基尼系数法在黄河中上游流域水污染物总量分配中的应用研究
|
摘要
近来,随着我国经济的快速发展,水污染问题日益严峻,尤其是水质型缺水问题已成为众多区域经济社会可持续发展的瓶颈。因此,如何做好水环境管理工作显得尤为重要。而水环境容量作为水环境管理的基石,对一区域水污染物总量控制有着至关重要的意义。在容量总量控制过程中,水污染物排放指标的分配是不可缺少而又至关重要的一个环节,它不仅是污染物总量控制的核心,也是实施总量控制工作的起点。因此,如何科学合理的分配污染物排放指标是实施水环境管理的关键。然而在当前,水环境容量作为一种环境资源日益彰显稀缺,如何合理分配其使用权既是一个十分重要的技术难题,又是下一步环境保护工作的重点和难点。从目前国内外水污染物总量分配技术现状来看,该技术尚存在多种问题,进而影响到水污染物总量控制的整体进程。因此,本文设想以排污指标分配公平性最大化为基础,将公平与效率结合起来,建立一个可行易操作的水污染物总量分配方案。
在对现有各种水环境容量分配模型进行剖析的基础上,分析了现有水污染物排放指标分配方案的特点及其限制条件和因素,明确了本论文的研究目的在于构建一套新型的、兼顾公平和效率,能被各省区普遍接受,并且易操作,便于实施的总量分配方法。具体方法是：将经济学领域中的基尼系数引用到水污染物排放指标分配当中来,在综合考虑一区域自然和社会经济要素的基础上,选取具有代表性的人口、GDP、土地面积、环境容量四个环境基尼系数指标,构建流域内各控制单元污染物现状排放量与该四项指标的洛伦兹曲线,求得基于公平性的各环境基尼系数。而后建立一个以各指标环境基尼系数之和最小为目标函数、多约束条件的优化模型,对其进行优化调整,从而得到兼顾公平和效益的水污染物总量分配方案,初步实现了水污染物总量指标分配的公平性与合理性,最后将该分配方法应用于黄河中上游流域水污染总量分配中。
总之,本课题针对目前一些污染物排放指标分配方法难以兼顾公平和效益的情况下,在现有水污染物总量分配方法的基础上,为水污染物总量分配模型的建立提供了一条新的思路,并在该思路基础上,通过选取适当分配指标,设计相应技术方案,建立了一套以公平性最大化为基础同时兼顾效益的排污指标分配模型,使得最终确定的分配方案在满足公平性的前提下更符合各区域的实际情况,从而提高了规划分配方案在实施中的可操作性,为黄河中上游流域水污染物总量控制提供了科学依据。
Recently, with the rapid economic development in China, the problems on water pollution become more and more serious, especially quality-induced water shortage has become a bottleneck of socio-economic sustainable development in many regions. So how to improve water environment management is especially important. Water environment capacity as the cornerstone of water environment management has the fundamental importance to total waste-load control in a region. In the process of water environment protection, total water waste-load allocation is an essential and indispensable part in water environment management, it is not only the core of total waste-load control, but the starting point in implementing total load control. Therefore, how to distribute total water waste-load scientifically and reasonably is the key to implementing water environment management. However, nowadays, water environment capacity as a kind of environmental resources becomes more and more scarce. How to distribute total water waste-load reasonably is not only a very important technical problem, but also is the important and difficult work on environmental protection in the next step. From the current technology of water waste-load allocation in domestic and foreign, this technology still exists a variety of problems, it affects the whole process of total water waste-load control. Therefore, this paper set up a viable scheme on water waste-load allocation, based on maximize fairness on water load allocation, combining equity and efficiency.
