马氏珠母贝抗菌肽的初步分离及抗菌活性分析
|
摘要
马氏珠母贝是我国生产海水珍珠的主要养殖贝类,开展马氏珠母贝抗菌肽的研究有助于揭示马氏珠母贝的免疫机制,发现具有良好活性的新型抗菌药物,提高贝体的健康水平,改善海水珍珠品质,为珍珠养殖业的持续发展提供保障。本文利用酸性缓冲液制备马氏珠母贝外套膜和鳃组织的抗菌肽粗提液,利用491制备型电泳槽从粗提液中分离出含有抗菌活性成分的蛋白类物质,并对分离的抗菌蛋白进行了性质测定、溶血活性检测和抑菌活性分析。1、马氏珠母贝组织抗菌粗提液的制备
使用无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)对马氏珠母贝进行浸泡刺激。在冰浴条件下,分别利用玻璃匀浆器、研钵和IKAT-18组织匀浆机制备马氏珠母贝外套膜和鳃组织抗菌肽粗提液,采用径向扩散法(Radial Diffusion Assay, RDA)测定粗提液的抑菌活性。通过加热和冻融的方法,研究确定提高组织粗提液抗菌效果的处理条件。结果表明：以终浓度为1.0×106fu·mL-1的无乳链球菌对马氏珠母贝刺激14h,马氏珠母贝组织粗提物抗菌活性无显著变化；马氏珠母贝外套膜或鳃组织抗菌肽粗提物制备时,IKAT-18匀浆机的匀浆效果要优于玻璃匀浆器和研钵；100℃水浴处理组织粗提物10 min可显著提高其对溶藻弧菌的抗菌活性；反复冻融则会显著降低外套膜组织粗提物的抗菌效果,因此,在研究过程中应尽量减少样品的冻融次数。2、马氏珠母贝抗菌肽的分离与鉴定
根据抗菌物质分子量大小的不同,使用491制备型电泳槽对马氏珠母贝组织中含有的肽类抗菌物质进行分离。检测分离得到的抗菌物质(PM-AMP-Ⅱ)后,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法确定其分子量,利用紫外分光光度计测定抗菌物质中的蛋白浓度。研究结果表明,利用491制备型电泳槽分离得到了抗菌物质,其中单峰值样品经SDS-PAGE分析,胶上显示单一条带,分子量为1124Da,该单峰值样品能被蛋白酶K水解,属于小分子的抗菌蛋白,蛋白含量为2.10mg/mL3、马氏珠母贝抗菌成分的抑菌活性研究
为了确定所分离得到的单峰值样品的溶血活性和抑菌效果,使用血琼脂板孔穴扩散法和液体培养基倍比稀释法分别测定了样品的溶血活性、抑菌谱,得出了该样品的最低杀菌浓度和最低抑菌浓度。研究结果表明,分离得到的马氏珠母贝抗菌肽具有广谱抗菌活性,对藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)、哈氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)和绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)的最低抑菌浓度为0.63mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度为0.75mg/mL;对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)、无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)、大肠杆菌D31(Escherichia coli D31)的最低抑菌浓度为0.75mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度为0.87mg/mL;对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)的最低抑菌浓度为0.52mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度为0.63mg/mL。抗菌肽的溶血效果表明,溶血圈随样品浓度的降低而减小,当样品中蛋白浓度低于0.87mg/mL时,溶血圈完全消失。
In China, Pinctada martensii is the major economic shellfish in aquaculture. The study about the antimicrobial peptides from Pinctada martensii can reveal the immune mechanism of Pinctada martensii, can help in finding a kind of curative new drugs, and can improve the health of shellfish and the quality of pearls. The study also makes the cultured pearl industry develop in a virtuous circle. In this paper, the crude extracts with antimicrobial peptide was abstracted from the mantle and gill tissues of Pinctada martensii by 1% acetic acid. The antimicrobial peptides were separated from the crude extracts by 491 Prep Cell. The character, the antibacterial activity and the hemolytic activity of antimicrobial protein were studied. 1. The preparation of the tissue extraction from Pinctada martensii
The Pinctada martensii were stimulated by putting them in the water which included Streptococcus agalactiae. The crude extractions from the mantle and gill tissues of Pinctada martensii were prepared by the glass tissue grinder, the mortar and the IKAT-18 homogenate machine at 0℃. The antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts were detected by Radial Diffusion Assay. The conditions, which can improve the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts, were confirmed by heating method, freezing and thawing method. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts were not changed significantly when the P. martensii was stimulated by S. agalactiae with 1.0×106 cfu·mL-1 within 14 h. The antibacterial activity of crude extracts homogenated by IKAT-18 homogenate machine was higher than that by the tissue grinder and the mortar. The activities of crude extracts against Vibrio alginolyticus can be improved significantly when the crude extractions were heated at 100℃for 10 min; The activity against V. alginolyticus was reduced when the crude extractions of the mantle tissues from P. martensii were freezed and thawed repeatedly. Therefore, the times of freezing and thawing the samples should be reduced in the process of the antimicrobial peptide purification. 2. Isolation and identification of antimicrobial peptides from Pinctada martensii
According to the different molecular weight of antimicrobial substances, the antimicrobial substances of tissue extraction were separated by 491 Prep Cell. The nature of the antimicrobial substances was detected, then the molecular weight of antimicrobial peptide was determined by SDS-PAGE. The protein concentration of antimicrobial substances was identified by UV spectrophotometer. The results showed that some antimicrobial substances were isolated by 491 Prep Cell. A kind of the antimicrobial substances formed a single band on the SDS-PAGE gel and its molecular weight is 1124Da. Its antibacterial activity disappeared after it was handled with proteinase K for 10 min. The protein concentration of the sample is 2.10mg/mL. 3. Some biological activities of antimicrobial peptide from Pinctada martensii
The hemolytic activity of the antimicrobial peptide sample was determined by the blood agar diffusion assay. The antibacterial activity of the antimicrobial peptide sample was identified by broth gradient dilution assay. Then the MBC (Minimal Bacteriocidal Concentration) and MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations) were confirmed. The results showed that the antimicrobial peptide from Pinctada martensii had broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Its MIC and MBC against Micrococcus luteus, Vibrio harveyi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 0.63mg/mL and 0.75mg/mL respectively; its MIC and MBC against Staphyloccocus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli D31 were 0.75mg/mL and 0.87mg/mL respectively; and its MIC and MBC against Bacillus subtilis and Vibrio alginolyticus were 0.52mg/mL and 0.63mg/mL respectively. The hemolysis activity of the antimicrobial peptide reduced when the protein concentration in the sample decreased, and the hemolytic ring disappeared while the protein concentration in the sample was less than 0.87mg/mL.
