
14. Boggavarapu D,Caffey D,He.X et al....Ultrahigh-power laser diode array pump source for fiber lasers. Tech. Dig. OFC' 98,san Jose,CA, 1998, paper TuH7:47-48.
15. V.Dominic,S.MacCormack,R.Waarts et al 110w fiber Laser, Electronics Lett., 1999,Vol. 35 (14): 1158-1160.
16. Y.Jeong, J.K.sahu, R.B.Williams, et al., Ytterbium-doped large-core fibre laser with 272 W of output power, submited
17. Hiroshi Sekiguchi, Guillaume Vienne, Akiyoshi Tanaka, et al., New concept: fiber embedded disk and tube lasers, Proc. SPIE, V3889(2000): 154-159
18. K.Furusawa, A.Malinowski, J.h.v. Price, et al., Cladding pumped Ytterbium-doped fiber laser with holey inner and outer cladding, Optics Express Vol.9(13),2001: 714-720
19. P.Glas, M.Naumann, A.Schirrmacher, et al., The multicore fiber-a novel design for a diode pumped fiber laser, Opt. Comm. 151 (1998): 187-195
20．邱关明等编著，稀土掺杂玻璃，兵器工业出版社，1989
21. A.S.Kurkov,A.Yu. Laptev, E.M.Dianov et al... Yb~(3+)-doped double-clad fibers and lasers. SPIE Vol.4083, 2000: 118-126.
22. S.Sanders, R.G.Waarts, D.G.Mehuys, et al., Laser diode pumped 106mW blue upconversion fiber laser, Appl.Phys. Lett., 1995,67(13): 1815-1817
23. Takeyuki Kobayashi, Ken Kuriki, Nana Imai, et al., High-power polymer optical fiber lasers and amplifiers, Proc. SPIE, 1999,Vol. 3623: 206-213
24. Roland Diehl, High-power diode lasers: fundamental,technology, applications. 2000
25. Anping Liu, Kenichi Ueda. The absorption characteristics of circular, offset, and rectangular double-clad fibers. Optics Communications, 1996, 1322511-518.
26. Th. Weber, W. Lüthy, H. P. Weber, et al., A longitudinal and side-pumped single transverse mode double-clad fiber laser with a special silicone coating, Optics Communications, 1995, 115: 99-104
27. J.P.Koplow, L.Golderg and D.A. Kliner, Compact 1-W Yb-doped double-cladding fiber amplifier using V-groove side-pumping, IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett., 1998, 10: 793-795
28. Jeffrey. P.Koplow, Sean W. Moore and Dahv. A.V. Kliner, A new method for side pumping of double-clad fiber sources, IEEE J. of Quant. Electronics, 2003, 39(3): 529-540
29. V.Gapontsev and Villiam Krupke, Fiber lasers grow in power, Laser Focus World Auguse, 2002: 83-89
30. Tariq Manzur and Steven Bastien, High power fiber laser/amplifier present & future, Proc. SPII V3945(2000): 240-257
31. Muendel M.H., High-power fiber laser studies at the Polaroid Corporation. Proc. SPIE, 1998,3264: 21-29
32. Valentin Gapontsev and William Krupke, Fiber lasers grow in power, Laser Focus World, August, 2002: 83-89 ,
33. Volker Gaebler and Hans J.Eichler Monolithic blue upconversion fiber laser, Proc. SPIE, V4629(2002): 94-107
34. Nam Seong Kim, Mahendra Prabhu,Cheng Li, et al., 1239/1484hm cascaded phosphosilicate raman fiber laser with CW output power of 1.36W at 1484nm pumped by CW Yb-doped double-clad fiber laser at 1064nm and spectral continuum generation, Opt. Commun., 2000, 176: 219-222
35. J.A.Alvarez-Chavez, H.L.Offerhaus, J. Nilsson, et al., High energy, high power ytterbium-doped Q-switched fiber laser, Opt. Lett.,2000, 25: 37-39
36. M.E.Fermann,M.L.Stock, A.Galvanauskas, et al., High-power compact ultrafast fiber laser, Proc. SPIE 2000, V3942: 194-200
37．杜卫冲，IPG高功率光纤激光器，激光与光电子学进展，2002，39(10)：36-40
