长三角太湖地区云和气溶胶辐射特性的地基遥感研究
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摘要
气溶胶气候效应尤其是气溶胶对云的几何和微物理特性的影响以及气溶胶与云的相互作用是气候变化研究中最不确定的问题之一。东亚对流层气溶胶及区域气候影响观测试验(EAST-AIRC)期间,南京信息工程大学建立了长三角地区气候与环境综合试验观测基地,旨在研究该地区云及气溶胶的辐射效应,并进一步研究两者的相互作用。本文利用该观测站2008年4月-2009年12月,多种地基遥感仪器联合探测的地面辐射、气溶胶以及云的微物理特性等资料,分析了长三角地区非降水云发生的概率、云底分布特征,卷云的垂直分布、辐射特性以及云的光学及微物理特性。同时研究了该地区长期的(2006-2009)气溶胶光学特性,气溶胶垂直分布的演变特征,评估了气溶胶直接辐射效应的量级及气溶胶对辐射能量垂直分配的影响。最后,为了解该区域的沙尘气溶胶的特性及其对云的特性的潜在影响,对该地区春季沙尘过程的气溶胶垂直结构及光学特性的演变、传输过程及其直接辐射效应进行了系统的分析。该研究对于认识气溶胶的气候效应以及气溶胶和云的相互作用具有重要的科学意义。主要结论为：
1、建立了基于观测期间激光雷达完全衰减信号修正剩余脉冲的方法,该方法能在不增加或缺少剩余脉冲修正实验的情况下,增加剩余脉冲修正次数,进而提高激光雷达反演精度。
2、一年(2008年6月到2009年5月)的观测资料表明,该地区全年非降水云的发生概率约为41%,且年平均的云量存在显著的日变化特性,日变化的幅度大约为24.6%。该地区云量及云底高度存在显著的季节性变化,云量冬季最大,而云底的大值则出现在春季和夏季。总的、白天观测的以及夜晚观测的云存在较高的年平均云底高度,其值分别为3.05±2.73,2.46±2.08和3.51±3.07km。全年夜晚卷云发生的概率为36.2%,夏季最大。平均的卷云特性分别为一云底：8.89±1.65km,云顶：10.73±1.86km,云厚：1.83±0.91km,消光后向散射率：25±17sr,消光系数：0.21±0.31km-1,光学厚度：0.34±0.33。其中12%为肉眼不可见卷云,约43%为薄卷云,而45%为光学厚卷云,夏季具有更多以及更厚的卷云。
3、基于高光谱仪天顶辐射测量反演的云光学厚度能够很好的反映天顶方向云层随时间的演变,相比基于半球辐射通量测量的方法,对研究云的时间演变趋势更具有优势。即使在全天空有云的情况下,MODIS反演的云的特性同样受到云的不均异性的影响。地基与卫星反演结果的差异表明了该地区MODIS卫星云的产品依然存在着很大的不确定性,这需要更多的工作去改进地基与卫星产品验证的方法以及验证和改进MODIS卫星云特性的反演。该地区全年平均的液态水路径,云的光学厚度以及云滴有效半径的平均值分别为115.8±90.8g/m2,28.5±19.2和6.9±4.2μm。
4、该地区多年(2006-2009)平均的气溶胶光学厚度(500nm)、波长指数(440-675nm)、单次散射反照率和不对称因子(675nm)分别为0.74±0.45,1.20±0.27,0.912±0.035和0.655±0.036,且逐年变化较小。光学厚度、单次散射反照率以及不对称因子夏季较大,冬季较小,而波长指数秋季大,春季小。各个季节的气溶胶主要集中在2km以下的范围,平均气溶胶消光系数大值均出现在近地面,并随高度的增加而减小。大的近地面气溶胶消光系数与较强的东风和东南风相关,表明站点东部及东南部人口稠密地区人类活动的排放的区域传输对该区域近地面气溶胶浓度具有主要贡献。春季、秋季及冬季,该区域500m和2500m高度上绝大部分气团均来自于我国的北部和西北部以及蒙古和西伯利亚地区,而夏季则主要来自于东部的海洋。春季,沙尘气溶胶不仅增加高层大气的气溶胶消光,同时也增加低层大气的气溶胶消光。
5、气溶胶显著的影响了该区域的辐射收支,对地表具有显著的冷却作用,而对大气具有明显的加热作用。地面、大气顶以及大气内,年平均的气溶胶短波直接辐射强迫的量级分别为-34.8±9.1,-8.2±4.8和26.7±9.4W/m2。气溶胶可改变到达地表的直接和散射辐射的相对比例,减少和增加的直接和散射的年平均值分别为-109.2±49.4和66.8±33.3W/m2。地表到2km以下的范围内,年平均的加热率为0.74K/day.气溶胶导致的大气加热率的垂直分布是理解其对大气动力学影响,尤其是污染与边界层发展的反馈机制的关键。
6、通过对2009年春季两次沙尘事件的观测分析表明,发生在我国西北部地区的沙尘气溶胶向我国东部地区的传输比现有的认识更为复杂。整个沙尘过程中存在多个混合气溶胶层以及高的沙尘气溶胶层。沙尘气溶胶具有较强的散射能力,使得更多的短波辐射反射回太空,因此辐射强迫作用在大气层顶更加明显。沙尘过程中气溶胶对辐射加热率有显著地影响,高沙尘气溶胶层对高层大气具有明显的加热作用,这将显著的影响低层大气对流的发展和大气稳定度。
