中国现代小说早期英译个案研究（1926-1952）
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摘要
翻译研究者关于“中国文学走出去”的争论围绕“谁来译”、“译什么”、“如何译”展开。持不同观点研究者的论点均以“应该”为关键词,然而探讨“是”的问题才是经验科学的任务。
本文对中国现代小说早期英译活动中五个未被充分关注的重要译本进行描述性研究,探讨相关译介活动中使用的全局策略及效果。
本文的五个个案中体现出四种全局策略。第一章分析王际真译介《当代中国小说》及伊万·金及埃德加·斯诺译介《八月的乡村》中体现出的以目的语为中心的翻译。两部作品的译介均由目的语需求驱动,译者以目的语主流价值观为归依对源文进行改写,追求译本的可接受性,牺牲充分性。第二章分析史沫特莱及乔治·肯尼迪译介《中国短篇小说》中体现的以源语为中心的翻译。译介者以源语价值观为归依,公然挑战目的语主流价值观,追求译本的充分性,牺牲可接受性。由于译文不被目的语文化接受,源语文化价值并未得到有效传达。第三章则分析林语堂译《全家村》中体现出的以译者为中心的翻译。译者虽遵循源语或目的语的某些价值观,但在翻译选择中起决定性作用的是译者个人的价值观。此种全局策略体现出对源语、目的语价值观的偏离,译本既偏离充分性,也偏离可接受性。最后一章论述埃德加·斯诺等人译介《活的中国:现代中国小说》所体现出的全局策略。译介者采取两套局部策略,在序言中直陈与目的语主流价值观相符合的那套策略,而用来彰显和目的语主流价值观不可通约的那部分源语价值观的策略则隐而未宣。本文从米歇尔·德·塞尔托对日常生活的“反抗实践”、罗斯·钱伯斯对文学作品中的反抗和劳拉·凯恩对翻译活动中的反抗元素的探讨中借用“反抗”这一概念,将此个案体现出的全局策略命名为“反抗式翻译”。反抗是和抵抗截然不同的一种弱者对待强者权力的方式,前者体现为承认权力以求得生存,同时挪用权力以实现自身目的,而后者则表现为权力的公然拒斥和挑战。本文指出,反抗式翻译是译介者在目的语主流价值观及源语价值观间,在对目的语系统的权力完全服从和激烈抵抗这两种极端立场间的折中。在反抗式翻译中,译者一方面遵循目的语系统的某些价值观,并借助派生文本的包装宣传服从的姿态,使得译本得以顺利进入目的语系统,另一方面,译者在翻译过程中暗暗传递源语文化中某些和目的语系统不兼容的重要特征或翻译意图。这种全局策略既避免源文本的异质成分完全被目的语文化同化,牺牲源语文化诉求,又避免激烈对抗目的语文化要求导致译本不被接受,是弱势文化向强势文化译介时的一种“生存战术”。
本文结论部分总结了五个个案中体现出的四种全局策略及效果,指出四种全局策略体现出的是译介者在翻译活动涵盖的各种异质价值观间的四种不同选择。本文对中国现代小说早期英译活动中未被充分重视的五个/组重要译者及其译本进行描写,为翻译文学史的撰写提供了材料。全局策略的四种选择是对强调目的语系统对翻译活动制约的多元系统理论及强调译者对目的语主流价值观或服从或抵抗的归、异化理论的补充。本文将被现有翻译策略研究中二元划分遮蔽的现象理论化,将丰富译界对翻译策略的研究。本文描述并解释译者在特定情况下选择的全局策略、选择的原因及各种策略的效果,实践者便可根据自身的意图进行知情条件下的选择。经由本文理论化而浮出水面的全局策略将成为实践者的“工具箱”中另一种备选的工具。此外,本文描述出的现象还能有助于学界对目前“中国文学走出去”的探讨中的一些观点进行反思,从而深化国内相关探讨。
Disputes over who should do the translation, what should be translated and how feature prominently in translation scholars’discussion on how to“get Chinese literature walk toward the world”through translation. Despite their disagreements, scholars are unanimous in the pursuit of what-it-should-be. However, empirical science aims at revealing what-it-is.