使用无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)对马氏珠母贝进行浸泡刺激。在冰浴条件下,分别利用玻璃匀浆器、研钵和IKAT-18组织匀浆机制备马氏珠母贝外套膜和鳃组织抗菌肽粗提液,采用径向扩散法(Radial Diffusion Assay, RDA)测定粗提液的抑菌活性。通过加热和冻融的方法,研究确定提高组织粗提液抗菌效果的处理条件。结果表明：以终浓度为1.0×106fu·mL-1的无乳链球菌对马氏珠母贝刺激14h,马氏珠母贝组织粗提物抗菌活性无显著变化；马氏珠母贝外套膜或鳃组织抗菌肽粗提物制备时,IKAT-18匀浆机的匀浆效果要优于玻璃匀浆器和研钵；100℃水浴处理组织粗提物10 min可显著提高其对溶藻弧菌的抗菌活性；反复冻融则会显著降低外套膜组织粗提物的抗菌效果,因此,在研究过程中应尽量减少样品的冻融次数。2、马氏珠母贝抗菌肽的分离与鉴定
根据抗菌物质分子量大小的不同,使用491制备型电泳槽对马氏珠母贝组织中含有的肽类抗菌物质进行分离。检测分离得到的抗菌物质(PM-AMP-Ⅱ)后,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法确定其分子量,利用紫外分光光度计测定抗菌物质中的蛋白浓度。研究结果表明,利用491制备型电泳槽分离得到了抗菌物质,其中单峰值样品经SDS-PAGE分析,胶上显示单一条带,分子量为1124Da,该单峰值样品能被蛋白酶K水解,属于小分子的抗菌蛋白,蛋白含量为2.10mg/mL3、马氏珠母贝抗菌成分的抑菌活性研究
为了确定所分离得到的单峰值样品的溶血活性和抑菌效果,使用血琼脂板孔穴扩散法和液体培养基倍比稀释法分别测定了样品的溶血活性、抑菌谱,得出了该样品的最低杀菌浓度和最低抑菌浓度。研究结果表明,分离得到的马氏珠母贝抗菌肽具有广谱抗菌活性,对藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)、哈氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)和绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)的最低抑菌浓度为0.63mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度为0.75mg/mL;对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)、无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)、大肠杆菌D31(Escherichia coli D31)的最低抑菌浓度为0.75mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度为0.87mg/mL;对枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)的最低抑菌浓度为0.52mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度为0.63mg/mL。抗菌肽的溶血效果表明,溶血圈随样品浓度的降低而减小,当样品中蛋白浓度低于0.87mg/mL时,溶血圈完全消失。
In China, Pinctada martensii is the major economic shellfish in aquaculture. The study about the antimicrobial peptides from Pinctada martensii can reveal the immune mechanism of Pinctada martensii, can help in finding a kind of curative new drugs, and can improve the health of shellfish and the quality of pearls. The study also makes the cultured pearl industry develop in a virtuous circle. In this paper, the crude extracts with antimicrobial peptide was abstracted from the mantle and gill tissues of Pinctada martensii by 1% acetic acid. The antimicrobial peptides were separated from the crude extracts by 491 Prep Cell. The character, the antibacterial activity and the hemolytic activity of antimicrobial protein were studied. 1. The preparation of the tissue extraction from Pinctada martensii
The Pinctada martensii were stimulated by putting them in the water which included Streptococcus agalactiae. The crude extractions from the mantle and gill tissues of Pinctada martensii were prepared by the glass tissue grinder, the mortar and the IKAT-18 homogenate machine at 0℃. The antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts were detected by Radial Diffusion Assay. The conditions, which can improve the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts, were confirmed by heating method, freezing and thawing method. The results showed that the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts were not changed significantly when the P. martensii was stimulated by S. agalactiae with 1.0×106 cfu·mL-1 within 14 h. The antibacterial activity of crude extracts homogenated by IKAT-18 homogenate machine was higher than that by the tissue grinder and the mortar. The activities of crude extracts against Vibrio alginolyticus can be improved significantly when the crude extractions were heated at 100℃for 10 min; The activity against V. alginolyticus was reduced when the crude extractions of the mantle tissues from P. martensii were freezed and thawed repeatedly. Therefore, the times of freezing and thawing the samples should be reduced in the process of the antimicrobial peptide purification. 2. Isolation and identification of antimicrobial peptides from Pinctada martensii
According to the different molecular weight of antimicrobial substances, the antimicrobial substances of tissue extraction were separated by 491 Prep Cell. The nature of the antimicrobial substances was detected, then the molecular weight of antimicrobial peptide was determined by SDS-PAGE. The protein concentration of antimicrobial substances was identified by UV spectrophotometer. The results showed that some antimicrobial substances were isolated by 491 Prep Cell. A kind of the antimicrobial substances formed a single band on the SDS-PAGE gel and its molecular weight is 1124Da. Its antibacterial activity disappeared after it was handled with proteinase K for 10 min. The protein concentration of the sample is 2.10mg/mL. 3. Some biological activities of antimicrobial peptide from Pinctada martensii
The hemolytic activity of the antimicrobial peptide sample was determined by the blood agar diffusion assay. The antibacterial activity of the antimicrobial peptide sample was identified by broth gradient dilution assay. Then the MBC (Minimal Bacteriocidal Concentration) and MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations) were confirmed. The results showed that the antimicrobial peptide from Pinctada martensii had broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Its MIC and MBC against Micrococcus luteus, Vibrio harveyi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 0.63mg/mL and 0.75mg/mL respectively; its MIC and MBC against Staphyloccocus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli D31 were 0.75mg/mL and 0.87mg/mL respectively; and its MIC and MBC against Bacillus subtilis and Vibrio alginolyticus were 0.52mg/mL and 0.63mg/mL respectively. The hemolysis activity of the antimicrobial peptide reduced when the protein concentration in the sample decreased, and the hemolytic ring disappeared while the protein concentration in the sample was less than 0.87mg/mL.
引文
[1]连永权,李建平,李文君.抗菌肽及其在畜牧业中的应用[J].饲料研究,2005(2)：14-17.
[2]Bulet P, Stockin R, Menin L, et al. Antimicrobial peptides from invertebrates and vertebrates[J]. Immunological Reviews,2004,198:169-184.
[3]肖建光,刘文生.水产动物抗菌肽的研究进展[J].水利渔业,2005,25(1)：4-5.
[4]陈胜军,曾名勇,董士远.水产胶原蛋白及其活性肽的研究进展[J].水产学报,2004,23(6)：44-46.
[5]蔡桂琴.水生动物抗菌肽的研究概况[J].现代渔业信息,2005,20(2)：24-25.
[6]Boman H G. Antibacterial peptides:key components needed in immunity [J].Cell,1991,65:205-207.
[7]Mariam E,Monta C,Dorothy L,et al. Antiviral effects of synthetic membrane-active peptides on herpes simplex virus type[J]. International Antimicrobial agents,1999,13(2):57-60.
[8]郭玉梅,戴祝英,胡云龙.家蚕抗菌肽的一些性质及抗肿瘤活性.南京师大学报(自然科学版),1995,18(1)：62-66.
[9]Ekengren S, hultmark D. Drosophila cecropin as an antifungal agent [J]. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology,1999,29(11):965-972.
[10]Boman H G. Infection and Immunity:I. Characteristics of an inducible cell-free antibacterial reaction in hemolymph of samia cynthiapupae[J]. Infection and Immunity,1974,10:136-145.
[11]黄文树,王克坚,李少菁.甲壳动物抗菌肽研究进展[J].海洋科学,2005,29(2)：64-68.
[12]Willem F.B, Cammue B.P.A, De Bolle M.F.C, et al. Antimicrobial peptides from plants[J]. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,1999,16(3):297-323.
[13]Thevissen K, De Samblanx G.W, Pointer L, et al. Fungal membrane responses induced by plant Defensins and thions[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2004,218(2):408-413.
[14]张宏,胡春香,张德禄,等.植物防御素研究进展[J].西北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,42(5)：112-117.
[15]Arondel V, Kader J.C. Lipid transfer in plants[J]. Exerientia,1999,272:1171-1179.
[16]王琼,何清君.植物抗菌肽研究进展.四川师范学院学报,2000,21(2)：141-145.
[17]Tailor R., Acland D.P., Attenborough S., et al. A novel family of small cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from seed of Impaatiens balsamina is derived from a single precursor protein[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,273:1624-1636.
[18]Tailor R H.Acland D P.Attenborough S. A novel family of small cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from seed of Impatiens balsamina is derived from a single precursor RT protein [J].1997(39): 24480-24487.
[19]Ramanathan B, Davis E G, Ross C R, et al. gathlicidins:micmbicidal activity, mechanis of action, and roles sininnate immunity[J]. Microbes Infec,2002,4:361-372.
[20]布冠好,李宏基,杨国宇,等.抗菌肽的作用特点及应用前景[J].动物医学进展,2005,26(3)：26-28.
[21]Millar R P, Lu Z L, Pawson A J,et al.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors[J]. Endocr Rev,2004, 25(2):235-275.
[22]Lehrer R L,Granz T,Selsted E. Defensins:endogenous antibiotic peptides of animal cells [J]. Cell, 1991,64:229-230.