38. Stuart D. Jackson and Antonio Lauto,Diode-pumped fiber lasers: a new clinical tool, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 2002, 30: 184-190
39. Michael Hatcher, Bill Shiner, Fiber sources target automotive industry, OLE January, 2003: 24-25
40．SPI研究出600W新型单模光纤激光器，http://www.c-fol.net
42. J. Limpert, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, et al., High power air-clad large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber laser, Opt. Express,2003,11 (7): 818-823
43．吕志诚，第一届国际高功率光纤激光器应用与进展，激光与光电子进展，2002
44．周军等，4．9瓦掺Yb~(3+)双包层光纤激光器及其输出特性研究，光学学报，23(4)：476-479
45. http://www.ctiin.gov.cn/yxxx/kyjgkx/kyjgkx0303/kyjgkx0320-1.htm
46. Ya-Xian Fan, Fu-Yun Lu, Shu-Ling Hu, et al., Narrow-linewidth widely tunable hybrid Q-switeched double-clad fiber laser Optics Letters 2003 28(7): 537-539
2．聂秋华著，光纤激光器和放大器技术，电子工业出版社，1997
3. Snitzer, E. Proposed fiber cavities for optical lasers. J.Appl.Phys. 1961,32: 36-39
4. Koester, C.J.,E.Snitzer. Amplification in a fiber laser. Appl. Opt. 1964,3: 1182-1186
5. Snitzer,E. Glass lasers. Appl.Opt. 1966,5: 1487-1499
6. Johan Nilsson,Jayanta K. Sahu,Yoonchan Jeong, et al., High power fiber laser:new developments, Proc. SPIE V4974
7. E.Snitzer, H.Po, F.Hakimi, et al. Double-clad,offset core Nd fiber laser. Proc.Conf. Optical Fiber Sensors, Postdeadline paper PD5.1988: 41
8. H.Po et al., Double-clad high brightness Nd fiber laser pumped by GaAs phased array. Post-deadline paper PD07, OFC' 89
9. H.Po,J.D. Cao,B.M.Laliberte, et al., High power neodymium-doped single transverse mode fiber laser. Electron. Lett. 1993,19: 1500-1501
10. H.Zellmer, U.Willamowski,A.Tunnermann, et al,, High power cw neodymium-doped fiber laser operating at 9.2W with high beam quality Opt. Lett.,1995,20: 578-580
11. Hanna D.C., Percival R.W., Perry I.R. et al., Continuous-wave oscillation of a monomode ytterbium-doped fiber laser. Electron Lett., 1988, 24(17): 1111-1113
12. H.M.Pask,J.L.Archambault,D.C.Hanna, Operation of cladding-pumped Yb~(3+) doped silica fibre lasers in 1μm region, Electronics letters, 1994,Vol.30 (11): 863-865.
13. M.Muedel,B.Engstrom,D.Kea. et al... 35-Watt cw singlemode ytterbium fiber laser at 1.1m. Proc. CLEO, 1997,Post-deadline paper CPD30-1.
14. Boggavarapu D,Caffey D,He.X et al....Ultrahigh-power laser diode array pump source for fiber lasers. Tech. Dig. OFC' 98,san Jose,CA, 1998, paper TuH7:47-48.
15. V.Dominic,S.MacCormack,R.Waarts et al 110w fiber Laser, Electronics Lett., 1999,Vol. 35 (14): 1158-1160.
16. Y.Jeong, J.K.sahu, R.B.Williams, et al., Ytterbium-doped large-core fibre laser with 272 W of output power, submited
17. Hiroshi Sekiguchi, Guillaume Vienne, Akiyoshi Tanaka, et al., New concept: fiber embedded disk and tube lasers, Proc. SPIE, V3889(2000): 154-159
18. K.Furusawa, A.Malinowski, J.h.v. Price, et al., Cladding pumped Ytterbium-doped fiber laser with holey inner and outer cladding, Optics Express Vol.9(13),2001: 714-720
19. P.Glas, M.Naumann, A.Schirrmacher, et al., The multicore fiber-a novel design for a diode pumped fiber laser, Opt. Comm. 151 (1998): 187-195
20．邱关明等编著，稀土掺杂玻璃，兵器工业出版社，1989
21. A.S.Kurkov,A.Yu. Laptev, E.M.Dianov et al... Yb~(3+)-doped double-clad fibers and lasers. SPIE Vol.4083, 2000: 118-126.