This paper was based on the analysis of a variety of the model of water load allocation, analyzed of the characteristics and constraint factors in current method of water pollutant load allocation, defined the purpose of this research was to construct a new method of total load allocation, giving consideration to equity and efficiency, and being easy to implement. The specific method was as follows:this paper introduced Gini coefficient used in economy field to water waste load allocation. A equitable and rational system of environmental Gini coefficient indexes was constructed by analyzing the natural and socio-economic factors of each region synthetically, which consisted of typical indexes of population, GDP, land area and environmental capacity. Then the status quo of pollutant emissions in each region and the Lorenz curves based on four indexes have been drawn and calculated respectively. In an attempt to minimize the difference in equity among various regions, a single-objective optimization model combining with constraint method was established, which took the minimization of summation of four environmental Gini coefficients as the objective function. After optimizing and adjusting, we obtained the solution to water waste load allocation taking fairness and benefit into account. Finally, this total load allocation method was used in water waste load allocation in the upper and middle Yellow River basin.
In a word, in an attempt to solve the difficulty of taking equity into account for current methods on water waste-load allocation, we provided a new method on water waste-load allocation, and proposed a model on water waste-load allocation based on maximize fairness and taking benefit into account by selecting the appropriate Indexes based on this idea, the final scheme of distribution well conforms to the actual situation of each region in the premise of meeting equity, so it improves the operation of allocation scheme in implementation, and provided a scientific basis on water waste-load allocation in the upper and middle Yellow River basin.
在对现有各种水环境容量分配模型进行剖析的基础上,分析了现有水污染物排放指标分配方案的特点及其限制条件和因素,明确了本论文的研究目的在于构建一套新型的、兼顾公平和效率,能被各省区普遍接受,并且易操作,便于实施的总量分配方法。具体方法是：将经济学领域中的基尼系数引用到水污染物排放指标分配当中来,在综合考虑一区域自然和社会经济要素的基础上,选取具有代表性的人口、GDP、土地面积、环境容量四个环境基尼系数指标,构建流域内各控制单元污染物现状排放量与该四项指标的洛伦兹曲线,求得基于公平性的各环境基尼系数。而后建立一个以各指标环境基尼系数之和最小为目标函数、多约束条件的优化模型,对其进行优化调整,从而得到兼顾公平和效益的水污染物总量分配方案,初步实现了水污染物总量指标分配的公平性与合理性,最后将该分配方法应用于黄河中上游流域水污染总量分配中。
总之,本课题针对目前一些污染物排放指标分配方法难以兼顾公平和效益的情况下,在现有水污染物总量分配方法的基础上,为水污染物总量分配模型的建立提供了一条新的思路,并在该思路基础上,通过选取适当分配指标,设计相应技术方案,建立了一套以公平性最大化为基础同时兼顾效益的排污指标分配模型,使得最终确定的分配方案在满足公平性的前提下更符合各区域的实际情况,从而提高了规划分配方案在实施中的可操作性,为黄河中上游流域水污染物总量控制提供了科学依据。
Recently, with the rapid economic development in China, the problems on water pollution become more and more serious, especially quality-induced water shortage has become a bottleneck of socio-economic sustainable development in many regions. So how to improve water environment management is especially important. Water environment capacity as the cornerstone of water environment management has the fundamental importance to total waste-load control in a region. In the process of water environment protection, total water waste-load allocation is an essential and indispensable part in water environment management, it is not only the core of total waste-load control, but the starting point in implementing total load control. Therefore, how to distribute total water waste-load scientifically and reasonably is the key to implementing water environment management. However, nowadays, water environment capacity as a kind of environmental resources becomes more and more scarce. How to distribute total water waste-load reasonably is not only a very important technical problem, but also is the important and difficult work on environmental protection in the next step. From the current technology of water waste-load allocation in domestic and foreign, this technology still exists a variety of problems, it affects the whole process of total water waste-load control. Therefore, this paper set up a viable scheme on water waste-load allocation, based on maximize fairness on water load allocation, combining equity and efficiency.