Aerosol climatic effects, espectively the effects of aerosol on cloud geometric, mircophysic characteristics and interaction between the aerosol and cloud, are one of the most uncertain factors in climimate research. During the EAST-AIRC campaign, an atmospheric&environment observatory at the Yangtze Delta region of China was installed by Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology, where, hands of advanced instruments were jointly used to measure the surface radiation, aerosol and cloud properties to understand the radiative characteristics of aerosol and cloud, and further to estimate their interaction. This paper mainly focuses on the non-precipation cloud fraction, cloud base distribution, cirrus properties and cloud optical and mircophysic characteristics over this region. Meanwhile, long-term aerosol optical properties, vertical distribution, as well as the aerosol direct radiative effects were investigated, and the influences of aerosol on radiative energy distribution in atmosphere were firstly estimated. To understand the dust aerosol properties and their potential effects on cloud properties over East China, the aerosol optical properties, vertical evolution, transport behavor and radiative effects during the two dust events in2009were also analyzed. This study plays an important role on understanding the aerosol climate effects and the interaction between aerosol and cloud. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The new afterpulse correction method is estabilished based on complete attenuated signals, which can increase the times of afterpulse correction and improve the micropulse lidar retrieval accuracy under the lack of correction experiments condition.
2. One year's (June2008-May2005) worth of observations showed that clouds occupy the sky41%of the time and annual mean cloud fractions experienced a significant diurnal cycle with amplitudes of～24.6%. The cloud fractions and cloud base height varied seasonally, with more cloud in winter and higher cloud base in spring and summer. High annual mean cloud base were found for total, daytime and nighttime clouds with3.05±2.73,2.46±2.08and3.51±3.07km, respectively. The occurrence of cirrus is approximate36.2%of total observational nights with peak in summer. The all detected annual mean cirrus properties are following:cloud base height:8.89±1.65km, cloud top height:10.73±1.86km, cloud thickness:1.83±0.91km, lidar ratio:25±17sr, extinction coefficient:0.21±0.31km-1, optical depth:0.34±0.33. Approximately12%of the cases are sub-visible cirrus, about43%are thin cirrus and45%are dense cirrus. More frequent, thicker cirrus occurred during summer.