This thesis is a descriptive-explanatory study of five important early English translations of modern Chinese fictions which have either been totally neglected or not fully explored by scholars, with emphasis being placed on the global strategies the translation agents adopted and the effectiveness of each strategy.
Chapter One looks at the target-oriented translation as represented by two cases-- Wang Chi-Chen’s translation of Contemporary Chinese Stories and Village in August, translated by Evan King with an introduction by Edgar Snow. In both cases, the translation agents submitted to dominant values in the target culture, rewriting the source texts accordingly, which resulted in two acceptable but inadequate translations.
Chapter Two demonstrates the source-oriented translation through an analysis of the global strategy adopted by Cze Ming-ting and Agnes Smedley when they brought Short Stories from China to English-speaking readers. Both in writing the introduction and in the translation process, the translation agents adhered to certain values in the source culture, challenging the dominant values in the target language in an overt manner, which resulted in an adequate but not acceptable translation. The lack of acceptability led to the failure to effectively convey the values of the source culture.
Chapter Three Sheds light on the translator-oriented translation by analyzing Lin Yutang’s translation of Widow Chuan. Although the translator was submissive to some of the values in both the source and the target language, his own value, which was in contradiction with both the source and the target values, played a key role in the translation process. The translation’s adequacy and acceptability were undermined by this global strategy.
Chapter Four gives us insight into the global strategy adopted by the editor and the translators of Living China, Modern Chinese Short Stories. The translation agents didn’t take an either/or attitude in face of the incompatibilities between the source and target values. They adopted two sets of local strategies. One that was in accordance with the target value was manifested in the introduction, while the other that was in accordance with the source value but in contradiction with the target values was carried out in a covert manner. The thesis theorizes this global strategy as oppositional translation, with the term opposition, or oppositionality borrowed from Michel De Certeau, Ross Chambers, and Lara Cain, in their discussions of oppositional behavior in everyday life, oppositionality in narrative, and oppositional behavior in translation respectively. Opposition represents a different attitude toward power from resistance on the part of the weaker. The former involves submission to power so as to survive, and making use of power for one’s own purposes, while the latter means overt challenges to the power in place. The thesis points out that the oppositional translation is a compromise between the two extremes implied by the source oriented translation and the target oriented translation, and the stances of submitting to, or resisting dominant values in the target language. In adopting this global strategy, the translator chooses to adhere to certain values of the target culture, and the translated text is disguised as acceptable in the new environment so as to allow the translated text a relatively easy passage into the target system, while conveying certain important features of the source text or the hidden agenda covertly. This global strategy, by preventing the text from being either totally assimilated into the target culture at the expense of the source culture’s appeal or rejected by the target culture as the result of overt challenges to its dominant value, may well be a survival tactic for translating texts from the marginal culture into the dominant culture.
The conclusion summarizes four global strategies as represented from the five cases and the effectiveness of each strategy. Then, it demonstrates the theoretical significance and the practical applications of this thesis. Apart from adding to translation history research through describing five important but not fully explored early English translations of modern Chinese fictions, this thesis brings the global strategies that escape binary classification into the picture, thus contributing to translation strategy research. Moreover, the thesis’s emphasis on translators’four choices in face of heterogeneous values involved in translation activity serves as a complement to both Polysystem Theory which focuses on the constraints in the target culture governing the translation product, and Venuti’s notions of foreignizing/domesticating translation which derive from the translator’s stances of either submitting to or resisting prevailing values in the target language. The practical applications of this thesis are twofold. First, the thesis demonstrates readily available options, the agenda behind the choices that are made, and the response which translations meet, so the practitioners can knowingly make their own choices according to their own purposes, and the global strategies brought to light by this thesis will serve as new tools in practitioners’tool box. Second, the findings of this thesis will facilitate reflections on some of the views on how to better disseminate Chinese literature abroad through translation.
