诗境规划设计思想刍论
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摘要
当代城市规划与设计面临人居环境危机、人文困境及中国文化精神传承缺失的问题,为求化解之路,受中国“诗之国度”的文化唤醒、西方现代“诗意栖居”哲学的启发、“山水城市”思想的昭示、“建筑意”理念的点悟和人文美学的培育,提出“诗境规划设计”。
风雅情趣、诗骚传统,滋育中华民族审美心灵数千年,诗境是其中动人的精神智慧。诗境是指用简炼优美而又饱含意趣的诗一般手法所表达的意境,而意境直观理解是只可意会、难以言传的某种精神意象境界。意境论的缘起和形成史表明产生于诗学并衍生到各艺术领域的意境是中国传统意象思维面向环境审美方面的特殊投射。诗境则表达了以意境为内涵的“言、象、意”互滲的整体系统,从传统哲学“言意之辩”和西方现代哲学“语言学转向”审之,它代表着超越文学修辞表达而迈向一种对生存意义的本真表述和对规划设计本质意义的寻求。诗境是“天人合一”自然哲学观的生动反映,表达了情感升华的审美超越意识和“反身而诚”的审美悟道心理,显示情理相依中的个性创意,故诗境具自然美、情感美和创意美之美学意义。
中国传统建筑有丰富诗境表现:建筑的诗学表达是独特传统,从中看到营造原则、艺术与情感境界等丰富内容;建筑群体感应诗词格律,平原和山地建筑群体分别显现律诗和词曲的韵致;建筑形象被注入诗化意念又通过匠心巧思的技术理性来实现。中国园林以“天人合一”为底蕴成为诗境化身:中国园林是诗情画意的艺术天地;处处有着诗意浸染的园景领悟;诗境自魏晋起一直伴随园林发展,并成为造园艺术的自觉行为法则;园林有不同诗趣,文人园林文雅清旷,皇家园林大气至尊,寺庙园林则追求雲天高远、清幽空灵的仙界神境。中国传统聚落和城镇蕴含优雅的诗境生存智慧:诗文化培育了可居可游可赏之园居佳境;风水构建了“天人合一”为内核、诗情画意为外显的栖居艺术;聚落城镇与山水交融而充满诗韵;文化积淀和诗学诠释使城市承载诗的气质;传统城镇“八景”文化使人居环境诗化。
西方古典城市规划思想历古希腊至启蒙运动各时期,大多处于理性主义和人本主义(以下简称理性和人本)的复杂交织中,唯中世纪时被神权压制才显自然主义倾向。近、现代也是既有偏人本的一派(田园城市等),也有偏理性的一派(现代主义规划思想等)。曾以为理性占主导甚至强盛地压制人本,故期望抬升人本来消解理性弊端,但其实西方文化内部的理性和人本分别为“以理性支配自然”和“以人征服自然”而内在一致,故理性一开始(古希腊希波丹姆斯模式)就表现为征服自然,近代科学更直接表白其目的是改造和征服自然,直至现代社会广被批评的工具理性;同样,人本从古希腊哲学名言“人是万物尺度”起,充分肯定人的价值也显现对自然的傲慢,为後世滑向片面的人类中心主义埋下隐患。诗境是东、西方规划思想差异的分水岭,即使中世纪的自然主义也与中国自觉的诗境不可同日而语。西方当代规划思想的後现代主义转变、生态环境观转变及相应思想理论与实践的新开拓,一定程度上表现出靠向诗境。西方园林除伊甸园传说外,从古西亚古埃及直至成熟期的法国古典主义园林,均是让自然服从理性的规整式思路和强化表现人工艺术的方式,受中国影响的英国自然审美意识觉醒而开创了自然风景园并转向现代园林。西方现代园林追求自然成为重要准则。
回顾建筑空间理论,“功能空间→全面空间→灰空间→场所空间→流动空间”大体显示出一种空间“诗味”递增。它是建筑等实体空间注入诗境思维後所形成的与自然环境相融、文化品位较高并具个性特色的空间。它具四大特质:有灵性、有层次、有意味、有教化。诗境空间营造是在诗境启引下超越实体空间达到审美悟解境地、并为追求理想而进行的发自心源的文化创造,营造原理有三:师法和顺应自然、营造和谐意象;灌注人文艺术、升华审美品位;显现个性特色、表达真情创意。诗境空间理念具有深化认识建筑空间理论本质、扩展建筑文化意义和提升设计师修养的价值。其设计程序可按“取象→立意→感言→赋形→审情”并交往反复进行。
中国当代城市规划建设取得巨大成就,也存在一些如破坏环境、不顾城市结构协调、审美品位扭曲、无视地域特徵、割裂历史文脉等问题。当代规划应以“天人合一”为前提准则、高扬人文精神和具备中国文化特色。“生态城市”倡导人与自然和谐,“山水城市”除此外还具中国文化精神,沿之所开启的视野与方向深化而提出“诗境城市”——与自然(山水)生态高度和谐、具备深厚人文底蕴和高尚审美境界的园林式城市;作为一种规划思想其含义在于:遵循生态科学原理、受诗学意境的浸润与引领、寻求有鲜明中国文化特色、运用于当代具体实践、以建设理想人居环境为目标的城市规划思想。诗境城市六特性:以人和天的本真性、精神安顿的归属性、情理相依的和谐性、承故托今的记忆性,与时俱进的持续性、意境升华的品格性。诗境城市规划五策略:首先是山水美学策略,即从大环境入手使城市与周围山水艺术地相融,可采“保山护水、顺山应水、显山露水、依山傍水、迎山接水、治山理水”的规划艺术手法;另外还有生态科学策略、文脉主义策略、风水借鉴策略和诗学修养策略。
改革开放後居住建设不断提升,也有许多失误如不尊重自然地貌、环境设计僵化、欧陆化泛滥等。住区环境艺术应以回归自然、闲适温馨为主调,以加强人情味和归属感为目标,新技术遵循生态原则服务于人。创造中国特色的现代诗意栖居:营造中式环境——以传统“妙造自然”艺术理念,在虽由人作的环境中构建“泉、石、松、月”的自然表现情形,于中感受“雨打芭蕉、卧听秋雨”的诗意而修身养性、乐心畅神直至审美悟道,其设计要义在于有机地利用基地自然特徵、秉持自然之法匠心独运而巧夺天工、并有强烈的生态意识;建设“新中式”住宅——经历欧陆风泛滥之後开始的“新中式”尽管争议很大,却代表本土建筑文化的觉醒,体现了继承与创新,是当代中国追求诗意栖居理想的一个探索。
