论服务业跨国公司发展过程中的分而治之
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摘要
服务业跨国公司发展过程中的分而治之理论,并不完全基于主流的服务业跨国公司发展理论,而是一个能解释服务业跨国公司扩张的新理论。分而治之是跨国公司利用劳动力和资本之间流动性的不对称性,削弱劳动力合谋,从而提高资本赢利的战略,是服务业跨国公司快速扩张的内在动力。
本文试图从分而治之的角度解释服务业跨国公司迅猛发展与日益严重的劳资矛盾并存的现象,并分析两者之间的内在联系,有利于进一步认识服务业跨国公司的发展模式及其对收入分配的影响。文章首先从服务业跨国公司分而治之理论前提入手,通过比较分析阐明了服务业跨国公司分而治之战略与主流跨国公司理论的相同与不同点。接着从竞争性交换和专用性人力资本的角度分析了跨国公司分而治之战略的产生机制,即对普通劳动力存在强资本、弱劳动引起的分而治之;对高知识高人力资本劳动力存在强劳动、弱资本引起的反分而治之。分而治之意味着资本要素收入对劳动要素收入的侵占,而反分而治之则反映了服务业跨国公司发展中注重知识能力的特点。然后以沃尔玛的发展过程为例,从员工工资、高管薪酬以及资本盈利能力等方面论证了分而治之的存在及影响。最后总结了分而治之战略对跨国公司公司成长、内部收入分配、东道国经济和世界经济均衡发展的影响,并提出了关于我国政府与企业应对跨国公司分而治之战略的措施建议。
The theory of divide and rule by Service multinational corporations (MNCs) is not a mere continuation based solely on the mainstream service MNCs development theories, but a new theory that can explain the transnational expansion of service MNCs. The divide and rule strategy relies on the asymmetry between liquidity of labor and capital factors, thereby weaken the power of labor collusion in order to enhance the profitability of capital factor.
This paper attempts to explain the coexistence of rapid development of service MNCs and increasing severe conflicts between labor and capital, analyses the inherent relations between those two, in favor of further understand the developmental pattern of service MNCs and its effects on income distribution. Starting from the basic assumptions, this paper explores the similarities and differences between divide and rule theory and other classic service MNCs theories by comparison analysis. Later on, this paper analyses the mechanisms of service MNCs divide and rule strategy from competitive exchange and specific human capital perspectives. Strong capital and weak labor causes divide and rule to ordinary workers; while strong labor and weak capital causes anti-divide and rule to high-knowledge and human capital employees. Divide and rule implies that capital factor occupies labor factor income, while anti-divide and rule reflects the knowledge-oriented features in the development of service MNCs. In addition, the paper takes Wal-Mart as a typical example, proves divide and rule theory through investigations on worker’s wage, manager’s income and capital profitability. Finally, this paper summarizes the effect of divide and rule strategy on company growth, internal income distribution, economy of host countries and balances of world economy, and proposes some policy suggestions to our government and enterprises on how to deal with divide and rule strategy.
本文试图从分而治之的角度解释服务业跨国公司迅猛发展与日益严重的劳资矛盾并存的现象,并分析两者之间的内在联系,有利于进一步认识服务业跨国公司的发展模式及其对收入分配的影响。文章首先从服务业跨国公司分而治之理论前提入手,通过比较分析阐明了服务业跨国公司分而治之战略与主流跨国公司理论的相同与不同点。接着从竞争性交换和专用性人力资本的角度分析了跨国公司分而治之战略的产生机制,即对普通劳动力存在强资本、弱劳动引起的分而治之;对高知识高人力资本劳动力存在强劳动、弱资本引起的反分而治之。分而治之意味着资本要素收入对劳动要素收入的侵占,而反分而治之则反映了服务业跨国公司发展中注重知识能力的特点。然后以沃尔玛的发展过程为例,从员工工资、高管薪酬以及资本盈利能力等方面论证了分而治之的存在及影响。最后总结了分而治之战略对跨国公司公司成长、内部收入分配、东道国经济和世界经济均衡发展的影响,并提出了关于我国政府与企业应对跨国公司分而治之战略的措施建议。
The theory of divide and rule by Service multinational corporations (MNCs) is not a mere continuation based solely on the mainstream service MNCs development theories, but a new theory that can explain the transnational expansion of service MNCs. The divide and rule strategy relies on the asymmetry between liquidity of labor and capital factors, thereby weaken the power of labor collusion in order to enhance the profitability of capital factor.