22. S.Sanders, R.G.Waarts, D.G.Mehuys, et al., Laser diode pumped 106mW blue upconversion fiber laser, Appl.Phys. Lett., 1995,67(13): 1815-1817
23. Takeyuki Kobayashi, Ken Kuriki, Nana Imai, et al., High-power polymer optical fiber lasers and amplifiers, Proc. SPIE, 1999,Vol. 3623: 206-213
24. Roland Diehl, High-power diode lasers: fundamental,technology, applications. 2000
25. Anping Liu, Kenichi Ueda. The absorption characteristics of circular, offset, and rectangular double-clad fibers. Optics Communications, 1996, 1322511-518.
26. Th. Weber, W. Lüthy, H. P. Weber, et al., A longitudinal and side-pumped single transverse mode double-clad fiber laser with a special silicone coating, Optics Communications, 1995, 115: 99-104
27. J.P.Koplow, L.Golderg and D.A. Kliner, Compact 1-W Yb-doped double-cladding fiber amplifier using V-groove side-pumping, IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett., 1998, 10: 793-795
28. Jeffrey. P.Koplow, Sean W. Moore and Dahv. A.V. Kliner, A new method for side pumping of double-clad fiber sources, IEEE J. of Quant. Electronics, 2003, 39(3): 529-540
29. V.Gapontsev and Villiam Krupke, Fiber lasers grow in power, Laser Focus World Auguse, 2002: 83-89
30. Tariq Manzur and Steven Bastien, High power fiber laser/amplifier present & future, Proc. SPII V3945(2000): 240-257
31. Muendel M.H., High-power fiber laser studies at the Polaroid Corporation. Proc. SPIE, 1998,3264: 21-29
32. Valentin Gapontsev and William Krupke, Fiber lasers grow in power, Laser Focus World, August, 2002: 83-89 ,
33. Volker Gaebler and Hans J.Eichler Monolithic blue upconversion fiber laser, Proc. SPIE, V4629(2002): 94-107
34. Nam Seong Kim, Mahendra Prabhu,Cheng Li, et al., 1239/1484hm cascaded phosphosilicate raman fiber laser with CW output power of 1.36W at 1484nm pumped by CW Yb-doped double-clad fiber laser at 1064nm and spectral continuum generation, Opt. Commun., 2000, 176: 219-222
35. J.A.Alvarez-Chavez, H.L.Offerhaus, J. Nilsson, et al., High energy, high power ytterbium-doped Q-switched fiber laser, Opt. Lett.,2000, 25: 37-39
36. M.E.Fermann,M.L.Stock, A.Galvanauskas, et al., High-power compact ultrafast fiber laser, Proc. SPIE 2000, V3942: 194-200
37．杜卫冲，IPG高功率光纤激光器，激光与光电子学进展，2002，39(10)：36-40
38. Stuart D. Jackson and Antonio Lauto,Diode-pumped fiber lasers: a new clinical tool, Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 2002, 30: 184-190
39. Michael Hatcher, Bill Shiner, Fiber sources target automotive industry, OLE January, 2003: 24-25
40．SPI研究出600W新型单模光纤激光器，http://www.c-fol.net
42. J. Limpert, T. Schreiber, S. Nolte, et al., High power air-clad large-mode-area photonic crystal fiber laser, Opt. Express,2003,11 (7): 818-823
43．吕志诚，第一届国际高功率光纤激光器应用与进展，激光与光电子进展，2002
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