中国风景名胜区蓬勃发展并积淀丰富而珍贵的风景审美诗境遗产,存在的问题则表现为规划建设指导思想的偏差如过度商业化城市化、景观人工化游乐场化和重开发轻保护等,缘于将风景等于商品、旅游商业挂帅、风景区与娱乐园混淆、以城市房地产开发模式促风景区发展等认识误区,要批判急功近利、哄占乱抢、弄巧成拙、竭泽而渔等一系列有害开发行为。中国风景审美诗境有悠久历史,万千佳韵的诗境让人尘虑顿消而成为风景名胜区的灵魂,应树立诗境观为风景名胜区规划建设的核心价值观,建立有中国特色的风景名胜区规划体系。风景名胜区规划建设应秉持“顺其自然的维护”、“意境升华的弘扬”两大理念,遵守“布局分置”、“容量控制”、“人工设施隐化、精品化、自然化“等技术原则。
纵观规划设计的实践,发现诗境思维对激发创作活力、谋求情境和谐、浓缩心灵感悟和滋养民族文化精神有突出的作用。诗境理想是牵引规划设计未来走向的召唤,在传统人本有缺陷、自然科学不能涵盖、宗教上帝无法再统领一切的当代和未来社会,必将面临人居环境危机和人文困境,此时诗境文化显示巨大优势。诗境的方式构建人与自然、人与人的和谐,更进一步,得天地之精华而人性抒发,是中国诗境的至高境界,它把人的欲求、个性表达与尊重自然统一起来,将一颗诗意心境强烈投入,致使空间的营造从一开始就带有浓厚的自然审美情趣和个性感情色彩,带来的是文化品格提升和审美情感升华。这就是诗境规划设计,追求基于对中国文化的继承与发展之上,借助诗词意境中的绝妙幻化,建立一种可以持续孕育美的精神与人文气质的人居环境。
Contemporary urban planning and designing is facing problems of human environmental crisis, humanistic predicament and discontinuity of Chinese cultural-spiritual inheritance. In order to find a solution, we propose the poetry-realm planning and designing (PRPD) as awakened by the Chinese culture of“Kingdom of Poem”, inspired by the modern western philosophical "Poetic Dwelling”and hinted by“Shan-shui City”theory,“Architecture Imago”theory and humanistic aesthetics.
The noble-romantic temperament and poetry traditions have nourished Chinese national aesthetical soul for thousands of years; among these traditions,‘poetry realm (PR)’is a touching wisdom. PR is a sort of mind realm (MR), expressed in concise and beautiful poems containing full meaningful charms. MR is a kind of spiritual-imagery realm that can only be implicitly understood but is difficult to be expressed by explicit words. Originated from poetry and then spread out to various arts fields, the formation of MR theory shows that it is a special projection from Chinese traditional imagery thinking when facing environmental aesthetic aspects. By contrast, PR implies a whole system, interwoven by artistic conceptions of "words, imagery and consciousness" with MR as its connotation. From the view of "Words-Mind Debate" of the traditional philosophy and "Linguistic Turn" of modern western philosophies, it represents an expression to surpass literature and rhetoric to convey a true significance of existing and seek an essence of planning and designing. PR is a vivid reflection of the nature-human harmony (NHH) of a natural philosophy, expressing the aesthetic-transcendent consciousness from emotional sublimation and the aesthetic, Tao-awaken psychology of "self-examination and honesty" that shows the individual creativity in mutual dependencies of reasons and emotions. Therefore, PR embodies the aesthetic meanings of natural, emotional and creative beauties.