[23]Diamond G, Zasloff M, Eck H, et al. Tracheal antimicrobial peptide, a novel cysteine-rich peptide from mammalian tracheal nuecosa:peptide isolation and cloning of cDNA[J]. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA, 1997,88(10):3952-3956.
[24]Zanetti M, Gennaro R, Romeo D. Cathelicidins:a novel protein family with a common proregion and a variable C2 terminal antimicrobial domain[J].FEBSLett,1995,374:1-12.
[25]金飞燕,工旻,陈代杰Cathelicidins抗菌肽家族的研究进展[J].药物生物技术,2003,10(3)：186-190.
[26]Ritonja A, Kopitar M, Jerala R, et al. Primary structure of a new cysteine proteinase inhibitor from pig leukocytes[J]. FEBS Lett,1989,255:211-214.
[27]Heller W T, Waring A J,Lerer R L,et al.Multiple states of β-sheet peptide protegrin in lipid bilayers [J]. Biochemistry,1998,37:17331-17338.
[28]Xiao Y,Hughes A L,Ando J.A genome-wide screen identifies a single beta-defensin gene cluster in the chicken:Implications for the origin and evolution of mammalian defensins[J]. BMC Genomic,2004, 5(1):56-60.
[29]马得莹,韩宗玺,廖文燕,等.禽β-防御素的研究进展[J].农业生物技术学报,2007,15(2)：341-345.
[30]Evans E W,Beach K M,Moore M W. Antimicrobial activity of chicken and turkey heterophil peptides CHP1,CHP2,THP1,and THP3[J].Veterinary Microbiology,1995,47:295-303.
[31]Evans E W,Beach G G,Wunderlich J. Isolation of antimicrobial peptides from avian heterophils [J].Journal of Leukocyte Biology,1994.56(5):661-665.
[32]Harwig S S L.Swiderek K M,Kokryakov V N.Gallinacins-cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides of chicken leukocytes[J].FEBS Letters,1994,342:218-285.
[33]Lynn D J, Higgs R, Gaines S. Bioinformatic discovery and initial characterisation of nine novel antimicrobial peptide genes in the chicken[J].Immunogenetics,2004,56(3):170-177.
[34]Thouzeau C,Le Maho Y,Froget G.Sphenicins,avain β-defensins in preserved stomach contents of the king penguin,Aptenodytes patagonicus[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2003,278:51053-51058.
[35]Yu P L, Choudhury S D, Ahrens K. Purification and characterization of the antimicrobial peptide, ostricacin [J].Biotechnology Letters,2001,23:207-210.
[36]Higgs R,Lynn D J,Gaines S.The synthetic form of a novel chicken beta-defensin identified in silico is predominantly active against intestinal pathogens[J]. Immunogenetics,2005,57(1-2):90-98.
[37]Lamberty M, Zachary D, Lanot R, et al. Constitutive expression of a cysteine-rich antifungal and linear antibacterial peptide in a termite insect [J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,276 (6):4085 -4092.
[38]Boman H G Antibacterial peptides:basic facts and emerging concepts[J]. J Intern Med,2003,254: 197-215.
[39]肖业臣,温硕洋,黄亚东,等.昆虫抗菌肽和抗真菌肽结构与功能的关系及分子设计[J].昆虫学报,2004,47(5)：659-669.
[40]Hetru C, Hoffmann D, Bulet P. Molecular mechanisms of immune responses in insects [J]. Chapman & Ha L1,1998:40-66.
[41]Fehlbaum P, Bulet P, Chernysh S,et al. Structure-activity analysis of thanatin, a 21-residue inducible insect defense peptide with sequence homology to frog skin antimicrobial peptides[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,1996,93:1221-1225.
[42]Cociancich S, Dupont A, Hegy Qet al. Novel inducible antibacterial peptides from a hemipteran insect,the sapsucking bug pyrrhocoris apterus[J].Biochemistry,1994,300:567-575.
[43]Bulet P, Hegy G, Lambert J, et al. The inducible antibacterial peptide diptericin carries two O-glycans necessary for biological activity [J]. Biochemistry,1995,34:7394-7400.
[44]孙丽萍,董捷,闫继红,等.蜂毒肽的结构、功能及分子生物学研究进展[J].蜜蜂杂志,2002(8)：7-9.
[45]lijima R, Kurata S, Natori S.Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an antifungal protein from the hemolymph of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly) larvae[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1993,268:12055-12061.
[46]Lee SY, Moon HJ, Kurata S,et al. Purification and cDNA cloning of an antifungal protein from the hemolymph of Holotrichia diomphalia larvae[J].Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1995,18(8): 1049-1052.
[47]Fehlbaum P, Bulet P, Michaut L,et al. Septic injury of Drosophila induces the synthesis of a potent antifungal peptide with sequence homology to plant antifungal peptides[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1994,269:33159-33163.
[48]韩文瑜,孙长江.抗菌肽的研究现状与展望[J].中国兽药杂志,2009,43(10)：11-19.
[49]Cole A M, Weis P,Diamond G. Isolation and characterization of pleurocidin, an antimicrobial peptide in the skin secretions of winter flounder[J]. J Biol Chem,1997,272:12008-120013.
[50]马文山,廖富蘋,范雪云,等.细菌抗菌肽的研究进展及其应用[J].细菌抗菌肽的研究进展及其应用,2008,3：39-43.
[51]张双前,贾红武.抗菌肽CM4抗K562癌细胞结构研究[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,1997,24(2)：159-163.
[52]丘建华,白峰.多粘菌素(Polymyxins)研究现状及应用[J].福建畜牧兽医,2000,22(2)：20-24.
[53]张小兵,闫静辉,李玉静.杆菌肽(锌)及其应用进展[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2009,30(6)：170-172.
[54]Barra D, Simmaco M. Amphibian skin:Apromising resource for antimicrobial peptides [J]. Trends Biotechnol,1995(13):205-209.
[55]Isaacson T, Soto A, Iwamuro S, et al. Antimicrobial peptides with atypical structural features from the skin of Japanese brown frog Rana japonica[J]. Peptides,2002(23):419-425.
[56]Efron L, Dagan A, Gaidukov L, et al. Direct interaction of dermaseptin s4 aminoheptanoyl derivative with intraery-throcytic malaria parasite leading to increased specific antiparasitic activity in culture[J]. Bio. Chem,2002,277:24067-24072.
[57]Simmaco M,Mignogna G,Barra D.Antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin:what do they tell us? [J].Biopolymers,1998,47(6):435-450.
[58]Rinaldi AC. Antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin:An expanding scenario[J]. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology,2002(6):799-804.
[59]Conlon J M, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N. Antimicrobial peptides from ranid frogs:taxonomic and phylogenetic markers and a potential source of new therapeutic agents[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2004,1696:1-14.
[60]Lai R,Zheng YT,Shen J H,et al.Antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima.[J]Peptides,2002,23:427-435.
[61]Qren Z, Shai Y. A class of highly potent antibacterial petides derived from pardaxin:A pore-forming peptide isolated from moses sole fish Pardachirus maroratus[J].European Journal of Biochemistry,1996,237(1):303-310.
[62]Birkemo G A,Torben L,Jon N M,et al. Hipposin, a histone-derived antimicrobial peptide in Atlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus)[J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2003,1646:207-215.
[63]Park I Y,Park C B,Kim M S,et al. Parasin I, an antimicrobial peptide derived from histone H2A in the catfish,Parasilurus asotus[J]. FEBS Lett,1998(437):258-262.
[64]Jorge M O. Fernandes, Gerard Molle, Graham D. Kemp,et al. Isolation and characterisation of oncorhyncin Ⅱ, a histone H1-derived antimicrobial peptide from skin secretions of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss[J].Developmental and Comparative Immunology,2004,28:127-138.
[65]丛潇.海鲈头肾cDNA文库的构建及hepcidin抗菌肽基因的克隆与表达[D].山东师范大学.2008.