3. Cloud optical depth retrievals based on zenith radiance measurements by High-resolution analytical spectral devices success to capture the temporal tendency of overhead cloud and have more advantages of capturing the cloud temporal tendency than the retrievals based on hemispherical flux. Even for overcast cases, MODIS cloud retrievals are suffered the substantial cloud inhomogeneity. Our results indicated that the MODIS cloud products still suffer from variation limitations in this region and more works on the comparsion methods between surface and satellite, assessment and improvement of cloud properties retrieved from MODIS are needed. One year mean of cloud liquid water path, cloud optical depth and cloud droplet effective radius in this region is115.8±90.8g/m2,28.5±19.2and6.9±4.2μm, respectively.
4. Multiyear (2006-2009) means of aerosol optical depth (AOD) at500nm, Angstrom exponent (a) at440-675nm, single scattering albedo(SSA) and asymmetric factor(ASY) at675nm are0.74±0.45,1.20±0.27,0.912±0.035and0.655±0.036with moderate inter-annual variations. AOD, SSA and ASY shows a maximum in summer and minimum in winter, and a is large in autumn and small in spring. The majority of aerosol particles were located below2km, and the maximum extinction coefficients were found near the surface and gradually decreased with height. Strong near-surface extinction coefficients were associated with relatively strong easterly and southeasterly wind, suggesting that the regional transport of locally generated aerosol particles from densely populated areas surrounding the site may contribute to loading at the surface at Taihu. In spring, autumn and winter, the majority of air masses ending at0.5and2.5km were tracked to northern/northwestern China, as well as remote regions of Mongolia and Siberia, and in summer, air masses originate over the seas to the east of site. Dust aerosols not only enhanced particle extinction coefficients at high altitudes, but also at low altitudes in spring.
5. Heavy aerosol loading results in significant warming of the lower troposphere and cooling at the surface. Annual mean direct radiative forcing at the surface, top of atmosphere and within the atmosphere were34.8±9.1,-8.2±4.8and26.7±9.4W/m2. Meanwhile, aerosol can change the fraction of direct and diffuse components of surface global irradiance, with decrease annual mean direct radiance of-109.2±49.4and increase diffuse radiance of66.8±33.3W/m2. From the surface to2km, the mean heating rate is0.74K/day.The vertical profiles of heating induced by aerosols are the key to understand their impact on atmospheric dynamics, especially feedbacks between pollution and boundary layer development.
6. Two dust events in spring in2009showed that the transport behavior of dust originatednorthwest China to southest is more complication than that we understanded. The existence of multiple and elevated dust layers consisting of mixtures of dust aerosols and anthropogenic pollution aerosols were found. Since dust aerosols have strong scattering, more shortwave radiation are reflected into space, so they have more significant forcing effects in the top of atmosphere. The high levels of dust aerosols significantly heat the upper atmosphere, which significantly affect convection and stability in the lower troposphere.