The traditional Chinese architectures have ample expressions of PR: the architecture-poetry theory is a unique tradition, through which rich contents, such as construction principles, artistic and emotion realms, are embodied; building groups interact with poetic rhythms but when they are in plain and mountain regions, they show regulated verses of poems and“ci”“qu”(a kind of Chinese traditional poem); the architectural image is achieved through the ingenious technical rationality by infusing aesthetic idea. Chinese garden is the embodiment of PR with NHH inside: Chinese garden is the artistic scope of poetic emotion and picturesque sights;Since Wei and Jin dynasties, PR has gradually become a universal, self-disciplined principle for garden-construction arts as gardens were developed;The gardens have various poetic tastes: the literati gardens are elegant and distinctly spacious;royal gardens are vast and supreme; temple gardens intend to show heaven-like grandness and vastly clear-cut celestial realms. Traditional Chinese settlements and towns contain elegant PR living wisdoms: the poetic culture fosters glamorously livable and inviting garden homeland; fengshui (geomantic omen) formulates HHH as its core, displaying a picturesque appearance; settlements and towns are interblended with hills and waters showing the rhymes of poetry; the cultural accumulation and poetic interpretation make cities to be loaded with poetic temperament and traditional“eight-scene”culture of towns poeticizes living environments.
Through the periods of ancient Greece to the Enlightenment Movement, most of the classical urban-planning ideas in the western were under the complicated interweaving between rationalism and humanism, and only in the Middle Ages, there appeared some trends to naturalism under the suppression of theocracy. In the modern and contemporary times, there are humanism-oriented factions (the Garden City, etc.) as well as rational-oriented factions (Modernism-Planning thoughts, etc.). The rationalism has been considered to have ever so dominated that it even greatly suppressed humanism; this shortcoming was expected to be mitigated by promoting humanism. However, in the western culture, the rationalism as“Rationality dominates nature”and the humanism as“Human conquers nature”are respectively consistent within each of them. As a result, the rationalism appeared in the form of conquering nature from very beginning (Hippodamus mode in ancient Greek) and even targeted to reform and conquer nature in modern sciences so that it has been criticized as instrumental rationalism in modern society; similarly, since the famous philosophical saying, "Man is a measure to all things", appeared in ancient Greece, overvaluing the Human also showed arrogance towards the Nature,which produced potential shortcoming for later slipping to one-sided anthropocentrism. PR divides planning thoughts between eastern and western such that even the naturalism in the Medieval is not comparable with the traditional, self-conscious Chinese PR. The changes of the post-modernism, ecological-environmental value and their corresponding new exploration on theories and practices in the contemporary western planning thoughts show that the western planning thoughts are approaching PR to certain degree. Except the legend of the Garden of Eden, western gardens, from ancient west-Asia and ancient Egypt to the mature French classicism gardens, all followed the regularized thinking thread that the nature is subordinated to the rationality in the form of strengthening the artificial-arts expressions and, influenced by China, the English natural aesthetics was awaken to create natural-scene gardens and turned to the modern western gardens. The western modern gardens then took naturalization as an important guideline.
Looking back upon the architectural space theory,“functional space→total space→gray space→field space→flowing space”generally shows a sort of progressive increase in spacial‘poetic sense’. The“architecture conception”, proposed by Liang Sicheng, introduces MR into the architectural space design while Chinese poetic MR has always been pursuing the extremely perfect beauties with meaningful philosophies and lively tastes such that there widely exist MR of touching lives in orchid trees or running-water with sunset, etc. Inspired by“architecture conception”with poetry MR, a theory of“poetry-realm space”(PRS) is proposed; it is a distinctive space that is melted with natural environments and possesses higher cultural quality after PR thoughts are infused with architectural entity spaces. It has four particular characteristics, namely, intelligent, layering, meaningful and civilizing. The construction of PR space is a cultural construction to surpass entity spaces and pursue idealization so as to reach the realm to appreciate beauty with conciseness, and it consists of three constructing principles: simulating and complying with nature; producing harmonic images, infusing arts of humanities and sublimating beauty tastes, as well as showing its distinctive characteristics and expressing the true creativeness. The concept of PRS is valuable in deepening understanding of the essence of architectural-space theory, expanding connotation of architectural culture and promoting cultivation of designers. Its designing procedure can be processed by repeating the cycle of“image taking→conception setting→entity expressing→form shaping→passion examining”with their interactions.