[66]Salerno G, Parrinello N, Roch P, et al. cDNA sequence and tissue expression of an antimicrobial peptide, dicentracin; a new component of the moronecidin family isolated from head kidney leukocytes of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax[J].Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2007,146(4):521-529.
[67]陈勇,苏永全,吴常文,等.大黄鱼Piscidin-like抗菌肽基因部分cDNA的克隆与序列分析[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2008,47(4)：575-579.
[68]Lauth X, Shrike H, Burns J C, et al. Discovery and characterization of two isoforms of moronecidin, a novel antimicrobial peptide from hybrid striped bass [J]. J Biol Chem,2002,277(7):5030-5039.
[69]Basanez G,Shlnnar A E,Zinllnerber I M,et al.Interaetion of hagfish cathelieidin antimicrobial peptides with model lipid membranes[J]. FEBS Lett,2002,532(12):115-120.
[70]Chen S L, Li W, Meng L, et al. Molecula cloning and expression analysis of a hepcidin antimicrobial peptide gene from turbot(Scophthalmus maximus)[J].Fish Shellfish Immunol,2007,22(3):172-181.
[71]Richards R C., O'Neil D.B.,et al. Histone H1:An Antimicrobial Protein of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) [J].Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2001,284:549-555.
[72]Cintas L M, Herranz C, Hernandez P E, et al.Review:Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria[J]. Food Sci Tech Int,2001,7:281-305.
[73]戴秋萍,工健鑫,李鹏.海鞘类抗菌肽的研究进展[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),2005,24(2)：148-156.
[74]Lee I H, Zhao C,Cho Y, et al. Clavanins, alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides from tunicate hemocytes [J]. FEBS Lett,1997,400:158-162.
[75]Lee H I,Lee Y S,Kim C H,et al. Dicynthaurin:an antimicrobial peptide from hemocytes of the solitary tunicate, Halocynthia aurantium[J].Biochimica Biophysica Acta,2001,1527:141-148.
[76]Taylor S W,Craing A G,Fischer W H,et al. Styelin D, an extensively modified antimicrobial peptide from ascidian hemocytes[J]. J Biol Chem,2000,275:38417-38426.
[77]Lehrer R I,Tincu J A,Taylor S W,et al. Natural peptide antibiotics from tunicates:Structures, functions and potential uses[J].Integrative and Comparative Biology,2003,43(2):313-326.
[78]Lee I H,Zhao C,Nguyen T,et al.Clavaspirin, an antibacterial and haemolytic peptide from Styela clava[J]. J Peptide Res,2001,58:445-456.
[79]Tincu J A,Menzel L P,Azimov R,et al.Plicatamide, an antimicrobial octapeptide from Styela clava hemocytes[J].J Biol Chem,2003,278(15):13546-13553.
[80]Azumi K,Yokosawa H,Ishii S.Halocyamines:novel antimicrobial tetrapeptide-like substances isolated from the hemocytes of the solitary ascidian,Halocynthia roretzi[J].Biochemistry,1990,29(1):159-165.
[81]Jang W S,Kim K N,Lee Y S,et al.Halocidin:a new antimicrobial peptide from hemocytes of the solitary tunicate, Halocynthia aurantium[J].FEBS Letters,2002,521:81-86.
[82]Nakamura T, Furunaka H, Miyata T, et al. Tachyplesin, a class of antimicrobial peptide from the hemocytes of the horseshoe crab(Tachypleus tridentatus). Isolation and chemical structure[J]. J Biol Chem,1988,263(32):16709-16713.
[83]洪旭光，孙修勤,张进兴,等.海洋抗菌肽研究进展[J].高科技通讯,2004,2：105-110.
[84]Suetake T, Aizawa T. Production and characterization of recombinant tachycitin,the Cys-rich chitin-binding protein[J].Protein Eng,2002,15(9):763-781.
[85]Iwanaga S,Kawabata S,Muta T.New types of clotting factors and defense molecules found in horseshoe crab hemolymph:their structure and functions[J].J Biochem,1998,123(1):1-15.
[86]Fujitani N,Osaki T. Structure of the antimicrobial peptide tachystatin A [J]. J Biol Chem,2002,277 (26):23651-23675.
[87]Destoumieux D, Bulet P, Loew D, et al. Penaeidins, a new family of antimicrobial peptides isolated from the shrimp penaeus vannamei (Decapoda) [J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,1997, 272(45):28398-28406.
[88]Cuthbertson B J, Shepard E F, Chapman R W,et al. Diversity of the penaeidin antimicrobial peptides in two shrimp species[J].Immunogeneties,2002,54(6):442-445.
[89]Hu S Y, HuangJ H, Huang W T,et al. Structure and function of antimicrobial peptide penaeidin-5 from the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon[J]. Aquaculture,2006,260:61-68.
[90]Supungul P,Tang S,Maneeruttanarungroj C,et al.Cloning,expression and antimicrobial activity of crustinPml,major isoform of crustin,from the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon[J].Dev Comp Immunol,2008,32(1):61-70.
[91]Destoumieux D, Saulner D, Gamier J, et al. Antifungal peptides are generated from the C terminus of shrimp hemocyanin in response to microbial challenge[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001, 276:47070-47077.
[92]叶星,白俊杰.抗菌肽的研究及其在水产上的应用前景[J].大连水产学院学报,2000,15(4)274279.
[93]Hauton C,Brockton V,Smith V J.Cloning of a crustin-like,single whey-acidic-domain, antibacterial peptide from the haemocytes of the European lobster,Homarus gammarus,and its response to infection with bacteria[J].Mol Immunol,2006,43(9):1490-1496.
[94]Jiravanichpaisal P, Lee S Y, Kim Y A,et al. Antibacterial peptides in hemocytes and hematopoietic tissue from freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus:Characterization and expression pattern[J]. Dev Comp Immunol,2007,31(5):441-455.
[95]Pan J, kurosky A, Xu B, et al. Broad antiviral activity in tissues of crustaceans[J]. Antiviral Res,2000, 48:39-47.
[96]Schnapp D,Kemp G D,Smith V J. Purification and characterization of a proline-rich antibacterial peptide, with sequence similarity to bactenecin 7,from the haemocytes of the shore crab,Carcinus maenas[J]. Eur J Biochem,1996,240:532-539.
[97]Relf J M,Chisholm J R,Kemp G D,et al. Purification and characterization of a cysteine-rich 11.5 kDa antibacterial protein from the granular haemocytes of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas[J]. Eur J Biochem,1999,264:350-357.
[98]Khoo L H, Robinet D W, Noga E J. Callinectin an antibacterial peptide from the blue crab Callinectes sapidus,hemocytes[J]. Mar Biotechnol,1999,1:44-51.
[99]Jayasankar V,Subramoniam T. Antibacterial activity of seminal plasma of the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal)[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,1999,236:253-259.
[100]Huang W S,Wang K J. Purification and part characterization of a novel antibacterial protein Scygonadin, isolated from the seminal plasma of mud crab Scylla serrata [J]. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 2006,339:37-42.
[101]Wang K, Huang W S. A male-specific expression gene,encodes a novel anionic antimicrobial peptide, scygonadin,in Scylla serrata[J].Mole cular Immumology,2007,44(8):1961-1968.
[102]Mitta G, Vandenbulcke F, Roch P. Original involvement of Antimicrobial peptides in mussel innate immunity [J].FEBS Lett,2000,486(3):185-190.
[103]Phillipe Bulet, Charles Hetru, Jean-Luc Dimarcq,et al.Antimicrobial peptides in insects; structure and function[J].Dev CompImmunol,1999,23:329-344.
[104]Charlet M, Chernysh S, Philippe H, et al. Isolation of several cysteine-rich antimicrobial pep-tides from the blood of a mollusc, Mytilus edulis[J].J Biol Chem,1996,271(36):21808-21813.
[105]Hubert F,Noel.T. A member of the arthropod defensin family from edible Mediterranean mussels(Myti-lusgalloprovincialis)[J].Eur J Biochem,1996,240:302-306.
