深部岩溶隧道溃水成灾机理及其工程处治技术研究
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摘要
岩溶灾害是我国山区隧道建设中常见的地质灾害之一,也是目前工程界公认的世界级难题之一。本文在大量文献调研的基础上,采用试验研究、理论分析和数值模拟等相结合的研究方法,结合宜万铁路马鹿箐隧道岩溶溃水的工程实际,对深部高压富水隐伏岩溶隧道溃水的基本概念、特征规律、形成机理、风险控制及综合整治等方面进行了较为系统和深入的研究。论文主要研究内容和成果如下:
①通过对马鹿箐隧道历次突涌水情况及其特征分析,将大体量且有一定静储量的高压岩溶水在隧道内以流体(伴随有泥、巨石)高速运移形式瞬间释放的涌水定义为岩溶溃水;基于马鹿箐隧道历次溃水事故的分析,得到岩溶溃水的基本特征,且界定了岩溶溃水的范围值。
②结合马鹿箐隧道溃水灾害的基本特征,深入分析了深部岩溶隧道溃水发生的概率和危害程度与区域岩溶发育规模、单体溶腔的岩溶发育规模、地下水循环分带、地下水排泄与补给、溶腔填充物、岩溶形态与隧道的空间关系等因素的关系;揭示了诱发溃水的岩溶地质规律,提出了深部岩溶隧道溃水灾害的地质成因。在此基础上,进一步提出了岩溶溃水高风险的隧道建设时应特别关注的地质因素及其预报和评估方法。
③对隧道岩溶溃水力学机制和临近通过岩溶时隧道围岩稳定性进行了深入分析,在此基础上,对穿越填充型溶腔的隧道围岩稳定性进行了数值模拟研究。揭示了溶腔沉积层厚度、隧道开挖宽度和溶腔水压力等对岩溶隧道围岩稳定和溃水风险的影响规律。
④对导致隧道溃水发生的各种风险因素进行识别,构建了能够较全面反映具有溃水风险的隧道安全性评价指标体系,然后通过专家调查,建立参评因子的判断矩阵及各级权重比较矩阵,并求得各因子的权重值。基于模糊数学理论建立具有溃水风险的隧道安全性评价模型及安全综合评价的评判标准,通过对马鹿箐隧道岩溶溃水灾害的风险评判,检验了评价所建模型合理性。
⑤针对如何降低岩溶隧道溃水风险的问题,提出了泄水消能工法作为治理特大体量高压富水充填型隐伏溶腔的技术体系,通过管道泄水和洞室泄水的工程试验研究,得到合理的泄水消能的工程方法。并在马鹿箐隧道溃水灾害综合治理中得到成功应用。
Karst is one of the common geological hazards in the construction of mountain tunnel in China, and is also generally acknowledged one of the world-wide problems in domestic and international project. Based on the data collection and extensive literature study, the researches carried out in this paper will use a combination method including testing research, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, and according to the supper karst water burst of Maluqing Tunnel in Yi Wan Railway, researches include properties、formation mechanism、risk control and comprehensive treatment of super karst water bursting in deeply buried and concealed karst caverns with high pressure and rich water are carried out systematically and deeply. The main contents and results of researches in this paper are as follow:
Through analyzing the situation and characteristics of all previous water bursting in Maluqing Tunnel, a special water burst accoMPanied with high pressure water burst、earth burst and rock burst is defined as super karst water burst; Based on the analysis of super karst water burst disaster, the basic properties of super karst water burst are obtained, and the range of it is defined.
②According to the analysis of basic properties of super karst water burst in Maluqing Tunnel, the relationship between probabilities, degree of the supper karst water burst of deeply buried tunnel and the scale of karst water that includes scale of regional karst、scale of karst in signal cavern, zonation of groundwater circulation、groundwater discharge and recharge、deposit in the cavern、the relation between karst morphology and space tunnel is studied systematically and deeply; Law of karst geology that induces super karst water burst and geological original of super karst water burst in deeply buried tunnel are presented. On this basis, the geology factors and forecasting and assessment methods of it which need to be attended specially with the construction of super karst water burst tunnel are presented too.
③Through analyzing the mechanical mechanism of super karst water burst and surrounding rock stability of the tunnel when passing cavern closely, simulation for surrounding rock stability of the tunnel passing filling cavern closely is carried out, which reveals the iMPact law of thickness of deposit in the cavern、width of the tunnel and water pressure of the cavern on the surrounding rock stability of karst tunnel and super karst water burst risk.
④Through indentifying the risk factors that led to super karst water burst, the safety evaluation index system for the tunnel with super karst water burst risk is established, and what’s more, based on the expert survey, the judge matrix of factors involved in the evaluation and coMParison matrix of each level weight are established, and the weights of each factors is obtained. Based on the fuzzy mathematics theory, safety evaluation model and criteria of comprehensive safety evaluation for the tunnel with super karst water burst is presented, and through assessing the risk of super karst water burst disaster in Maluqing Tunnel, it is indicated that the evaluation model for it is reasonable.