Chinese modern urban construction has gained great achievements but there also exist some problems, such as deteriorating environments, disintegrating consistency of urban structures, ignoring regional characteristics and discontinuing historical cultural tradition. A modern planning should take NHH as the prerequisite criteria to advocate humane spirits and possess the specific Chinese cultural characteristics.“Eco City”not only promotes harmony between human and nature and“Shanshui (mountains and waters) City”but also possesses Chinese culture spirits. Along this direction,“Poetry Realm City”(PRC) is further proposed. It refers to a garden-style city in high harmony with natural ecologies with profound humane connotation and lofty aesthetic levels. As a planning thought, it implies that, following the principle of ecological sciences, infiltrated and directed by PR and MR concepts, it pursues the urban planning thoughts aiming at building ideal living environments as a contemporary concrete practice that has distinctive Chinese cultural characteristics. PRC is characterized with six features: the true nature of human and heaven, the original attributes of spirits setting, the harmony between the interdependent passion and rationality, the connection of past and present, the continuity of keeping pace with the times and the quality of MR sublimation. Thus come five strategies for PRC planning, of which the first is the aesthetic strategy of mountains and waters, which means that the city is artistically merged with circumference nature based on the concept of big environments by adopting the six art techniques of planning: reserving hills and waters, leaning hills corresponding to waters, revealing hills and waters, siding hills by waters, displaying hills that are connected to waters, innovating hills and waters. The other strategies include ecological-scientific strategy, culcural-contextualism strategy, strategy of referencing to geomantic omen, and poetic cultivation.
Since the reform and opening up, the residential construction has continuously been improving, but there also exist many problems, such as disrespect for natural landscape features, fossilization of environmental designs, overrunning of European architectural styles. The residential environment art should be mastered by the melody of returning to nature as well as comforting and warming, aiming at strengthening human passions and original attributes and making new technologies follow the ecological principles in serving people. Creating modern PR living with Chinese characteristics means making Chinese-style environments following the artistic concept of“magically creating nature”, constructing natural form of“fountain, stone, pine tree and moon”under the man-made environments, in which people can experience PR of“the rain beating against the banana trees and crouching while listening to autumn raining”to nurture their bodies and spirits, enjoy heart-and-mind happiness and appreciating beauties when realizing Taoism. The key of the designing lies in organically making use of the natural features of basis, upholding natural ways with unique soul-oriented technique comparable with the Nature’s work while taking strong ecological consciousness. After experiencing abusing of European styles in China, it represents the awakening, inheriting and new creating of the Chinese own construction culture as an exploration to pursue the ideal of the PR living in the current China despite the many on-going arguments over the“new Chinese-style”housing.
While Chinese scenic spots have been prosperously developed and accumulated rich and valuable PR heritages, there are still many problems biased from the guiding ideology of planning and constructing, e.g., over-commercialization and over-urbanization, landscape being artificialized and becoming pleasure-ground-like, more developments than protections, etc., caused by those misunderstandings such as commercializing scenes, overwhelming tourism business, mixing scenic spots with amusement parks, and promoting development of scenery regions by following urban real estate development. It is necessary to criticize those harmful development behaviors such as pursuing quick success and profits, chaotic grabbing and occupying lands,“going for wool and coming home shorn”,“draining the pool to get all the fish”. As scenery-appreciation PR in China has a long history and has long become the soul of scene spots whose PR with thousands of excellent poetic rhythms can dispel anxieties from people, we should take the PR conception as a core value in planning and constructing scenic spots and set up a planning system for scenic spots with distinctive Chinese characteristics. The planning and constructing for scenic spots should have two concepts,“obeying-nature protection”and“advocacy of MR sublimation”, and comply with technological principles:‘layout with divisive deployment’,‘capacity controlling’,‘artificial-facilities hiding, refining and naturalizing’and so on.
In an overall viewing over the practice of planning-designing, it is discovered that the PR thinking plays a prominent role in stimulating creative energy, seeking harmony in passion realms, condensing soul-awakening and nurturing national cultural spirits. The PR ideal is a call to direct future trends of planning-designing. As human beings have their own traditional defects and natural sciences are unable to cover everything in the world, modern and future societies, which the religious Gods can no longer rule and lead, are inevitably to be threatened by residential environmental crisis and humanistic predicaments, when the PR culture may show its great advantages. It would be the supreme level of Chinese PR to build up the harmonious relationship between human and nature as well as human and human in the PR way and further extract the essence of the heaven and earth for expressing humanity, which would unify human desires, personality expressions with respect for the Nature to put the poetic mind and mood into spatial construction to have strong passions and aesthetic tastes from the very beginning, which then brings a promotion of cultural qualities and sublimation of aesthetic tastes. This is the PR planning and designing, that is, to build residential environments that can continuously nurture beautiful spirits and humanistic temperament based on the inheritance and development of Chinese culture with the help of the magic illusion in poetic MR.