[106]Mitta G,Vandenbulcke F,Hubert F,et al. Involvement of mytilins in mussel antimicrobial defense[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2000,275(177):12954-12962.
[107]仲燕,刘军华,张建鹏,等.东海贻贝抗菌肽Myticin A基因的克隆表达及其生物学活性[J].第二军医大学学报,2005,26(1)：65-67.
[108]Yang YS,Mitta G,Chavanieu A,et al. Solution Structure and Activity of the Synthetic Four-Disulfide Bond Mediterranean Mussel Defensin (MGD-1)[J].Biochemistry,2000,28;39(47):14436-14447.
[109]于道德,宁璇璇,任贵如,等.贻贝抗菌肽的研究进展[J].海洋科学,200933(11)：118-120.
[110]Mitta G, Hubert F, Noe T, et al. Myticin, a novel cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide isolated from haemocytes and plasma of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis[J]. Europena Journal of Biochemistry,1999,265:71-78.
[111]Schmeer M R.Growth-inhibiting agents from mercenaria extracts:chemical and biological properties [J].Science,1964,144:413-414.
[112]黄建设,龙丽娟.海洋天然产物及其生理活性的研究进展[J].海洋通报,2001,20(4)：83-86.
[113]Schmeer A C. Chemical characterization and biological activity of an anticancer agent of marine origin [J]. Physiol. Chem. Physics,1979,11:415-424.
[114]陈汉源,丛笑倩,张昂,等.文蛤抽提物的抗癌研究[J].肿瘤防治研究,1980,4：3-7.
[115]刘洪斌.海洋生物活性物质与糖尿病防治[J].宁波大学学报,1998,11(4)：70-74.
[116]徐秀兰,李泰明,张传儒.文蛤水解液降糖及降脂作用的实验研究[J].中国生化药物杂志,1999,6：298-299.
[117]张广钦,禹志领,赵厚长.文蛤肉水解液降血脂作用的研究[J].中国海洋药物,1997,2：2l-24.
[118]罗运满,吴冬明,倪大石.文蛤肉的药理作用[J].中国海洋药物,1996,2：14-17.
[119]Seo J K, Crawford J M, Stone K L, et al. Purification of a novel arthropod defensin from the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2005,338:1988-2004.
[120]Tamplin M.L,Fisher W.S. Occurrence and characteristics of agglutination of Vibrio cholerae by serum from the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica[J].Appl Environ Microb,1989,55(11):2882-2887.
[121]魏玉西,郭道森,李丽,等.菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)血淋巴中抑菌活性物质的活性影响因素[J].应用与环境生物学报,2003,9(3)：27l-272.
[122]刘晓萍,王玉贞,王春波,等.扇贝多肽在体外对免疫细胞活性的影响及其抗紫外线的氧化损伤作用[J].海洋与湖沼,200l,32(4)：414-419.
[123]阎春玲,张国梁,战松梅,等.扇贝多肽对紫外线辐射照小鼠胸腺淋巴细胞的保护作用[J].中国海洋药物,2005,24(6)：28-29.
[124]杜卫,刘晓萍,梁惠等.扇贝多肽对淋巴细胞的保护作用和反相液相色谱分析[J].中国海洋药物,2000,19(5)：27-29.
[125]车勇良,孙谧,欧阳五庆,等.扇贝多肽对氧化所致胸腺细胞凋亡的影响[J].海洋水产研究,2004,25(3)：33-38.
[126]陈晓生,贺建华,田允波.抗菌肽在无公害动物性食品生产中的应用价值[J].中山大学学报论丛,2005,25(4)：372-375.
[127]舒黛廉,任敏,王珏.抗菌肽研究现状及其在畜牧业中的应用前景[J].中国畜牧兽医,2007,34(6)：100-104.
[128]Cary J W, Rajasekaran K, Jaynes J M, et al. Transgenic expression of a gene encoding a synthetic antimicrobial peptide results in inhibition of fungal growth in vitro and in planta[J]. Plant Science,2000,154:171-181.
[129]Ali G S, Reddy A S N. Inhibition of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens by synthetic peptides:in vitro growth inhibition, interaction between peptides and inhibition of disease progression[J]. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,2000,13:847-859.
[130]Lopez-Garca B, Veyrat A, Perez-Paya E. Comparison of the activity of antifungal hexapeptides and the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil against postharvest fungal pathogens[J]. International Journal of Food Microbiology,2003,89:163-170.
[131]Llopez-Garca B, Gonza-Candelas L, Perez-Paya E, et al. Identification and characterization of ahexa peptide with activity against phytopathogenic fungi that cause postharvest decay in fruits[J]. Mol Plant-Microb Interact,2000,13:837-846.
[132]Jones R W, Prusky D. Expression of an antifungal peptide in Saccharomyces:a new approach for biological control of the postharvest disease caused by Colletotrichum coccodes[J]. Phytopathology, 2002,92:33-37.
[133]李红,赵春燕.乳酸链球菌素的研究进展[J].食品科技,2006,31(1)：75-78.
[134]孙丽萍,徐长岐,徐响,等.抗菌肽及其在食品工业中的应用进展[J].中国蜂业,2008,59(10)：17-20.
[135]张继南,陈红霞.抗菌肽及其应用研究进展[J].生物技术通讯,2006,17(4)：669-672.
[136]Toney J H.Iseganan (IntraBiotics pharmaceuticals).Curr Opin Investig Drugs,2002,3(2):225-228.
[137]Chen J, Falla TJ, Liu H,et al.Development of protegrins for the treatment and prevention of oral mucositis:structure-activity relationships of synthetic protegrin analogues.Biopolymers,2000,55(1):88-98.
[138]周义文.生物抗菌肽研究进展及应用前景[J].国外医学·临床生物化学与检验学分册,2004,25(2)：131-135.
[139]邱晓燕.抗菌肽的分布及其药用前景[J].生物学通报,2002,37(5)：4-7.
[140]申吉泓.抗菌肽及其临床应用现状[J].昆明医学院学报,2003,(4)：26-28.
[141]于健,邱芳萍,张玲.抗菌肽及应用前景[J].长春工业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,25(1)：65-69.
[142]郭向华.抗菌肽及其转基因动物的研究进展[J].临床和实验医学杂志,2004,3(1)：47-51.
[143]韩献萍,彭昭晖,涂冰.柞蚕杀菌肽D对宫颈癌细胞和阴道毛滴虫生长的损伤作用[J].生物技术通讯,1994,5(1)：24-26.
[144]顾谦群.海洋毒素的研究进展[J].中国海洋药物杂志,1995,(140)：28-31.
[145]施志云.抗肿瘤的海洋药物研究进展.中国药事,1997,Ⅱ(Ⅰ)：61-65.
[146]陆江海,李瑞声,张维汉.海胆化学和药理研究概况[J].中国海洋药物杂志,1994,13(2)：38-43.
[147]张尔贤,俞丽君.海洋生物活性物质开发利用的现状与前景[J]台湾海峡,2000,19(3)：388-395.
[148]李青选.海洋天然产物：抗艾滋病活性物质的来源[J].中国海洋药物杂志,1993,12(3)：22-27.
[149]王祯瑞.中国动物志·无脊椎动物第31卷·双壳纲珍珠贝亚目[M].北京：科学出版社,2002,68-98.
[150]王昭萍,田传远,于瑞海,等.海水贝类养殖技术[M].青岛海洋大学.
[151]黄建新.海洋贝类病害和健康养殖[J].现代渔业信息,2006,8,21(8)：24-27.
[152]艾红,李永振,丁彦文.海洋珍珠贝病害研究综述[J].上海水产,2003,3,12(1)：61-64.
[153]Tomaru Y, Kawabata Z, Nakano S I. Mass mortality of the Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii in relation to water temperature chlorophyll a and phytoplankton composition [J].Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,2001,44(1):61-68.
[155]Nagai K, Matsuyama Y, Uchida T, et al. Effect of a natural population of the harmful dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama on the survival of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata [J]. Fish Science, 2000,66(5):995-997.