This paper was based on the analysis of a variety of the model of water load allocation, analyzed of the characteristics and constraint factors in current method of water pollutant load allocation, defined the purpose of this research was to construct a new method of total load allocation, giving consideration to equity and efficiency, and being easy to implement. The specific method was as follows:this paper introduced Gini coefficient used in economy field to water waste load allocation. A equitable and rational system of environmental Gini coefficient indexes was constructed by analyzing the natural and socio-economic factors of each region synthetically, which consisted of typical indexes of population, GDP, land area and environmental capacity. Then the status quo of pollutant emissions in each region and the Lorenz curves based on four indexes have been drawn and calculated respectively. In an attempt to minimize the difference in equity among various regions, a single-objective optimization model combining with constraint method was established, which took the minimization of summation of four environmental Gini coefficients as the objective function. After optimizing and adjusting, we obtained the solution to water waste load allocation taking fairness and benefit into account. Finally, this total load allocation method was used in water waste load allocation in the upper and middle Yellow River basin.
In a word, in an attempt to solve the difficulty of taking equity into account for current methods on water waste-load allocation, we provided a new method on water waste-load allocation, and proposed a model on water waste-load allocation based on maximize fairness and taking benefit into account by selecting the appropriate Indexes based on this idea, the final scheme of distribution well conforms to the actual situation of each region in the premise of meeting equity, so it improves the operation of allocation scheme in implementation, and provided a scientific basis on water waste-load allocation in the upper and middle Yellow River basin.
引文
[1]孟祥明.基尼系数法在水污染物总量分配中的应用[D].天津：天津大学.2007
[2]柴成果,姚党生.黄河流域水环境现状与水资源可持续利用[J].《人民黄河》2005.3
[3]刘红玲.胶东半岛主要河流水环境容量及其应用研究[D].济南：山东师范大学.2008,10-11
[4]张永良,洪继华,夏青,刘培哲.我国水环境容量研究与展望[M].环境科学研究,1988,1(1)：73～81
[5]LitakB.G, Environment Engineers Handbook,Vol.1,WaterPollution[J].ChiltonBook Company,1997,12:34～37
[6]冯金鹏,吴洪寿,赵帆.水环境污染总量控制回顾、现状及发展探讨.南水北调与水利科技[J],2004.2(1)：44～47
[7]张永良.水环境容量基本概念的发展[M].环境科学研究,1992,5(3)：59-61
[8]方子云.水资源保护手册[M].南京：河海大学出版社,1998
[9]白云,王静斌.控制水污染的有效途径：污染物排放总量控制[J].地域研究与开发,1990,9(2)：17-20
[10]朱棠生,王超,程晓冰.水资源保护规划及技术[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001
[11]国家环境保护局.总量控制技术手册[M].北京：国环境科学出版社,1990