⑤For the problem how to reduce the risk of supper karst water burst in tunnel, a technology system—hydraulic energy technology, which is the treatment technology for concealed karst cavern with high pressure and deposit is presented, and the technology that contains water release test、analysis on the cavern、interface locking、drainage system planning、special controlled blasting、forecasting monitoring and the supporting measures is applied in the comprehensive disaster management of super karst water burst in Maluqing Tunnel successfully.
①通过对马鹿箐隧道历次突涌水情况及其特征分析,将大体量且有一定静储量的高压岩溶水在隧道内以流体(伴随有泥、巨石)高速运移形式瞬间释放的涌水定义为岩溶溃水;基于马鹿箐隧道历次溃水事故的分析,得到岩溶溃水的基本特征,且界定了岩溶溃水的范围值。
②结合马鹿箐隧道溃水灾害的基本特征,深入分析了深部岩溶隧道溃水发生的概率和危害程度与区域岩溶发育规模、单体溶腔的岩溶发育规模、地下水循环分带、地下水排泄与补给、溶腔填充物、岩溶形态与隧道的空间关系等因素的关系;揭示了诱发溃水的岩溶地质规律,提出了深部岩溶隧道溃水灾害的地质成因。在此基础上,进一步提出了岩溶溃水高风险的隧道建设时应特别关注的地质因素及其预报和评估方法。
③对隧道岩溶溃水力学机制和临近通过岩溶时隧道围岩稳定性进行了深入分析,在此基础上,对穿越填充型溶腔的隧道围岩稳定性进行了数值模拟研究。揭示了溶腔沉积层厚度、隧道开挖宽度和溶腔水压力等对岩溶隧道围岩稳定和溃水风险的影响规律。
④对导致隧道溃水发生的各种风险因素进行识别,构建了能够较全面反映具有溃水风险的隧道安全性评价指标体系,然后通过专家调查,建立参评因子的判断矩阵及各级权重比较矩阵,并求得各因子的权重值。基于模糊数学理论建立具有溃水风险的隧道安全性评价模型及安全综合评价的评判标准,通过对马鹿箐隧道岩溶溃水灾害的风险评判,检验了评价所建模型合理性。
⑤针对如何降低岩溶隧道溃水风险的问题,提出了泄水消能工法作为治理特大体量高压富水充填型隐伏溶腔的技术体系,通过管道泄水和洞室泄水的工程试验研究,得到合理的泄水消能的工程方法。并在马鹿箐隧道溃水灾害综合治理中得到成功应用。
Karst is one of the common geological hazards in the construction of mountain tunnel in China, and is also generally acknowledged one of the world-wide problems in domestic and international project. Based on the data collection and extensive literature study, the researches carried out in this paper will use a combination method including testing research, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, and according to the supper karst water burst of Maluqing Tunnel in Yi Wan Railway, researches include properties、formation mechanism、risk control and comprehensive treatment of super karst water bursting in deeply buried and concealed karst caverns with high pressure and rich water are carried out systematically and deeply. The main contents and results of researches in this paper are as follow:
Through analyzing the situation and characteristics of all previous water bursting in Maluqing Tunnel, a special water burst accoMPanied with high pressure water burst、earth burst and rock burst is defined as super karst water burst; Based on the analysis of super karst water burst disaster, the basic properties of super karst water burst are obtained, and the range of it is defined.
②According to the analysis of basic properties of super karst water burst in Maluqing Tunnel, the relationship between probabilities, degree of the supper karst water burst of deeply buried tunnel and the scale of karst water that includes scale of regional karst、scale of karst in signal cavern, zonation of groundwater circulation、groundwater discharge and recharge、deposit in the cavern、the relation between karst morphology and space tunnel is studied systematically and deeply; Law of karst geology that induces super karst water burst and geological original of super karst water burst in deeply buried tunnel are presented. On this basis, the geology factors and forecasting and assessment methods of it which need to be attended specially with the construction of super karst water burst tunnel are presented too.
③Through analyzing the mechanical mechanism of super karst water burst and surrounding rock stability of the tunnel when passing cavern closely, simulation for surrounding rock stability of the tunnel passing filling cavern closely is carried out, which reveals the iMPact law of thickness of deposit in the cavern、width of the tunnel and water pressure of the cavern on the surrounding rock stability of karst tunnel and super karst water burst risk.
④Through indentifying the risk factors that led to super karst water burst, the safety evaluation index system for the tunnel with super karst water burst risk is established, and what’s more, based on the expert survey, the judge matrix of factors involved in the evaluation and coMParison matrix of each level weight are established, and the weights of each factors is obtained. Based on the fuzzy mathematics theory, safety evaluation model and criteria of comprehensive safety evaluation for the tunnel with super karst water burst is presented, and through assessing the risk of super karst water burst disaster in Maluqing Tunnel, it is indicated that the evaluation model for it is reasonable.
⑤For the problem how to reduce the risk of supper karst water burst in tunnel, a technology system—hydraulic energy technology, which is the treatment technology for concealed karst cavern with high pressure and deposit is presented, and the technology that contains water release test、analysis on the cavern、interface locking、drainage system planning、special controlled blasting、forecasting monitoring and the supporting measures is applied in the comprehensive disaster management of super karst water burst in Maluqing Tunnel successfully.
引文
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