1、建立了基于观测期间激光雷达完全衰减信号修正剩余脉冲的方法,该方法能在不增加或缺少剩余脉冲修正实验的情况下,增加剩余脉冲修正次数,进而提高激光雷达反演精度。
2、一年(2008年6月到2009年5月)的观测资料表明,该地区全年非降水云的发生概率约为41%,且年平均的云量存在显著的日变化特性,日变化的幅度大约为24.6%。该地区云量及云底高度存在显著的季节性变化,云量冬季最大,而云底的大值则出现在春季和夏季。总的、白天观测的以及夜晚观测的云存在较高的年平均云底高度,其值分别为3.05±2.73,2.46±2.08和3.51±3.07km。全年夜晚卷云发生的概率为36.2%,夏季最大。平均的卷云特性分别为一云底：8.89±1.65km,云顶：10.73±1.86km,云厚：1.83±0.91km,消光后向散射率：25±17sr,消光系数：0.21±0.31km-1,光学厚度：0.34±0.33。其中12%为肉眼不可见卷云,约43%为薄卷云,而45%为光学厚卷云,夏季具有更多以及更厚的卷云。
3、基于高光谱仪天顶辐射测量反演的云光学厚度能够很好的反映天顶方向云层随时间的演变,相比基于半球辐射通量测量的方法,对研究云的时间演变趋势更具有优势。即使在全天空有云的情况下,MODIS反演的云的特性同样受到云的不均异性的影响。地基与卫星反演结果的差异表明了该地区MODIS卫星云的产品依然存在着很大的不确定性,这需要更多的工作去改进地基与卫星产品验证的方法以及验证和改进MODIS卫星云特性的反演。该地区全年平均的液态水路径,云的光学厚度以及云滴有效半径的平均值分别为115.8±90.8g/m2,28.5±19.2和6.9±4.2μm。
4、该地区多年(2006-2009)平均的气溶胶光学厚度(500nm)、波长指数(440-675nm)、单次散射反照率和不对称因子(675nm)分别为0.74±0.45,1.20±0.27,0.912±0.035和0.655±0.036,且逐年变化较小。光学厚度、单次散射反照率以及不对称因子夏季较大,冬季较小,而波长指数秋季大,春季小。各个季节的气溶胶主要集中在2km以下的范围,平均气溶胶消光系数大值均出现在近地面,并随高度的增加而减小。大的近地面气溶胶消光系数与较强的东风和东南风相关,表明站点东部及东南部人口稠密地区人类活动的排放的区域传输对该区域近地面气溶胶浓度具有主要贡献。春季、秋季及冬季,该区域500m和2500m高度上绝大部分气团均来自于我国的北部和西北部以及蒙古和西伯利亚地区,而夏季则主要来自于东部的海洋。春季,沙尘气溶胶不仅增加高层大气的气溶胶消光,同时也增加低层大气的气溶胶消光。
5、气溶胶显著的影响了该区域的辐射收支,对地表具有显著的冷却作用,而对大气具有明显的加热作用。地面、大气顶以及大气内,年平均的气溶胶短波直接辐射强迫的量级分别为-34.8±9.1,-8.2±4.8和26.7±9.4W/m2。气溶胶可改变到达地表的直接和散射辐射的相对比例,减少和增加的直接和散射的年平均值分别为-109.2±49.4和66.8±33.3W/m2。地表到2km以下的范围内,年平均的加热率为0.74K/day.气溶胶导致的大气加热率的垂直分布是理解其对大气动力学影响,尤其是污染与边界层发展的反馈机制的关键。
6、通过对2009年春季两次沙尘事件的观测分析表明,发生在我国西北部地区的沙尘气溶胶向我国东部地区的传输比现有的认识更为复杂。整个沙尘过程中存在多个混合气溶胶层以及高的沙尘气溶胶层。沙尘气溶胶具有较强的散射能力,使得更多的短波辐射反射回太空,因此辐射强迫作用在大气层顶更加明显。沙尘过程中气溶胶对辐射加热率有显著地影响,高沙尘气溶胶层对高层大气具有明显的加热作用,这将显著的影响低层大气对流的发展和大气稳定度。
Aerosol climatic effects, espectively the effects of aerosol on cloud geometric, mircophysic characteristics and interaction between the aerosol and cloud, are one of the most uncertain factors in climimate research. During the EAST-AIRC campaign, an atmospheric&environment observatory at the Yangtze Delta region of China was installed by Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology, where, hands of advanced instruments were jointly used to measure the surface radiation, aerosol and cloud properties to understand the radiative characteristics of aerosol and cloud, and further to estimate their interaction. This paper mainly focuses on the non-precipation cloud fraction, cloud base distribution, cirrus properties and cloud optical and mircophysic characteristics over this region. Meanwhile, long-term aerosol optical properties, vertical distribution, as well as the aerosol direct radiative effects were investigated, and the influences of aerosol on radiative energy distribution in atmosphere were firstly estimated. To understand the dust aerosol properties and their potential effects on cloud properties over East China, the aerosol optical properties, vertical evolution, transport behavor and radiative effects during the two dust events in2009were also analyzed. This study plays an important role on understanding the aerosol climate effects and the interaction between aerosol and cloud. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The new afterpulse correction method is estabilished based on complete attenuated signals, which can increase the times of afterpulse correction and improve the micropulse lidar retrieval accuracy under the lack of correction experiments condition.