[12]USEPA, Technical guidance manual for performing waste load allocation-Book2, stream and rivers, Chaperl biochemical oxygen demand dissolved oxygen[P].USEPA. Washington DC,1984
[13]USEPA, Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDL[P].Office of Water 4503F Washington DC 20460, EPA 841-B-99-007,1999
[14]USEPA, Committee to Review the New York City Watershed Management Strategy Water, Science and Technology Board[Z].Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply National Academy Press Washington, D.C,2000
[15]USEPA, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations[Z].This Current As the Federal Register APTER-PART 130Dated May 1,2003,40 CFR-CH
[16]辛志伟,钟定胜.天津市水污染物排放总量控制技术与方法研究报告[R].2004,71
[17]何优选.总量控制下排污指标分配的原则[J].嘉应大学学报,2001.19(3)：28-32
[18]郭希利,李文歧.总量控制方法类型及分配原则[J].工作研究,1997,(5)：47-48
[19]李如忠.区域水污染物排放总量分配方法研究[J].环境工程,2002,20(6)：61-63
[20]Fujiwara O,Gnanendran S K,Ohgakis.River quality management under stochastic stream flow[J].Environ.Eng.1986,112(2):185-198
[21]Donald H B.and Barbara J L.Comparison of optimization formulations for waste-load allocations [J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering.1992.118(4):597～ 612
[22]LiShiyu,Tohru Morioka.optimal allocation of waste loads in a river with probabilistic tributary flow under transverse mixing [J]. Water Environment Reasearch 1997.71(2):156～162
[23]Ellis.J.H.Stochastic water quality optimization using imbedded chance constraints[J]. Water Resources Reasearch.1987,23(12):2227～2238
[24]Cardwell H.and EllsH.Stochastic dynamic programming models for water quality management[J].Water Resources Research.1993,29(4):803～813
[25]Chih sheng lee,Ching gung Wen. Application of multi-objective programming to water quality management in a river basin[J]. Journal of Environment Management.1996,47:11～26
[26]Joshi V,modak P.Heuristic algorithms for waste load allocation in a river basin.Water[J]. Sci,Tech.1989,21:1057～1064
[27]Thomann R V.SobelMS. Estuarine Water Quality Management and Forecasting[J] Journal of Sanitary Enginerring Division.ASCE,1964.89(5):9～36
[28]Durtraw Dallas, Palmer Karen et al, The Effect on Asset Values of The Allocation of Carbon Dioxide Emission Allowances[J].The Electricity Journal,2002, 15(5):51～62
[29]Peter Cramton, Suzi Kerr, Tradeable Carbon Permit Auctions-How and why to Auction not Grandfather[J]. Energy Policy,2002,30(4):333～345
[30]Jensen Jesper, Rsmussen Tobias, Allocation of CO2 Emission Permits:A General Equilibrium Analysis of Policy Instruments [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics & Management,2000,40(2):111～136
[31]K John Holmes, Robert M Friedman, Design Alternatives for a Domestic Carbon 1 Change [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics & Management,2000,10:273～288