风雅情趣、诗骚传统,滋育中华民族审美心灵数千年,诗境是其中动人的精神智慧。诗境是指用简炼优美而又饱含意趣的诗一般手法所表达的意境,而意境直观理解是只可意会、难以言传的某种精神意象境界。意境论的缘起和形成史表明产生于诗学并衍生到各艺术领域的意境是中国传统意象思维面向环境审美方面的特殊投射。诗境则表达了以意境为内涵的“言、象、意”互滲的整体系统,从传统哲学“言意之辩”和西方现代哲学“语言学转向”审之,它代表着超越文学修辞表达而迈向一种对生存意义的本真表述和对规划设计本质意义的寻求。诗境是“天人合一”自然哲学观的生动反映,表达了情感升华的审美超越意识和“反身而诚”的审美悟道心理,显示情理相依中的个性创意,故诗境具自然美、情感美和创意美之美学意义。
中国传统建筑有丰富诗境表现:建筑的诗学表达是独特传统,从中看到营造原则、艺术与情感境界等丰富内容;建筑群体感应诗词格律,平原和山地建筑群体分别显现律诗和词曲的韵致;建筑形象被注入诗化意念又通过匠心巧思的技术理性来实现。中国园林以“天人合一”为底蕴成为诗境化身:中国园林是诗情画意的艺术天地;处处有着诗意浸染的园景领悟;诗境自魏晋起一直伴随园林发展,并成为造园艺术的自觉行为法则;园林有不同诗趣,文人园林文雅清旷,皇家园林大气至尊,寺庙园林则追求雲天高远、清幽空灵的仙界神境。中国传统聚落和城镇蕴含优雅的诗境生存智慧:诗文化培育了可居可游可赏之园居佳境;风水构建了“天人合一”为内核、诗情画意为外显的栖居艺术;聚落城镇与山水交融而充满诗韵;文化积淀和诗学诠释使城市承载诗的气质;传统城镇“八景”文化使人居环境诗化。
西方古典城市规划思想历古希腊至启蒙运动各时期,大多处于理性主义和人本主义(以下简称理性和人本)的复杂交织中,唯中世纪时被神权压制才显自然主义倾向。近、现代也是既有偏人本的一派(田园城市等),也有偏理性的一派(现代主义规划思想等)。曾以为理性占主导甚至强盛地压制人本,故期望抬升人本来消解理性弊端,但其实西方文化内部的理性和人本分别为“以理性支配自然”和“以人征服自然”而内在一致,故理性一开始(古希腊希波丹姆斯模式)就表现为征服自然,近代科学更直接表白其目的是改造和征服自然,直至现代社会广被批评的工具理性;同样,人本从古希腊哲学名言“人是万物尺度”起,充分肯定人的价值也显现对自然的傲慢,为後世滑向片面的人类中心主义埋下隐患。诗境是东、西方规划思想差异的分水岭,即使中世纪的自然主义也与中国自觉的诗境不可同日而语。西方当代规划思想的後现代主义转变、生态环境观转变及相应思想理论与实践的新开拓,一定程度上表现出靠向诗境。西方园林除伊甸园传说外,从古西亚古埃及直至成熟期的法国古典主义园林,均是让自然服从理性的规整式思路和强化表现人工艺术的方式,受中国影响的英国自然审美意识觉醒而开创了自然风景园并转向现代园林。西方现代园林追求自然成为重要准则。
回顾建筑空间理论,“功能空间→全面空间→灰空间→场所空间→流动空间”大体显示出一种空间“诗味”递增。它是建筑等实体空间注入诗境思维後所形成的与自然环境相融、文化品位较高并具个性特色的空间。它具四大特质:有灵性、有层次、有意味、有教化。诗境空间营造是在诗境启引下超越实体空间达到审美悟解境地、并为追求理想而进行的发自心源的文化创造,营造原理有三:师法和顺应自然、营造和谐意象;灌注人文艺术、升华审美品位;显现个性特色、表达真情创意。诗境空间理念具有深化认识建筑空间理论本质、扩展建筑文化意义和提升设计师修养的价值。其设计程序可按“取象→立意→感言→赋形→审情”并交往反复进行。
中国当代城市规划建设取得巨大成就,也存在一些如破坏环境、不顾城市结构协调、审美品位扭曲、无视地域特徵、割裂历史文脉等问题。当代规划应以“天人合一”为前提准则、高扬人文精神和具备中国文化特色。“生态城市”倡导人与自然和谐,“山水城市”除此外还具中国文化精神,沿之所开启的视野与方向深化而提出“诗境城市”——与自然(山水)生态高度和谐、具备深厚人文底蕴和高尚审美境界的园林式城市;作为一种规划思想其含义在于:遵循生态科学原理、受诗学意境的浸润与引领、寻求有鲜明中国文化特色、运用于当代具体实践、以建设理想人居环境为目标的城市规划思想。诗境城市六特性:以人和天的本真性、精神安顿的归属性、情理相依的和谐性、承故托今的记忆性,与时俱进的持续性、意境升华的品格性。诗境城市规划五策略:首先是山水美学策略,即从大环境入手使城市与周围山水艺术地相融,可采“保山护水、顺山应水、显山露水、依山傍水、迎山接水、治山理水”的规划艺术手法;另外还有生态科学策略、文脉主义策略、风水借鉴策略和诗学修养策略。
改革开放後居住建设不断提升,也有许多失误如不尊重自然地貌、环境设计僵化、欧陆化泛滥等。住区环境艺术应以回归自然、闲适温馨为主调,以加强人情味和归属感为目标,新技术遵循生态原则服务于人。创造中国特色的现代诗意栖居:营造中式环境——以传统“妙造自然”艺术理念,在虽由人作的环境中构建“泉、石、松、月”的自然表现情形,于中感受“雨打芭蕉、卧听秋雨”的诗意而修身养性、乐心畅神直至审美悟道,其设计要义在于有机地利用基地自然特徵、秉持自然之法匠心独运而巧夺天工、并有强烈的生态意识;建设“新中式”住宅——经历欧陆风泛滥之後开始的“新中式”尽管争议很大,却代表本土建筑文化的觉醒,体现了继承与创新,是当代中国追求诗意栖居理想的一个探索。
中国风景名胜区蓬勃发展并积淀丰富而珍贵的风景审美诗境遗产,存在的问题则表现为规划建设指导思想的偏差如过度商业化城市化、景观人工化游乐场化和重开发轻保护等,缘于将风景等于商品、旅游商业挂帅、风景区与娱乐园混淆、以城市房地产开发模式促风景区发展等认识误区,要批判急功近利、哄占乱抢、弄巧成拙、竭泽而渔等一系列有害开发行为。中国风景审美诗境有悠久历史,万千佳韵的诗境让人尘虑顿消而成为风景名胜区的灵魂,应树立诗境观为风景名胜区规划建设的核心价值观,建立有中国特色的风景名胜区规划体系。风景名胜区规划建设应秉持“顺其自然的维护”、“意境升华的弘扬”两大理念,遵守“布局分置”、“容量控制”、“人工设施隐化、精品化、自然化“等技术原则。