[156]陈皓文.珠母贝的疾害[J].水产养殖,2005,26(1)：34-37.
[157]刘志刚,黄海立,周银环.马氏珠母贝幼虫假胞菌病的初步研究[J].湛江海洋大学学报,1998,18(3)：25-28.
[158]吴后波,胡超群.合浦珠母贝体内细菌的初步研究[J].南海研究与开发,1996,(2)：58-60.
[159]吴信忠.海洋养殖贝类病害的流行状况及其控制对策[G]//.南海资源开发研究.广州：广东经济出版社,1998：670-679.
[160]Suzaki S,Utsunomiya I,Kusuda R.Experimental infection of marine birnavirus strain JPO-96 to Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata [J]. Bulletin of Marine Sciences and Fisheries,1998,18:39-41.
[161]Miyazaki T,Guto K, Kobayashi T, et al.Mass mortalities associated with a virus disease in Japanese pearl oysters Pinctada fucata martensii[J]. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,1999,37(1):1-12.
[162]Miyazaki T, Nozawa N, Kobayashi T. Clinical trial results on the use of a recombinant feline interferon-w to protect Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii from akoya-virus infection [J]. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,2001,43(1):15-26.
[163]谢玉坎,姜卫国,司徒竞.合浦珠贝的多毛虫寄生病继发性脓疡(俗称”黑心肝病”)的研究1.病情和病因的调查[G]//.中国科学院南海海洋研究所.珍珠贝文集.北京：科学出版社,1984：87-90.
[164]周永灿,潘金培.海南岛海水珍珠贝养殖区嵌线螺的种类、分布及危害[J].热带海洋,1999,18(1)：83-89.
[165]周永灿.海洋贝类病害及其研究进展[J].海南大学学报,2000,18(2)：207-212.
[166]姜卫国,谢玉坎,司徒竞.合浦珠母贝的多毛虫寄生病继发性脓疡(俗称“黑心肝病”)的研究Ⅲ.饱和盐水的杀虫防治[G]//.中国科学院南海海洋研究所.珍珠贝文集.北京：科学出版社,1984：75-80.
[167]张英霞,邹瑗徽,满初日嘎,等.马氏珠母贝鳃组织抗菌活性的研究[J].水产科学,2010,29(8)：465-468.
[168]王雪,权春善,王建华,等.不同细胞破碎方法对无细胞蛋白表达系统细胞抽提物活性的影响[J].中国生物工程杂志,20ll,3l(1)：46-50.
[169]李宏君,尹际彤,杨启东.细胞破碎方法简述[J].黑龙江医药,2002,15(2)：124-127.
[170]李启辉.以天蚕素为基础的抗菌肽设计及其基因表达[D].江南大学：2004.
[171]张朝霞,王军,丁少雄,等.贝类免疫学研究新进展[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(s2)：90-96.
[172]杨绒,陈松林.水产动物抗菌肽的研究进展[J].生物技术通报.2005,2：l-5.
[173]赵建民.扇贝大防御素和G型溶菌酶的基因克隆与重组表达[D].中国科学院研究生院：中国科学院海洋研究所,2006.
[174]李晔,苏秀榕,李太武,等.鲍血淋巴抗菌肽的研究[J].食品科学2005,26,(5)：67-70.
[175]赵洁,孙燕,李晶,等.动物抗菌肽的抗病毒活性[J].医学分子生物学杂志,2008,5(5)：466-469.
[176]李鹏,仇妍虹,李腩,等.家蝇防御素抗菌肽Des-hf突变体的抑菌活性[J].农业生物技术学报2008,16(1)：85-89.
[177]李思明.鳄龟抗菌肽的分离纯化和抗菌效果研究[D].四川农业大学：2006.
[178]李晔,苏秀榕,李太武,等.泥螺抗菌肽的初步研究[J].台湾海峡,2005,5,24(2)：145-149.
[179]张朝霞,王军,丁少雄,等.贝类免疫学研究新进展[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(s2)：90-96.
[180]Gueguen Y, Herpin A, Aumelas A, et al. Characterization of a defensin from the oyster Crassostrea gigas[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2006,281(1):313-323.
[181]李哗,苏秀榕,李太武,等.鲍血淋巴抗菌肽的研究[J].食品科学2005,26,(5)：67-70.
[182]车勇良,孙谧,欧阳五庆,等.扇贝多肽对氧化所致胸腺细胞凋亡的影响[J].海洋水产研究,2004,6,25(3)：33-38.
[183]Guillaume Mitta,Franck Vandenbulcke. Originalinvolvement of Antimicrobial peptides in mussel innate immunity [J].FEBS Letters.2000,486(3):185-190.
[184]Gonzalez M., Y. Gueguen, G. Desserre, et al. Molecular characterization of two isoforms of defensin from hemocytes of the oyster Crassostrea gigas[J]. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2007 (31):332-339.
[185]彭慧珍,罗振福,贺建华.抗菌肽及其在畜牧业中的应用[J].湖南农业大学报,2008,04：50-54.
[186]Laemmli U K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4 [J]. Nature,1970,227:680-685.
[187]石继红,赵永同,张英起,等.应用SDS-PAGE显示小分子多肽技术的探讨[J].生物工程进展,2001,21(1)：38-40.
[188]宋宏霞.紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)抗菌肽的研究[D].中国海洋大学：2008.
[189]刘梅.厚壳贻贝抗菌肽mytilin的纯化、鉴定及基因克隆[D].海洋生物学：浙江海洋学院,2010.
[190]王春波,兰晓明,王洪江,等.牡蛎软体中抗菌蛋白的制备及活性研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,4l(1)：33-38.
[191]滕利荣,孟庆繁.生命科学一起使用技术教程[M].北京：科学出版社：151-156.
[192]张英霞,满初日嘎.耳鲍血淋巴抗菌活性的研究[J].水产科学,2009,28(5)：251-254.
[193]Mitta G, Florence H, Elisabeth A, et al. Mytilin B and MGD2, two antimicrobial peptides of marine mussels:gene structure and expression analysis[J].Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2000,24:381-393.
[194]Charlet M, S Chernysh, H Philippe, et al. Innate immunity. Isolation of several cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from the blood of a mollusk,Mytilus edulis[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,1996,271:21808-21813.
[195]Charlet M, Chernysh S,Philippe H,et al. Isolation of several cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from the blood of a mollusc, Mytilus Edulis[J].J Biol Chem,1996,271:21808-21813.
[196]刘梅,武梅,周世权,等.基于厚壳贻贝Mytilin-1的抗菌肽设计、固相合成及抗菌谱分析[J].生物工程学报,2010,26(4)：550-556.
[197]杜卫,刘晓萍,梁惠,等.扇贝多肽对淋巴细胞的保护作用和反相液相色谱分析[J].中国海洋药物,2000,19(5)：27-29.
[198]王春波,兰晓明,王洪江,等.牡蛎软体中抗菌蛋白的制备及活性研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(10)：33-38.
[199]彭慧珍,罗振福,贺建华.抗菌肽及其在畜牧业中的应用[J].湖南农业大学学报,2008,04：50-54.
[200]钟英斌,张晓华,陈吉祥,等.哈维氏弧菌溶血素基因vhhA在大肠杆菌中的表达及活性研究[J].中 国海洋大学学报,2007,37(1)：97-102.
[201]Boman H G,Nilsson I,Rasmuson B.Inducible antibacterial defence system in Drosophila[J]. Nature,1972,237(5352):232-235.
[202]Diamond G, Beckloff N, A Weinberg,et al. The roles of antimicrobial peptides in innate host defense [J].Current Pharmaceutical Design,2009,15(21):2377-2392.
[203]李洪军,胡宗利,魏泓.防御素(Defensin)研究进展[J].生物工程进展,200l,21(3)：34-37.
[204]Milner S M, Ortega M R. Reduced antimicrobial peptide expression in human burn wounds [J].Burns,1999,25(5):411-413.