This paper attempts to explain the coexistence of rapid development of service MNCs and increasing severe conflicts between labor and capital, analyses the inherent relations between those two, in favor of further understand the developmental pattern of service MNCs and its effects on income distribution. Starting from the basic assumptions, this paper explores the similarities and differences between divide and rule theory and other classic service MNCs theories by comparison analysis. Later on, this paper analyses the mechanisms of service MNCs divide and rule strategy from competitive exchange and specific human capital perspectives. Strong capital and weak labor causes divide and rule to ordinary workers; while strong labor and weak capital causes anti-divide and rule to high-knowledge and human capital employees. Divide and rule implies that capital factor occupies labor factor income, while anti-divide and rule reflects the knowledge-oriented features in the development of service MNCs. In addition, the paper takes Wal-Mart as a typical example, proves divide and rule theory through investigations on worker’s wage, manager’s income and capital profitability. Finally, this paper summarizes the effect of divide and rule strategy on company growth, internal income distribution, economy of host countries and balances of world economy, and proposes some policy suggestions to our government and enterprises on how to deal with divide and rule strategy.
引文
⑨Stephen S. Roach. Outsourcing, Protectionism, and the Global Labor Arbitrage [R], Morgan Stanley Economic Research, Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated, Nov.2003。
[1] Marglin. What do bosses do? The origins and functions of hierarchy in capitalist production [J]. Review of Radical Political Economics 1974(6): 60-112.
[2] Christos N. Pitelis and Roger Sugden. The nature of the transnational firm (2nd edition) [M]. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
[3] Erramilli M.K. and Rao C.P.. Service Firm’s International Entry-mod Choice:a Modified Transation-cost Analysis Approach [J]. Journal of Marketing, 1993(7): 19-38.
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[6] Rahim,M.A.A Measure of Handing Interpersonal Conflict[J]. Academy of Management Journal,1983(3): 368-376.
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[8] Mark Palmer. Crossing Threshold Periods in the Retail Life Cycle: Insights from Wal-Mart International [J]. European Management Journal, Volume 23, Issue 6, 2005(12): 717-729
[9] Emek.Basker. Job Creation or Destruction? Labor-Market Effects of Wal-Mart Expansion [J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 2005(2): 174-183.
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[12] FORTUNE GLOBAL 500[R]. FORTUNE, 2000-2009.
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[16]周长城、陈群.集体谈判:建立合作型劳资关系的有效战略[J].社会科学研究, 2004(04): 56-64.
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[21] Wal-Mart: Rolling Back Workers’Wages, Rights, and the American Dream [R]. American Rights at Work Report, 2005.
[22] Nora Ganim Barnes, Allison Connell, Lisa Hermenegildo. Regional Differences in the Economic Impact of Wal-Mart [J]. Business Horizons, Volume 39, 1996(4): 212-226.
[23] Dunning. Multinational Enterprises and the Growth of Services: Some Conceptual and theoretical Issues [J]. The Service Industries Journal, 1999 (1): 5-39.
[24] Grubel,G.H. A Theory of Multinational Banking [J]. Banco Nazional Del Lavoro, 1977(12): 349-63.
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[26] Jean M.Gray H.Peter Gray. The multinational bank:A financial MNC? [J]. Journal of Banking & Finance, Volume 5, Issue 1, 1981(3): 33-63.
[27] Pecchioli,R.M. The Internationalization of Banking [M]. Paris: OECD, 1983.
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[29] Boddewyn J.J. Marsha Baldwin Halbrich. Service Multinationals: Conceptionalization, Measurement and Theory [J].Journal of International Business Studies, 1986 (17): 41-57.