纵观规划设计的实践,发现诗境思维对激发创作活力、谋求情境和谐、浓缩心灵感悟和滋养民族文化精神有突出的作用。诗境理想是牵引规划设计未来走向的召唤,在传统人本有缺陷、自然科学不能涵盖、宗教上帝无法再统领一切的当代和未来社会,必将面临人居环境危机和人文困境,此时诗境文化显示巨大优势。诗境的方式构建人与自然、人与人的和谐,更进一步,得天地之精华而人性抒发,是中国诗境的至高境界,它把人的欲求、个性表达与尊重自然统一起来,将一颗诗意心境强烈投入,致使空间的营造从一开始就带有浓厚的自然审美情趣和个性感情色彩,带来的是文化品格提升和审美情感升华。这就是诗境规划设计,追求基于对中国文化的继承与发展之上,借助诗词意境中的绝妙幻化,建立一种可以持续孕育美的精神与人文气质的人居环境。
Contemporary urban planning and designing is facing problems of human environmental crisis, humanistic predicament and discontinuity of Chinese cultural-spiritual inheritance. In order to find a solution, we propose the poetry-realm planning and designing (PRPD) as awakened by the Chinese culture of“Kingdom of Poem”, inspired by the modern western philosophical "Poetic Dwelling”and hinted by“Shan-shui City”theory,“Architecture Imago”theory and humanistic aesthetics.
The noble-romantic temperament and poetry traditions have nourished Chinese national aesthetical soul for thousands of years; among these traditions,‘poetry realm (PR)’is a touching wisdom. PR is a sort of mind realm (MR), expressed in concise and beautiful poems containing full meaningful charms. MR is a kind of spiritual-imagery realm that can only be implicitly understood but is difficult to be expressed by explicit words. Originated from poetry and then spread out to various arts fields, the formation of MR theory shows that it is a special projection from Chinese traditional imagery thinking when facing environmental aesthetic aspects. By contrast, PR implies a whole system, interwoven by artistic conceptions of "words, imagery and consciousness" with MR as its connotation. From the view of "Words-Mind Debate" of the traditional philosophy and "Linguistic Turn" of modern western philosophies, it represents an expression to surpass literature and rhetoric to convey a true significance of existing and seek an essence of planning and designing. PR is a vivid reflection of the nature-human harmony (NHH) of a natural philosophy, expressing the aesthetic-transcendent consciousness from emotional sublimation and the aesthetic, Tao-awaken psychology of "self-examination and honesty" that shows the individual creativity in mutual dependencies of reasons and emotions. Therefore, PR embodies the aesthetic meanings of natural, emotional and creative beauties.