[32]Juan-Pablo Montero, Optimal Design of a Phase-in Emissions Trading Program[J]. Journal of Public Economics,2000,759(2):273～291
[33]林巍,傅国伟.公平规划及其在区域水环境综合整治规划中的应用[J].污染防治技术[J],1994,7(2)：4-8
[34]胡康萍,许振成.水体污染物允许排放总量分配方法研究[J].中国环境科学,1991,11(6)：447～451
[35]曹瑞钰,顾国维.水环境治理工程费用优化模型[J].同济大学学报,1997,25(5)：548～552
[36]尹军,李骁君,官正.水污染控制系统污染物削减量优化分配[J].环境科学从刊,1997,10(3)：49-52
[37]郑英铭,周晶璧,袁国兵.控制排污总量的水质管理——实例介绍[J].水资源保护,1993(2)：13～18
[38]鞠建林.浅谈环境容量资源之配置[J].环境污染与防治,1997,19(4)：10～13
[39]方秦华等.象山港海域环境容量的二步分配法[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2004,43(增刊)：217～220
[40]李如忠.水污染物允许排放总量分配方法研究[J].水利学报,2003,(5)：112～116
[41]李彦武,张永良.污染负荷分配计算的方法研究[J].环境科学研究,1992,5(2)：45-48
[42]徐鸿德.河流水污染物协调分配系统分析[J].中国环境科学,1991,11(4)：275-278
[43]夏军,张祥伟.河流水质灰色非线性规划的理论与应用[J].水利学报,1993(12)：1-9
[44]张祥伟,王敦春.城市河段污染控制灰色动态规划的应用[J].城市环境与城市生 态,1994,7(3)：37～41
[45]曾光明.灰色系统理论在水环境污染控制系统规划中的应用[J].武汉：武汉水利电力学院,1988：124～136
[46]熊德琪.环境系统模糊预测、评价、规划、决策理论模式与应用[J].大连：大连理工大学土木系,1994：45～52
[47]胡炳清.总量控制中的离散规划[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2000：86～92
[48]林巍,傅国伟,刘春华.基于公理体系的排污总量公平分配模型[J].环境科学,1996,17(3)：35～37
[49]王勤耕.总量控制区域排污权的初始分配方法[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(1)：68～72
[50]毛战坡,李怀恩.总量控制中削减污染物合理分摊问题的求解方法[J].西北水资源与水工程,1999,10(1)：25～30
[51]李嘉,张建高.水污染协同控制[J].水利学报,2001(12)：14～18
[52]李嘉,张建高.论水污染协同控制的基本原则[J].水利学报,2002(1)：1-5
[53]李如忠,钱家忠.水污染物允许排放总量分配方法研究[J].水利学报,2003,5(5)：12～15
[54]李如忠.区域水污染物排放总量分配方法研究[J].环境工程,2002,20(6)：61～63
[55]李如忠.河流水环境系统不确定性问题研究[J].南京：河海大学,2004：55～60
[56]苏惠波.嫩江水污染物排放总量分配方法研究[J].环境科学进展,1997,5(5)：70-74
[57]包存宽,张敏,尚金城.流域水污染物排放总量控制研究[J].地理科学,2000,20(1)：61-64
[58]王西琴,周孝德.区域水环境经济系统优化模型及其应用[J].西安理工大学学报,1999,15(2)：80-85
[59]贾桂林.水污染物总量分配的原则和方法[J].中国环境监测,1993,9(1)：47～48
[60]吴悦颖,李云生,刘伟江.基于公平性的水污染物总量分配评估方法研究[J].环境科学研究.Vol.19,No.2,2006
[61]樊鸿涛,王华东.区域水环境风险容量的合理分配研究[J].环境工程.1996.12(6)：50-54
[62]李寿德.初始排污权分配的一个多目标决策模型[J].中国管理科学,2003,11(6)：40～44
[63]吴亚琼.初始排污权分配的协商仲裁机制[J].系统工程,2003,21(5)：70～74
[64]郭宏飞等.基于宏观经济优化模型的区域污染负荷分配[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2003,11(2)：133～142
[65]马缨.美国环境公平研究概述[J].国外社会科学,2003(2)：19～23
[66]李艳芳.论环境权及其生存权和发展权的关系[J].中国人民大学学报,2000.(5)
[67]彭光华.论环境权利[J].江西社会科学.2009.6
[68]洪大用.当代中国环境公平问题的三种表现[J].江苏社会科学,2001(3)：39-43
[69]Stretesky P, HoganM J. Environmental justice:An analysis of superfund sites in florida [J]. Social Problem s,1998,45 (2):2682
[70]Andrew Dobson. Justice and the Environment:Conceptions of Environmental Sustainability and Theories of Distributive Justice[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:63284
[71]Li Yi, Han Guang, Zou Tian. Discussion US environmental justice[J]. Environmental Management of China,2004, (9):24226
[72]Hu Tianqing. An idea of environmental justice[C].Environmentand Ethic2The ProsperityBetween Nature and Human. Tokyo Yu2hikaku Publishing,1999.