本文对中国现代小说早期英译活动中五个未被充分关注的重要译本进行描述性研究,探讨相关译介活动中使用的全局策略及效果。
本文的五个个案中体现出四种全局策略。第一章分析王际真译介《当代中国小说》及伊万·金及埃德加·斯诺译介《八月的乡村》中体现出的以目的语为中心的翻译。两部作品的译介均由目的语需求驱动,译者以目的语主流价值观为归依对源文进行改写,追求译本的可接受性,牺牲充分性。第二章分析史沫特莱及乔治·肯尼迪译介《中国短篇小说》中体现的以源语为中心的翻译。译介者以源语价值观为归依,公然挑战目的语主流价值观,追求译本的充分性,牺牲可接受性。由于译文不被目的语文化接受,源语文化价值并未得到有效传达。第三章则分析林语堂译《全家村》中体现出的以译者为中心的翻译。译者虽遵循源语或目的语的某些价值观,但在翻译选择中起决定性作用的是译者个人的价值观。此种全局策略体现出对源语、目的语价值观的偏离,译本既偏离充分性,也偏离可接受性。最后一章论述埃德加·斯诺等人译介《活的中国:现代中国小说》所体现出的全局策略。译介者采取两套局部策略,在序言中直陈与目的语主流价值观相符合的那套策略,而用来彰显和目的语主流价值观不可通约的那部分源语价值观的策略则隐而未宣。本文从米歇尔·德·塞尔托对日常生活的“反抗实践”、罗斯·钱伯斯对文学作品中的反抗和劳拉·凯恩对翻译活动中的反抗元素的探讨中借用“反抗”这一概念,将此个案体现出的全局策略命名为“反抗式翻译”。反抗是和抵抗截然不同的一种弱者对待强者权力的方式,前者体现为承认权力以求得生存,同时挪用权力以实现自身目的,而后者则表现为权力的公然拒斥和挑战。本文指出,反抗式翻译是译介者在目的语主流价值观及源语价值观间,在对目的语系统的权力完全服从和激烈抵抗这两种极端立场间的折中。在反抗式翻译中,译者一方面遵循目的语系统的某些价值观,并借助派生文本的包装宣传服从的姿态,使得译本得以顺利进入目的语系统,另一方面,译者在翻译过程中暗暗传递源语文化中某些和目的语系统不兼容的重要特征或翻译意图。这种全局策略既避免源文本的异质成分完全被目的语文化同化,牺牲源语文化诉求,又避免激烈对抗目的语文化要求导致译本不被接受,是弱势文化向强势文化译介时的一种“生存战术”。
本文结论部分总结了五个个案中体现出的四种全局策略及效果,指出四种全局策略体现出的是译介者在翻译活动涵盖的各种异质价值观间的四种不同选择。本文对中国现代小说早期英译活动中未被充分重视的五个/组重要译者及其译本进行描写,为翻译文学史的撰写提供了材料。全局策略的四种选择是对强调目的语系统对翻译活动制约的多元系统理论及强调译者对目的语主流价值观或服从或抵抗的归、异化理论的补充。本文将被现有翻译策略研究中二元划分遮蔽的现象理论化,将丰富译界对翻译策略的研究。本文描述并解释译者在特定情况下选择的全局策略、选择的原因及各种策略的效果,实践者便可根据自身的意图进行知情条件下的选择。经由本文理论化而浮出水面的全局策略将成为实践者的“工具箱”中另一种备选的工具。此外,本文描述出的现象还能有助于学界对目前“中国文学走出去”的探讨中的一些观点进行反思,从而深化国内相关探讨。
Disputes over who should do the translation, what should be translated and how feature prominently in translation scholars’discussion on how to“get Chinese literature walk toward the world”through translation. Despite their disagreements, scholars are unanimous in the pursuit of what-it-should-be. However, empirical science aims at revealing what-it-is.