[30] Behrman J.N. The International Transfer of Technology: Theory, Issues, and Practice [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 1989, 20 (2): 369-371.
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[32] L.Nachum and D.Keeble. External Networks and Geographic Clustering as Sources of MNE Advantages: Foreign and Indigenous Professional Service Firms in Central London [J]. ESRC Centre for Business Research, Research Working Papers 195, 2000(4): 1-23.
[33]蔡兴.服务业跨国公司的进入模式述评[J].上海商学院学报, 2006,7(1): 22-26.
[34]薛求知、杨飞.跨国银行管理[M].上海:复旦大学出版社, 2002.
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[37] Daniel J. Seidmann. Perverse committee appointments may foster divide and rule [J]. Journal of Public Economics, Volume 92, 2008(4): 448-455.
[38] Antonio Nicolò& Yan Yu. Strategic divide and choose [J]. Games and Economic Behavior, 2008(9): 268-289.
[39]李霄、徐中和.企业冲突管理的博弈分析[J].价值工程, 2004(1): 45-51.
[40]徐涛、张晨曦.论跨国公司保护人权的社会责任[J].政治与法律, 2005(2): 63-67.
[41]陶向南、赵曙明.子公司角色、绩效表现对跨国公司人力资源本土化配置影响的实证研究[J].管理世界, 2002(8): 53-62.
[42]陈志俊、邱敬渊.分而治之:防范合谋的不对称机制[J].经济学(季刊), 2003(10): 195-216.
[43]肖建清.全球生产网络与中国知识密集型服务业转型升级研究[J].商场现代化, 2009(08):18-19.
[44]周凌霄.跨国并购中的文化冲突协调与人力资源整合[J].经济师.2006 (11): 12-20.
[45]刘兵权.服务业跨国公司发展与母国经济的理论探析[J].世界经济与政治论坛, 2006(1): 20-23.
[46]印度IT行业2002年战略评论[R].印度全国软件及服务公司协会与McKinsy Co., 2002.
[47]董国辉.经济全球化与“中心---外围”理论[J].拉丁美洲研究, 2003(2): 30-33.
[48]路易斯·普特曼.企业的经济性质[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社, 2009.
[49]薛求知,郑琴琴.服务型跨国公司的出现及扩张动因[J].世界经济研究, 2002(5):46-49.
[50] Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Annual Report [R]. www.walmartfacts.com, 2000-2005.
[51]文慧.专用性人力资本双边机会主义的分析—基于竞争性交换的视角[J].广东财经职业学院学报, 2007(12): 62-66.
[52] Buckley, Neil and Caroline Daniel. Wal-Mart vs. the Workers [J]. Financial Times, 2003(11): 23-26.
[53]王俊强.沃尔玛工会门事件拷问HR转型[J].卓越管理, 2009(7): 24-27.
[54] Greenhouse, Steven, and Michael Barbaro. Wal-Mart Memo Suggests Ways to Cut Employee Benefits Costs [N]. The New York Times, 26 Oct. 2005.
[55] Chen. Z.J, J.Y.Chiou, Divide to Conquer: Asymmetric Mechanism with Discrimination to Prevent Collusion [J]. working paper, IDEIToulouse, 2003.
[56]赵芷兰.从沃尔玛的利润分享谈企业人力资源管理[J].企业家天地, 2008(7): 24-26.
[57] Bailey. Governing the Workplace [J]. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 1995, 33(4): 211-248.
[58] Katz and Kochan. The Contemporary Decline of Union Strength [J]. Contemporary Policy 1987(3): 12-20.
[59] Segal, I. Coordination and Discrimination in Contraction with Externalities: Divide and Conquer? [R]. Mimeo, Stanford University, 2001.
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[1] Marglin. What do bosses do? The origins and functions of hierarchy in capitalist production [J]. Review of Radical Political Economics 1974(6): 60-112.