[73]Scandrett E, McB ride G, Dunion K. The campaign for environmental justice in Scotland [J]. Local Environment,2000,5 (4):4672474
[74]洪大用.环境公平：环境问题的社会学视点[J].浙江学刊,2001,(4)：67273
[75]武翠芳,姚志春,李玉文等.环境公平研究进展综述[J].地球科学进展,第24卷第1期2009.11
[76]徐友浩,温海霞,钟定胜.环境公平理论及其对我国可持续发展的启示[J].天津大学学报,2005,7(6)：4442448
[77]Page T. Intergenerational justice as opportunity[C].MaclcanD, B rown P G, eds. Energy and the Future, The Identity Problem,1982:38258
[78]Page T. Intergenerational justice as opportunity[C].Maclcan D, Brown P G, eds. Energy and the Future, The Identity Problem,1982:38258
[79]Rawls J B. A Theory of Justice[M]. Beijing:China Social Sciences Press,1988
[80]李春晖,杨勤业.环境代际公平判别模型及其应用研究[J].地理科学进展,2000,(3)：2202226
[81]马缨.美国环境公平概述[J].国外社会科学,2003,(2)：19223
[82]徐嵩龄.环境伦理学进展：评论与阐释[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,1999
[83]张兴杰.跨世纪的忧患——影响中国稳定发展的主要社会问题[M].兰州：兰州大学出版社,1998
[84]李云生,张震宇,刘伟江.黄河中上游流域“十一五”水污染防治规划研究报告[R].2008
[85]张玉燕.黄河流域初始水权分配研究[D].北京：华北电力大学2008
[2]柴成果,姚党生.黄河流域水环境现状与水资源可持续利用[J].《人民黄河》2005.3
[3]刘红玲.胶东半岛主要河流水环境容量及其应用研究[D].济南：山东师范大学.2008,10-11
[4]张永良,洪继华,夏青,刘培哲.我国水环境容量研究与展望[M].环境科学研究,1988,1(1)：73～81
[5]LitakB.G, Environment Engineers Handbook,Vol.1,WaterPollution[J].ChiltonBook Company,1997,12:34～37
[6]冯金鹏,吴洪寿,赵帆.水环境污染总量控制回顾、现状及发展探讨.南水北调与水利科技[J],2004.2(1)：44～47
[7]张永良.水环境容量基本概念的发展[M].环境科学研究,1992,5(3)：59-61
[8]方子云.水资源保护手册[M].南京：河海大学出版社,1998
[9]白云,王静斌.控制水污染的有效途径：污染物排放总量控制[J].地域研究与开发,1990,9(2)：17-20
[10]朱棠生,王超,程晓冰.水资源保护规划及技术[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001
[11]国家环境保护局.总量控制技术手册[M].北京：国环境科学出版社,1990
[12]USEPA, Technical guidance manual for performing waste load allocation-Book2, stream and rivers, Chaperl biochemical oxygen demand dissolved oxygen[P].USEPA. Washington DC,1984
[13]USEPA, Protocol for Developing Nutrient TMDL[P].Office of Water 4503F Washington DC 20460, EPA 841-B-99-007,1999
[14]USEPA, Committee to Review the New York City Watershed Management Strategy Water, Science and Technology Board[Z].Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply National Academy Press Washington, D.C,2000
[15]USEPA, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations[Z].This Current As the Federal Register APTER-PART 130Dated May 1,2003,40 CFR-CH
[16]辛志伟,钟定胜.天津市水污染物排放总量控制技术与方法研究报告[R].2004,71
[17]何优选.总量控制下排污指标分配的原则[J].嘉应大学学报,2001.19(3)：28-32
[18]郭希利,李文歧.总量控制方法类型及分配原则[J].工作研究,1997,(5)：47-48
[19]李如忠.区域水污染物排放总量分配方法研究[J].环境工程,2002,20(6)：61-63
[20]Fujiwara O,Gnanendran S K,Ohgakis.River quality management under stochastic stream flow[J].Environ.Eng.1986,112(2):185-198
[21]Donald H B.and Barbara J L.Comparison of optimization formulations for waste-load allocations [J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering.1992.118(4):597～ 612