[205]Bals R, Wang X, Meegalla R L,et al. Mouse betadefensin 3 is an inducible antimicrobial peptide expressed in the epithelia of multiple organs [J].Infect Immun,1999,67 (7):3542-3547.
[2]Bulet P, Stockin R, Menin L, et al. Antimicrobial peptides from invertebrates and vertebrates[J]. Immunological Reviews,2004,198:169-184.
[3]肖建光,刘文生.水产动物抗菌肽的研究进展[J].水利渔业,2005,25(1)：4-5.
[4]陈胜军,曾名勇,董士远.水产胶原蛋白及其活性肽的研究进展[J].水产学报,2004,23(6)：44-46.
[5]蔡桂琴.水生动物抗菌肽的研究概况[J].现代渔业信息,2005,20(2)：24-25.
[6]Boman H G. Antibacterial peptides:key components needed in immunity [J].Cell,1991,65:205-207.
[7]Mariam E,Monta C,Dorothy L,et al. Antiviral effects of synthetic membrane-active peptides on herpes simplex virus type[J]. International Antimicrobial agents,1999,13(2):57-60.
[8]郭玉梅,戴祝英,胡云龙.家蚕抗菌肽的一些性质及抗肿瘤活性.南京师大学报(自然科学版),1995,18(1)：62-66.
[9]Ekengren S, hultmark D. Drosophila cecropin as an antifungal agent [J]. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology,1999,29(11):965-972.
[10]Boman H G. Infection and Immunity:I. Characteristics of an inducible cell-free antibacterial reaction in hemolymph of samia cynthiapupae[J]. Infection and Immunity,1974,10:136-145.
[11]黄文树,王克坚,李少菁.甲壳动物抗菌肽研究进展[J].海洋科学,2005,29(2)：64-68.
[12]Willem F.B, Cammue B.P.A, De Bolle M.F.C, et al. Antimicrobial peptides from plants[J]. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,1999,16(3):297-323.
[13]Thevissen K, De Samblanx G.W, Pointer L, et al. Fungal membrane responses induced by plant Defensins and thions[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2004,218(2):408-413.
[14]张宏,胡春香,张德禄,等.植物防御素研究进展[J].西北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,42(5)：112-117.
[15]Arondel V, Kader J.C. Lipid transfer in plants[J]. Exerientia,1999,272:1171-1179.
[16]王琼,何清君.植物抗菌肽研究进展.四川师范学院学报,2000,21(2)：141-145.
[17]Tailor R., Acland D.P., Attenborough S., et al. A novel family of small cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from seed of Impaatiens balsamina is derived from a single precursor protein[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,273:1624-1636.
[18]Tailor R H.Acland D P.Attenborough S. A novel family of small cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from seed of Impatiens balsamina is derived from a single precursor RT protein [J].1997(39): 24480-24487.
[19]Ramanathan B, Davis E G, Ross C R, et al. gathlicidins:micmbicidal activity, mechanis of action, and roles sininnate immunity[J]. Microbes Infec,2002,4:361-372.
[20]布冠好,李宏基,杨国宇,等.抗菌肽的作用特点及应用前景[J].动物医学进展,2005,26(3)：26-28.
[21]Millar R P, Lu Z L, Pawson A J,et al.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors[J]. Endocr Rev,2004, 25(2):235-275.
[22]Lehrer R L,Granz T,Selsted E. Defensins:endogenous antibiotic peptides of animal cells [J]. Cell, 1991,64:229-230.
[23]Diamond G, Zasloff M, Eck H, et al. Tracheal antimicrobial peptide, a novel cysteine-rich peptide from mammalian tracheal nuecosa:peptide isolation and cloning of cDNA[J]. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA, 1997,88(10):3952-3956.
[24]Zanetti M, Gennaro R, Romeo D. Cathelicidins:a novel protein family with a common proregion and a variable C2 terminal antimicrobial domain[J].FEBSLett,1995,374:1-12.
[25]金飞燕,工旻,陈代杰Cathelicidins抗菌肽家族的研究进展[J].药物生物技术,2003,10(3)：186-190.
[26]Ritonja A, Kopitar M, Jerala R, et al. Primary structure of a new cysteine proteinase inhibitor from pig leukocytes[J]. FEBS Lett,1989,255:211-214.
[27]Heller W T, Waring A J,Lerer R L,et al.Multiple states of β-sheet peptide protegrin in lipid bilayers [J]. Biochemistry,1998,37:17331-17338.
[28]Xiao Y,Hughes A L,Ando J.A genome-wide screen identifies a single beta-defensin gene cluster in the chicken:Implications for the origin and evolution of mammalian defensins[J]. BMC Genomic,2004, 5(1):56-60.
[29]马得莹,韩宗玺,廖文燕,等.禽β-防御素的研究进展[J].农业生物技术学报,2007,15(2)：341-345.
[30]Evans E W,Beach K M,Moore M W. Antimicrobial activity of chicken and turkey heterophil peptides CHP1,CHP2,THP1,and THP3[J].Veterinary Microbiology,1995,47:295-303.
[31]Evans E W,Beach G G,Wunderlich J. Isolation of antimicrobial peptides from avian heterophils [J].Journal of Leukocyte Biology,1994.56(5):661-665.
[32]Harwig S S L.Swiderek K M,Kokryakov V N.Gallinacins-cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides of chicken leukocytes[J].FEBS Letters,1994,342:218-285.
[33]Lynn D J, Higgs R, Gaines S. Bioinformatic discovery and initial characterisation of nine novel antimicrobial peptide genes in the chicken[J].Immunogenetics,2004,56(3):170-177.
[34]Thouzeau C,Le Maho Y,Froget G.Sphenicins,avain β-defensins in preserved stomach contents of the king penguin,Aptenodytes patagonicus[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2003,278:51053-51058.
[35]Yu P L, Choudhury S D, Ahrens K. Purification and characterization of the antimicrobial peptide, ostricacin [J].Biotechnology Letters,2001,23:207-210.
[36]Higgs R,Lynn D J,Gaines S.The synthetic form of a novel chicken beta-defensin identified in silico is predominantly active against intestinal pathogens[J]. Immunogenetics,2005,57(1-2):90-98.
[37]Lamberty M, Zachary D, Lanot R, et al. Constitutive expression of a cysteine-rich antifungal and linear antibacterial peptide in a termite insect [J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001,276 (6):4085 -4092.
[38]Boman H G Antibacterial peptides:basic facts and emerging concepts[J]. J Intern Med,2003,254: 197-215.
[39]肖业臣,温硕洋,黄亚东,等.昆虫抗菌肽和抗真菌肽结构与功能的关系及分子设计[J].昆虫学报,2004,47(5)：659-669.
[40]Hetru C, Hoffmann D, Bulet P. Molecular mechanisms of immune responses in insects [J]. Chapman & Ha L1,1998:40-66.
[41]Fehlbaum P, Bulet P, Chernysh S,et al. Structure-activity analysis of thanatin, a 21-residue inducible insect defense peptide with sequence homology to frog skin antimicrobial peptides[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,1996,93:1221-1225.
[42]Cociancich S, Dupont A, Hegy Qet al. Novel inducible antibacterial peptides from a hemipteran insect,the sapsucking bug pyrrhocoris apterus[J].Biochemistry,1994,300:567-575.
[43]Bulet P, Hegy G, Lambert J, et al. The inducible antibacterial peptide diptericin carries two O-glycans necessary for biological activity [J]. Biochemistry,1995,34:7394-7400.
[44]孙丽萍,董捷,闫继红,等.蜂毒肽的结构、功能及分子生物学研究进展[J].蜜蜂杂志,2002(8)：7-9.
[45]lijima R, Kurata S, Natori S.Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an antifungal protein from the hemolymph of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly) larvae[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1993,268:12055-12061.
[46]Lee SY, Moon HJ, Kurata S,et al. Purification and cDNA cloning of an antifungal protein from the hemolymph of Holotrichia diomphalia larvae[J].Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1995,18(8): 1049-1052.