This thesis is a descriptive-explanatory study of five important early English translations of modern Chinese fictions which have either been totally neglected or not fully explored by scholars, with emphasis being placed on the global strategies the translation agents adopted and the effectiveness of each strategy.
Chapter One looks at the target-oriented translation as represented by two cases-- Wang Chi-Chen’s translation of Contemporary Chinese Stories and Village in August, translated by Evan King with an introduction by Edgar Snow. In both cases, the translation agents submitted to dominant values in the target culture, rewriting the source texts accordingly, which resulted in two acceptable but inadequate translations.
Chapter Two demonstrates the source-oriented translation through an analysis of the global strategy adopted by Cze Ming-ting and Agnes Smedley when they brought Short Stories from China to English-speaking readers. Both in writing the introduction and in the translation process, the translation agents adhered to certain values in the source culture, challenging the dominant values in the target language in an overt manner, which resulted in an adequate but not acceptable translation. The lack of acceptability led to the failure to effectively convey the values of the source culture.
Chapter Three Sheds light on the translator-oriented translation by analyzing Lin Yutang’s translation of Widow Chuan. Although the translator was submissive to some of the values in both the source and the target language, his own value, which was in contradiction with both the source and the target values, played a key role in the translation process. The translation’s adequacy and acceptability were undermined by this global strategy.
Chapter Four gives us insight into the global strategy adopted by the editor and the translators of Living China, Modern Chinese Short Stories. The translation agents didn’t take an either/or attitude in face of the incompatibilities between the source and target values. They adopted two sets of local strategies. One that was in accordance with the target value was manifested in the introduction, while the other that was in accordance with the source value but in contradiction with the target values was carried out in a covert manner. The thesis theorizes this global strategy as oppositional translation, with the term opposition, or oppositionality borrowed from Michel De Certeau, Ross Chambers, and Lara Cain, in their discussions of oppositional behavior in everyday life, oppositionality in narrative, and oppositional behavior in translation respectively. Opposition represents a different attitude toward power from resistance on the part of the weaker. The former involves submission to power so as to survive, and making use of power for one’s own purposes, while the latter means overt challenges to the power in place. The thesis points out that the oppositional translation is a compromise between the two extremes implied by the source oriented translation and the target oriented translation, and the stances of submitting to, or resisting dominant values in the target language. In adopting this global strategy, the translator chooses to adhere to certain values of the target culture, and the translated text is disguised as acceptable in the new environment so as to allow the translated text a relatively easy passage into the target system, while conveying certain important features of the source text or the hidden agenda covertly. This global strategy, by preventing the text from being either totally assimilated into the target culture at the expense of the source culture’s appeal or rejected by the target culture as the result of overt challenges to its dominant value, may well be a survival tactic for translating texts from the marginal culture into the dominant culture.
The conclusion summarizes four global strategies as represented from the five cases and the effectiveness of each strategy. Then, it demonstrates the theoretical significance and the practical applications of this thesis. Apart from adding to translation history research through describing five important but not fully explored early English translations of modern Chinese fictions, this thesis brings the global strategies that escape binary classification into the picture, thus contributing to translation strategy research. Moreover, the thesis’s emphasis on translators’four choices in face of heterogeneous values involved in translation activity serves as a complement to both Polysystem Theory which focuses on the constraints in the target culture governing the translation product, and Venuti’s notions of foreignizing/domesticating translation which derive from the translator’s stances of either submitting to or resisting prevailing values in the target language. The practical applications of this thesis are twofold. First, the thesis demonstrates readily available options, the agenda behind the choices that are made, and the response which translations meet, so the practitioners can knowingly make their own choices according to their own purposes, and the global strategies brought to light by this thesis will serve as new tools in practitioners’tool box. Second, the findings of this thesis will facilitate reflections on some of the views on how to better disseminate Chinese literature abroad through translation.
引文
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