[22]LiShiyu,Tohru Morioka.optimal allocation of waste loads in a river with probabilistic tributary flow under transverse mixing [J]. Water Environment Reasearch 1997.71(2):156～162
[23]Ellis.J.H.Stochastic water quality optimization using imbedded chance constraints[J]. Water Resources Reasearch.1987,23(12):2227～2238
[24]Cardwell H.and EllsH.Stochastic dynamic programming models for water quality management[J].Water Resources Research.1993,29(4):803～813
[25]Chih sheng lee,Ching gung Wen. Application of multi-objective programming to water quality management in a river basin[J]. Journal of Environment Management.1996,47:11～26
[26]Joshi V,modak P.Heuristic algorithms for waste load allocation in a river basin.Water[J]. Sci,Tech.1989,21:1057～1064
[27]Thomann R V.SobelMS. Estuarine Water Quality Management and Forecasting[J] Journal of Sanitary Enginerring Division.ASCE,1964.89(5):9～36
[28]Durtraw Dallas, Palmer Karen et al, The Effect on Asset Values of The Allocation of Carbon Dioxide Emission Allowances[J].The Electricity Journal,2002, 15(5):51～62
[29]Peter Cramton, Suzi Kerr, Tradeable Carbon Permit Auctions-How and why to Auction not Grandfather[J]. Energy Policy,2002,30(4):333～345
[30]Jensen Jesper, Rsmussen Tobias, Allocation of CO2 Emission Permits:A General Equilibrium Analysis of Policy Instruments [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics & Management,2000,40(2):111～136
[31]K John Holmes, Robert M Friedman, Design Alternatives for a Domestic Carbon 1 Change [J]. Journal of Environmental Economics & Management,2000,10:273～288
[32]Juan-Pablo Montero, Optimal Design of a Phase-in Emissions Trading Program[J]. Journal of Public Economics,2000,759(2):273～291
[33]林巍,傅国伟.公平规划及其在区域水环境综合整治规划中的应用[J].污染防治技术[J],1994,7(2)：4-8
[34]胡康萍,许振成.水体污染物允许排放总量分配方法研究[J].中国环境科学,1991,11(6)：447～451
[35]曹瑞钰,顾国维.水环境治理工程费用优化模型[J].同济大学学报,1997,25(5)：548～552
[36]尹军,李骁君,官正.水污染控制系统污染物削减量优化分配[J].环境科学从刊,1997,10(3)：49-52
[37]郑英铭,周晶璧,袁国兵.控制排污总量的水质管理——实例介绍[J].水资源保护,1993(2)：13～18
[38]鞠建林.浅谈环境容量资源之配置[J].环境污染与防治,1997,19(4)：10～13
[39]方秦华等.象山港海域环境容量的二步分配法[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2004,43(增刊)：217～220
[40]李如忠.水污染物允许排放总量分配方法研究[J].水利学报,2003,(5)：112～116
[41]李彦武,张永良.污染负荷分配计算的方法研究[J].环境科学研究,1992,5(2)：45-48
[42]徐鸿德.河流水污染物协调分配系统分析[J].中国环境科学,1991,11(4)：275-278
[43]夏军,张祥伟.河流水质灰色非线性规划的理论与应用[J].水利学报,1993(12)：1-9
[44]张祥伟,王敦春.城市河段污染控制灰色动态规划的应用[J].城市环境与城市生 态,1994,7(3)：37～41
[45]曾光明.灰色系统理论在水环境污染控制系统规划中的应用[J].武汉：武汉水利电力学院,1988：124～136
[46]熊德琪.环境系统模糊预测、评价、规划、决策理论模式与应用[J].大连：大连理工大学土木系,1994：45～52
[47]胡炳清.总量控制中的离散规划[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2000：86～92