[2] Christos N. Pitelis and Roger Sugden. The nature of the transnational firm (2nd edition) [M]. London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
[3] Erramilli M.K. and Rao C.P.. Service Firm’s International Entry-mod Choice:a Modified Transation-cost Analysis Approach [J]. Journal of Marketing, 1993(7): 19-38.
[4]萨谬尔?鲍尔斯,赫尔伯特?吉恩蒂斯.竞争性交换:资本主义政治经济的新微观基础[M].企业的经济性质.上海:上海财经大学出版社,2000.
[5]刘长庚等.以资源为基础的服务业跨国公司发展研究[M].湘潭:湘潭大学出版社, 2007
[6] Rahim,M.A.A Measure of Handing Interpersonal Conflict[J]. Academy of Management Journal,1983(3): 368-376.
[7] Kevin Harris. When Wal-Mart Comes to Town [J]. Economic Development Division of American Planning Association, 1996(10): 1-13.
[8] Mark Palmer. Crossing Threshold Periods in the Retail Life Cycle: Insights from Wal-Mart International [J]. European Management Journal, Volume 23, Issue 6, 2005(12): 717-729
[9] Emek.Basker. Job Creation or Destruction? Labor-Market Effects of Wal-Mart Expansion [J]. Review of Economics and Statistics, 2005(2): 174-183.
[10] Emek Basker. The Causes and Consequences of Wal-Mart’s Growth [J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2007(4): 177-198.
[11] Sandra Mottner, Steve Smith. Wal-Mart: Supplier performance and market power [J]. Journal of Business Research, Volume 62, Issue 5, 2009(5): 535-541.
[12] FORTUNE GLOBAL 500[R]. FORTUNE, 2000-2009.
[13]联合国贸易与发展会议.世界投资报告[R].联合国网站. 2000-2008.
[14]迈克尔·波特,国家竞争优势[M].北京:华夏出版社, 2002.
[15]史蒂芬·罗奇.未来的亚洲:新全球化时代的机遇与挑战[M].北京:中信出版社, 2009.
[16]周长城、陈群.集体谈判:建立合作型劳资关系的有效战略[J].社会科学研究, 2004(04): 56-64.
[17]胡豪.跨国公司的人力资源管理[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2007.
[18] Hawkins. R and Michael J. U.S. jobs and foreign investment in D. Kujawa (ed.) International Labor and the Multinational Enterprise [M]. New York: Praeger, 1975.
[19] Burkitt. B and D. Bowers. Trade Unions and the Economy [M]. London: Macmillan, 1979.
[20] Kusum L. Alawadi, Norm Borin. Market Power and Performance: A Cross-Industry Analysis of Manufacturers and Retailers [J]. Jounal of Retailing, 1995 Volume 71(3): 211-248.
[21] Wal-Mart: Rolling Back Workers’Wages, Rights, and the American Dream [R]. American Rights at Work Report, 2005.
[22] Nora Ganim Barnes, Allison Connell, Lisa Hermenegildo. Regional Differences in the Economic Impact of Wal-Mart [J]. Business Horizons, Volume 39, 1996(4): 212-226.
[23] Dunning. Multinational Enterprises and the Growth of Services: Some Conceptual and theoretical Issues [J]. The Service Industries Journal, 1999 (1): 5-39.
[24] Grubel,G.H. A Theory of Multinational Banking [J]. Banco Nazional Del Lavoro, 1977(12): 349-63.
[25] Rugman. Inside the Multinationals [M]. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981.
[26] Jean M.Gray H.Peter Gray. The multinational bank:A financial MNC? [J]. Journal of Banking & Finance, Volume 5, Issue 1, 1981(3): 33-63.
[27] Pecchioli,R.M. The Internationalization of Banking [M]. Paris: OECD, 1983.
[28] Buckley P.J.& Casson. A Theory of Cooperation in International Business [M]. Lexington: Mass D.C.Heath & Co, 1988.
[29] Boddewyn J.J. Marsha Baldwin Halbrich. Service Multinationals: Conceptionalization, Measurement and Theory [J].Journal of International Business Studies, 1986 (17): 41-57.