The traditional Chinese architectures have ample expressions of PR: the architecture-poetry theory is a unique tradition, through which rich contents, such as construction principles, artistic and emotion realms, are embodied; building groups interact with poetic rhythms but when they are in plain and mountain regions, they show regulated verses of poems and“ci”“qu”(a kind of Chinese traditional poem); the architectural image is achieved through the ingenious technical rationality by infusing aesthetic idea. Chinese garden is the embodiment of PR with NHH inside: Chinese garden is the artistic scope of poetic emotion and picturesque sights;Since Wei and Jin dynasties, PR has gradually become a universal, self-disciplined principle for garden-construction arts as gardens were developed;The gardens have various poetic tastes: the literati gardens are elegant and distinctly spacious;royal gardens are vast and supreme; temple gardens intend to show heaven-like grandness and vastly clear-cut celestial realms. Traditional Chinese settlements and towns contain elegant PR living wisdoms: the poetic culture fosters glamorously livable and inviting garden homeland; fengshui (geomantic omen) formulates HHH as its core, displaying a picturesque appearance; settlements and towns are interblended with hills and waters showing the rhymes of poetry; the cultural accumulation and poetic interpretation make cities to be loaded with poetic temperament and traditional“eight-scene”culture of towns poeticizes living environments.
Through the periods of ancient Greece to the Enlightenment Movement, most of the classical urban-planning ideas in the western were under the complicated interweaving between rationalism and humanism, and only in the Middle Ages, there appeared some trends to naturalism under the suppression of theocracy. In the modern and contemporary times, there are humanism-oriented factions (the Garden City, etc.) as well as rational-oriented factions (Modernism-Planning thoughts, etc.). The rationalism has been considered to have ever so dominated that it even greatly suppressed humanism; this shortcoming was expected to be mitigated by promoting humanism. However, in the western culture, the rationalism as“Rationality dominates nature”and the humanism as“Human conquers nature”are respectively consistent within each of them. As a result, the rationalism appeared in the form of conquering nature from very beginning (Hippodamus mode in ancient Greek) and even targeted to reform and conquer nature in modern sciences so that it has been criticized as instrumental rationalism in modern society; similarly, since the famous philosophical saying, "Man is a measure to all things", appeared in ancient Greece, overvaluing the Human also showed arrogance towards the Nature,which produced potential shortcoming for later slipping to one-sided anthropocentrism. PR divides planning thoughts between eastern and western such that even the naturalism in the Medieval is not comparable with the traditional, self-conscious Chinese PR. The changes of the post-modernism, ecological-environmental value and their corresponding new exploration on theories and practices in the contemporary western planning thoughts show that the western planning thoughts are approaching PR to certain degree. Except the legend of the Garden of Eden, western gardens, from ancient west-Asia and ancient Egypt to the mature French classicism gardens, all followed the regularized thinking thread that the nature is subordinated to the rationality in the form of strengthening the artificial-arts expressions and, influenced by China, the English natural aesthetics was awaken to create natural-scene gardens and turned to the modern western gardens. The western modern gardens then took naturalization as an important guideline.
Looking back upon the architectural space theory,“functional space→total space→gray space→field space→flowing space”generally shows a sort of progressive increase in spacial‘poetic sense’. The“architecture conception”, proposed by Liang Sicheng, introduces MR into the architectural space design while Chinese poetic MR has always been pursuing the extremely perfect beauties with meaningful philosophies and lively tastes such that there widely exist MR of touching lives in orchid trees or running-water with sunset, etc. Inspired by“architecture conception”with poetry MR, a theory of“poetry-realm space”(PRS) is proposed; it is a distinctive space that is melted with natural environments and possesses higher cultural quality after PR thoughts are infused with architectural entity spaces. It has four particular characteristics, namely, intelligent, layering, meaningful and civilizing. The construction of PR space is a cultural construction to surpass entity spaces and pursue idealization so as to reach the realm to appreciate beauty with conciseness, and it consists of three constructing principles: simulating and complying with nature; producing harmonic images, infusing arts of humanities and sublimating beauty tastes, as well as showing its distinctive characteristics and expressing the true creativeness. The concept of PRS is valuable in deepening understanding of the essence of architectural-space theory, expanding connotation of architectural culture and promoting cultivation of designers. Its designing procedure can be processed by repeating the cycle of“image taking→conception setting→entity expressing→form shaping→passion examining”with their interactions.