2. One year's (June2008-May2005) worth of observations showed that clouds occupy the sky41%of the time and annual mean cloud fractions experienced a significant diurnal cycle with amplitudes of～24.6%. The cloud fractions and cloud base height varied seasonally, with more cloud in winter and higher cloud base in spring and summer. High annual mean cloud base were found for total, daytime and nighttime clouds with3.05±2.73,2.46±2.08and3.51±3.07km, respectively. The occurrence of cirrus is approximate36.2%of total observational nights with peak in summer. The all detected annual mean cirrus properties are following:cloud base height:8.89±1.65km, cloud top height:10.73±1.86km, cloud thickness:1.83±0.91km, lidar ratio:25±17sr, extinction coefficient:0.21±0.31km-1, optical depth:0.34±0.33. Approximately12%of the cases are sub-visible cirrus, about43%are thin cirrus and45%are dense cirrus. More frequent, thicker cirrus occurred during summer.
3. Cloud optical depth retrievals based on zenith radiance measurements by High-resolution analytical spectral devices success to capture the temporal tendency of overhead cloud and have more advantages of capturing the cloud temporal tendency than the retrievals based on hemispherical flux. Even for overcast cases, MODIS cloud retrievals are suffered the substantial cloud inhomogeneity. Our results indicated that the MODIS cloud products still suffer from variation limitations in this region and more works on the comparsion methods between surface and satellite, assessment and improvement of cloud properties retrieved from MODIS are needed. One year mean of cloud liquid water path, cloud optical depth and cloud droplet effective radius in this region is115.8±90.8g/m2,28.5±19.2and6.9±4.2μm, respectively.
4. Multiyear (2006-2009) means of aerosol optical depth (AOD) at500nm, Angstrom exponent (a) at440-675nm, single scattering albedo(SSA) and asymmetric factor(ASY) at675nm are0.74±0.45,1.20±0.27,0.912±0.035and0.655±0.036with moderate inter-annual variations. AOD, SSA and ASY shows a maximum in summer and minimum in winter, and a is large in autumn and small in spring. The majority of aerosol particles were located below2km, and the maximum extinction coefficients were found near the surface and gradually decreased with height. Strong near-surface extinction coefficients were associated with relatively strong easterly and southeasterly wind, suggesting that the regional transport of locally generated aerosol particles from densely populated areas surrounding the site may contribute to loading at the surface at Taihu. In spring, autumn and winter, the majority of air masses ending at0.5and2.5km were tracked to northern/northwestern China, as well as remote regions of Mongolia and Siberia, and in summer, air masses originate over the seas to the east of site. Dust aerosols not only enhanced particle extinction coefficients at high altitudes, but also at low altitudes in spring.
5. Heavy aerosol loading results in significant warming of the lower troposphere and cooling at the surface. Annual mean direct radiative forcing at the surface, top of atmosphere and within the atmosphere were34.8±9.1,-8.2±4.8and26.7±9.4W/m2. Meanwhile, aerosol can change the fraction of direct and diffuse components of surface global irradiance, with decrease annual mean direct radiance of-109.2±49.4and increase diffuse radiance of66.8±33.3W/m2. From the surface to2km, the mean heating rate is0.74K/day.The vertical profiles of heating induced by aerosols are the key to understand their impact on atmospheric dynamics, especially feedbacks between pollution and boundary layer development.
6. Two dust events in spring in2009showed that the transport behavior of dust originatednorthwest China to southest is more complication than that we understanded. The existence of multiple and elevated dust layers consisting of mixtures of dust aerosols and anthropogenic pollution aerosols were found. Since dust aerosols have strong scattering, more shortwave radiation are reflected into space, so they have more significant forcing effects in the top of atmosphere. The high levels of dust aerosols significantly heat the upper atmosphere, which significantly affect convection and stability in the lower troposphere.
引文
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