[30] Behrman J.N. The International Transfer of Technology: Theory, Issues, and Practice [J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 1989, 20 (2): 369-371.
[31] Enderwick P. Some Economics of Service-Sector Multinational Enterprises Multinational Service Firms [M]. London: Routledge, 1989.
[32] L.Nachum and D.Keeble. External Networks and Geographic Clustering as Sources of MNE Advantages: Foreign and Indigenous Professional Service Firms in Central London [J]. ESRC Centre for Business Research, Research Working Papers 195, 2000(4): 1-23.
[33]蔡兴.服务业跨国公司的进入模式述评[J].上海商学院学报, 2006,7(1): 22-26.
[34]薛求知、杨飞.跨国银行管理[M].上海:复旦大学出版社, 2002.
[35]安东尼·B·阿特金森,弗兰科伊斯·布吉尼翁.收入分配经济学手册[M].北京:经济科学出版社, 2001.
[36] Barbara Baarsma. Divide and rule. The economic and legal implications of the proposed ownership unbundling of distribution and supply companies in the Dutch electricity sector [J]. Energy Policy, 2007(35): 1785-1794.
[37] Daniel J. Seidmann. Perverse committee appointments may foster divide and rule [J]. Journal of Public Economics, Volume 92, 2008(4): 448-455.
[38] Antonio Nicolò& Yan Yu. Strategic divide and choose [J]. Games and Economic Behavior, 2008(9): 268-289.
[39]李霄、徐中和.企业冲突管理的博弈分析[J].价值工程, 2004(1): 45-51.
[40]徐涛、张晨曦.论跨国公司保护人权的社会责任[J].政治与法律, 2005(2): 63-67.
[41]陶向南、赵曙明.子公司角色、绩效表现对跨国公司人力资源本土化配置影响的实证研究[J].管理世界, 2002(8): 53-62.
[42]陈志俊、邱敬渊.分而治之:防范合谋的不对称机制[J].经济学(季刊), 2003(10): 195-216.
[43]肖建清.全球生产网络与中国知识密集型服务业转型升级研究[J].商场现代化, 2009(08):18-19.
[44]周凌霄.跨国并购中的文化冲突协调与人力资源整合[J].经济师.2006 (11): 12-20.
[45]刘兵权.服务业跨国公司发展与母国经济的理论探析[J].世界经济与政治论坛, 2006(1): 20-23.
[46]印度IT行业2002年战略评论[R].印度全国软件及服务公司协会与McKinsy Co., 2002.
[47]董国辉.经济全球化与“中心---外围”理论[J].拉丁美洲研究, 2003(2): 30-33.
[48]路易斯·普特曼.企业的经济性质[M].上海:上海财经大学出版社, 2009.
[49]薛求知,郑琴琴.服务型跨国公司的出现及扩张动因[J].世界经济研究, 2002(5):46-49.
[50] Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Annual Report [R]. www.walmartfacts.com, 2000-2005.
[51]文慧.专用性人力资本双边机会主义的分析—基于竞争性交换的视角[J].广东财经职业学院学报, 2007(12): 62-66.
[52] Buckley, Neil and Caroline Daniel. Wal-Mart vs. the Workers [J]. Financial Times, 2003(11): 23-26.
[53]王俊强.沃尔玛工会门事件拷问HR转型[J].卓越管理, 2009(7): 24-27.
[54] Greenhouse, Steven, and Michael Barbaro. Wal-Mart Memo Suggests Ways to Cut Employee Benefits Costs [N]. The New York Times, 26 Oct. 2005.
[55] Chen. Z.J, J.Y.Chiou, Divide to Conquer: Asymmetric Mechanism with Discrimination to Prevent Collusion [J]. working paper, IDEIToulouse, 2003.
[56]赵芷兰.从沃尔玛的利润分享谈企业人力资源管理[J].企业家天地, 2008(7): 24-26.
[57] Bailey. Governing the Workplace [J]. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 1995, 33(4): 211-248.
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