Chinese modern urban construction has gained great achievements but there also exist some problems, such as deteriorating environments, disintegrating consistency of urban structures, ignoring regional characteristics and discontinuing historical cultural tradition. A modern planning should take NHH as the prerequisite criteria to advocate humane spirits and possess the specific Chinese cultural characteristics.“Eco City”not only promotes harmony between human and nature and“Shanshui (mountains and waters) City”but also possesses Chinese culture spirits. Along this direction,“Poetry Realm City”(PRC) is further proposed. It refers to a garden-style city in high harmony with natural ecologies with profound humane connotation and lofty aesthetic levels. As a planning thought, it implies that, following the principle of ecological sciences, infiltrated and directed by PR and MR concepts, it pursues the urban planning thoughts aiming at building ideal living environments as a contemporary concrete practice that has distinctive Chinese cultural characteristics. PRC is characterized with six features: the true nature of human and heaven, the original attributes of spirits setting, the harmony between the interdependent passion and rationality, the connection of past and present, the continuity of keeping pace with the times and the quality of MR sublimation. Thus come five strategies for PRC planning, of which the first is the aesthetic strategy of mountains and waters, which means that the city is artistically merged with circumference nature based on the concept of big environments by adopting the six art techniques of planning: reserving hills and waters, leaning hills corresponding to waters, revealing hills and waters, siding hills by waters, displaying hills that are connected to waters, innovating hills and waters. The other strategies include ecological-scientific strategy, culcural-contextualism strategy, strategy of referencing to geomantic omen, and poetic cultivation.
Since the reform and opening up, the residential construction has continuously been improving, but there also exist many problems, such as disrespect for natural landscape features, fossilization of environmental designs, overrunning of European architectural styles. The residential environment art should be mastered by the melody of returning to nature as well as comforting and warming, aiming at strengthening human passions and original attributes and making new technologies follow the ecological principles in serving people. Creating modern PR living with Chinese characteristics means making Chinese-style environments following the artistic concept of“magically creating nature”, constructing natural form of“fountain, stone, pine tree and moon”under the man-made environments, in which people can experience PR of“the rain beating against the banana trees and crouching while listening to autumn raining”to nurture their bodies and spirits, enjoy heart-and-mind happiness and appreciating beauties when realizing Taoism. The key of the designing lies in organically making use of the natural features of basis, upholding natural ways with unique soul-oriented technique comparable with the Nature’s work while taking strong ecological consciousness. After experiencing abusing of European styles in China, it represents the awakening, inheriting and new creating of the Chinese own construction culture as an exploration to pursue the ideal of the PR living in the current China despite the many on-going arguments over the“new Chinese-style”housing.
While Chinese scenic spots have been prosperously developed and accumulated rich and valuable PR heritages, there are still many problems biased from the guiding ideology of planning and constructing, e.g., over-commercialization and over-urbanization, landscape being artificialized and becoming pleasure-ground-like, more developments than protections, etc., caused by those misunderstandings such as commercializing scenes, overwhelming tourism business, mixing scenic spots with amusement parks, and promoting development of scenery regions by following urban real estate development. It is necessary to criticize those harmful development behaviors such as pursuing quick success and profits, chaotic grabbing and occupying lands,“going for wool and coming home shorn”,“draining the pool to get all the fish”. As scenery-appreciation PR in China has a long history and has long become the soul of scene spots whose PR with thousands of excellent poetic rhythms can dispel anxieties from people, we should take the PR conception as a core value in planning and constructing scenic spots and set up a planning system for scenic spots with distinctive Chinese characteristics. The planning and constructing for scenic spots should have two concepts,“obeying-nature protection”and“advocacy of MR sublimation”, and comply with technological principles:‘layout with divisive deployment’,‘capacity controlling’,‘artificial-facilities hiding, refining and naturalizing’and so on.
In an overall viewing over the practice of planning-designing, it is discovered that the PR thinking plays a prominent role in stimulating creative energy, seeking harmony in passion realms, condensing soul-awakening and nurturing national cultural spirits. The PR ideal is a call to direct future trends of planning-designing. As human beings have their own traditional defects and natural sciences are unable to cover everything in the world, modern and future societies, which the religious Gods can no longer rule and lead, are inevitably to be threatened by residential environmental crisis and humanistic predicaments, when the PR culture may show its great advantages. It would be the supreme level of Chinese PR to build up the harmonious relationship between human and nature as well as human and human in the PR way and further extract the essence of the heaven and earth for expressing humanity, which would unify human desires, personality expressions with respect for the Nature to put the poetic mind and mood into spatial construction to have strong passions and aesthetic tastes from the very beginning, which then brings a promotion of cultural qualities and sublimation of aesthetic tastes. This is the PR planning and designing, that is, to build residential environments that can continuously nurture beautiful spirits and humanistic temperament based on the inheritance and development of Chinese culture with the help of the magic illusion in poetic MR.
引文
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