[48]林巍,傅国伟,刘春华.基于公理体系的排污总量公平分配模型[J].环境科学,1996,17(3)：35～37
[49]王勤耕.总量控制区域排污权的初始分配方法[J].中国环境科学,2000,20(1)：68～72
[50]毛战坡,李怀恩.总量控制中削减污染物合理分摊问题的求解方法[J].西北水资源与水工程,1999,10(1)：25～30
[51]李嘉,张建高.水污染协同控制[J].水利学报,2001(12)：14～18
[52]李嘉,张建高.论水污染协同控制的基本原则[J].水利学报,2002(1)：1-5
[53]李如忠,钱家忠.水污染物允许排放总量分配方法研究[J].水利学报,2003,5(5)：12～15
[54]李如忠.区域水污染物排放总量分配方法研究[J].环境工程,2002,20(6)：61～63
[55]李如忠.河流水环境系统不确定性问题研究[J].南京：河海大学,2004：55～60
[56]苏惠波.嫩江水污染物排放总量分配方法研究[J].环境科学进展,1997,5(5)：70-74
[57]包存宽,张敏,尚金城.流域水污染物排放总量控制研究[J].地理科学,2000,20(1)：61-64
[58]王西琴,周孝德.区域水环境经济系统优化模型及其应用[J].西安理工大学学报,1999,15(2)：80-85
[59]贾桂林.水污染物总量分配的原则和方法[J].中国环境监测,1993,9(1)：47～48
[60]吴悦颖,李云生,刘伟江.基于公平性的水污染物总量分配评估方法研究[J].环境科学研究.Vol.19,No.2,2006
[61]樊鸿涛,王华东.区域水环境风险容量的合理分配研究[J].环境工程.1996.12(6)：50-54
[62]李寿德.初始排污权分配的一个多目标决策模型[J].中国管理科学,2003,11(6)：40～44
[63]吴亚琼.初始排污权分配的协商仲裁机制[J].系统工程,2003,21(5)：70～74
[64]郭宏飞等.基于宏观经济优化模型的区域污染负荷分配[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2003,11(2)：133～142
[65]马缨.美国环境公平研究概述[J].国外社会科学,2003(2)：19～23
[66]李艳芳.论环境权及其生存权和发展权的关系[J].中国人民大学学报,2000.(5)
[67]彭光华.论环境权利[J].江西社会科学.2009.6
[68]洪大用.当代中国环境公平问题的三种表现[J].江苏社会科学,2001(3)：39-43
[69]Stretesky P, HoganM J. Environmental justice:An analysis of superfund sites in florida [J]. Social Problem s,1998,45 (2):2682
[70]Andrew Dobson. Justice and the Environment:Conceptions of Environmental Sustainability and Theories of Distributive Justice[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998:63284
[71]Li Yi, Han Guang, Zou Tian. Discussion US environmental justice[J]. Environmental Management of China,2004, (9):24226
[72]Hu Tianqing. An idea of environmental justice[C].Environmentand Ethic2The ProsperityBetween Nature and Human. Tokyo Yu2hikaku Publishing,1999.
[73]Scandrett E, McB ride G, Dunion K. The campaign for environmental justice in Scotland [J]. Local Environment,2000,5 (4):4672474
[74]洪大用.环境公平：环境问题的社会学视点[J].浙江学刊,2001,(4)：67273
[75]武翠芳,姚志春,李玉文等.环境公平研究进展综述[J].地球科学进展,第24卷第1期2009.11
[76]徐友浩,温海霞,钟定胜.环境公平理论及其对我国可持续发展的启示[J].天津大学学报,2005,7(6)：4442448
[77]Page T. Intergenerational justice as opportunity[C].MaclcanD, B rown P G, eds. Energy and the Future, The Identity Problem,1982:38258
[78]Page T. Intergenerational justice as opportunity[C].Maclcan D, Brown P G, eds. Energy and the Future, The Identity Problem,1982:38258
[79]Rawls J B. A Theory of Justice[M]. Beijing:China Social Sciences Press,1988
[80]李春晖,杨勤业.环境代际公平判别模型及其应用研究[J].地理科学进展,2000,(3)：2202226
[81]马缨.美国环境公平概述[J].国外社会科学,2003,(2)：19223
[82]徐嵩龄.环境伦理学进展：评论与阐释[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,1999
[83]张兴杰.跨世纪的忧患——影响中国稳定发展的主要社会问题[M].兰州：兰州大学出版社,1998
[84]李云生,张震宇,刘伟江.黄河中上游流域“十一五”水污染防治规划研究报告[R].2008
[85]张玉燕.黄河流域初始水权分配研究[D].北京：华北电力大学2008