[47]Fehlbaum P, Bulet P, Michaut L,et al. Septic injury of Drosophila induces the synthesis of a potent antifungal peptide with sequence homology to plant antifungal peptides[J].Journal of Biological Chemistry,1994,269:33159-33163.
[48]韩文瑜,孙长江.抗菌肽的研究现状与展望[J].中国兽药杂志,2009,43(10)：11-19.
[49]Cole A M, Weis P,Diamond G. Isolation and characterization of pleurocidin, an antimicrobial peptide in the skin secretions of winter flounder[J]. J Biol Chem,1997,272:12008-120013.
[50]马文山,廖富蘋,范雪云,等.细菌抗菌肽的研究进展及其应用[J].细菌抗菌肽的研究进展及其应用,2008,3：39-43.
[51]张双前,贾红武.抗菌肽CM4抗K562癌细胞结构研究[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,1997,24(2)：159-163.
[52]丘建华,白峰.多粘菌素(Polymyxins)研究现状及应用[J].福建畜牧兽医,2000,22(2)：20-24.
[53]张小兵,闫静辉,李玉静.杆菌肽(锌)及其应用进展[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2009,30(6)：170-172.
[54]Barra D, Simmaco M. Amphibian skin:Apromising resource for antimicrobial peptides [J]. Trends Biotechnol,1995(13):205-209.
[55]Isaacson T, Soto A, Iwamuro S, et al. Antimicrobial peptides with atypical structural features from the skin of Japanese brown frog Rana japonica[J]. Peptides,2002(23):419-425.
[56]Efron L, Dagan A, Gaidukov L, et al. Direct interaction of dermaseptin s4 aminoheptanoyl derivative with intraery-throcytic malaria parasite leading to increased specific antiparasitic activity in culture[J]. Bio. Chem,2002,277:24067-24072.
[57]Simmaco M,Mignogna G,Barra D.Antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin:what do they tell us? [J].Biopolymers,1998,47(6):435-450.
[58]Rinaldi AC. Antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin:An expanding scenario[J]. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology,2002(6):799-804.
[59]Conlon J M, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N. Antimicrobial peptides from ranid frogs:taxonomic and phylogenetic markers and a potential source of new therapeutic agents[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2004,1696:1-14.
[60]Lai R,Zheng YT,Shen J H,et al.Antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of Chinese red belly toad Bombina maxima.[J]Peptides,2002,23:427-435.
[61]Qren Z, Shai Y. A class of highly potent antibacterial petides derived from pardaxin:A pore-forming peptide isolated from moses sole fish Pardachirus maroratus[J].European Journal of Biochemistry,1996,237(1):303-310.
[62]Birkemo G A,Torben L,Jon N M,et al. Hipposin, a histone-derived antimicrobial peptide in Atlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hippoglossus)[J].Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,2003,1646:207-215.
[63]Park I Y,Park C B,Kim M S,et al. Parasin I, an antimicrobial peptide derived from histone H2A in the catfish,Parasilurus asotus[J]. FEBS Lett,1998(437):258-262.
[64]Jorge M O. Fernandes, Gerard Molle, Graham D. Kemp,et al. Isolation and characterisation of oncorhyncin Ⅱ, a histone H1-derived antimicrobial peptide from skin secretions of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss[J].Developmental and Comparative Immunology,2004,28:127-138.
[65]丛潇.海鲈头肾cDNA文库的构建及hepcidin抗菌肽基因的克隆与表达[D].山东师范大学.2008.
[66]Salerno G, Parrinello N, Roch P, et al. cDNA sequence and tissue expression of an antimicrobial peptide, dicentracin; a new component of the moronecidin family isolated from head kidney leukocytes of sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax[J].Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2007,146(4):521-529.
[67]陈勇,苏永全,吴常文,等.大黄鱼Piscidin-like抗菌肽基因部分cDNA的克隆与序列分析[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2008,47(4)：575-579.
[68]Lauth X, Shrike H, Burns J C, et al. Discovery and characterization of two isoforms of moronecidin, a novel antimicrobial peptide from hybrid striped bass [J]. J Biol Chem,2002,277(7):5030-5039.
[69]Basanez G,Shlnnar A E,Zinllnerber I M,et al.Interaetion of hagfish cathelieidin antimicrobial peptides with model lipid membranes[J]. FEBS Lett,2002,532(12):115-120.
[70]Chen S L, Li W, Meng L, et al. Molecula cloning and expression analysis of a hepcidin antimicrobial peptide gene from turbot(Scophthalmus maximus)[J].Fish Shellfish Immunol,2007,22(3):172-181.
[71]Richards R C., O'Neil D.B.,et al. Histone H1:An Antimicrobial Protein of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) [J].Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,2001,284:549-555.
[72]Cintas L M, Herranz C, Hernandez P E, et al.Review:Bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria[J]. Food Sci Tech Int,2001,7:281-305.
[73]戴秋萍,工健鑫,李鹏.海鞘类抗菌肽的研究进展[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版),2005,24(2)：148-156.
[74]Lee I H, Zhao C,Cho Y, et al. Clavanins, alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides from tunicate hemocytes [J]. FEBS Lett,1997,400:158-162.
[75]Lee H I,Lee Y S,Kim C H,et al. Dicynthaurin:an antimicrobial peptide from hemocytes of the solitary tunicate, Halocynthia aurantium[J].Biochimica Biophysica Acta,2001,1527:141-148.
[76]Taylor S W,Craing A G,Fischer W H,et al. Styelin D, an extensively modified antimicrobial peptide from ascidian hemocytes[J]. J Biol Chem,2000,275:38417-38426.
[77]Lehrer R I,Tincu J A,Taylor S W,et al. Natural peptide antibiotics from tunicates:Structures, functions and potential uses[J].Integrative and Comparative Biology,2003,43(2):313-326.
[78]Lee I H,Zhao C,Nguyen T,et al.Clavaspirin, an antibacterial and haemolytic peptide from Styela clava[J]. J Peptide Res,2001,58:445-456.
[79]Tincu J A,Menzel L P,Azimov R,et al.Plicatamide, an antimicrobial octapeptide from Styela clava hemocytes[J].J Biol Chem,2003,278(15):13546-13553.
[80]Azumi K,Yokosawa H,Ishii S.Halocyamines:novel antimicrobial tetrapeptide-like substances isolated from the hemocytes of the solitary ascidian,Halocynthia roretzi[J].Biochemistry,1990,29(1):159-165.
[81]Jang W S,Kim K N,Lee Y S,et al.Halocidin:a new antimicrobial peptide from hemocytes of the solitary tunicate, Halocynthia aurantium[J].FEBS Letters,2002,521:81-86.
[82]Nakamura T, Furunaka H, Miyata T, et al. Tachyplesin, a class of antimicrobial peptide from the hemocytes of the horseshoe crab(Tachypleus tridentatus). Isolation and chemical structure[J]. J Biol Chem,1988,263(32):16709-16713.
[83]洪旭光，孙修勤,张进兴,等.海洋抗菌肽研究进展[J].高科技通讯,2004,2：105-110.
[84]Suetake T, Aizawa T. Production and characterization of recombinant tachycitin,the Cys-rich chitin-binding protein[J].Protein Eng,2002,15(9):763-781.
[85]Iwanaga S,Kawabata S,Muta T.New types of clotting factors and defense molecules found in horseshoe crab hemolymph:their structure and functions[J].J Biochem,1998,123(1):1-15.
[86]Fujitani N,Osaki T. Structure of the antimicrobial peptide tachystatin A [J]. J Biol Chem,2002,277 (26):23651-23675.
[87]Destoumieux D, Bulet P, Loew D, et al. Penaeidins, a new family of antimicrobial peptides isolated from the shrimp penaeus vannamei (Decapoda) [J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,1997, 272(45):28398-28406.
[88]Cuthbertson B J, Shepard E F, Chapman R W,et al. Diversity of the penaeidin antimicrobial peptides in two shrimp species[J].Immunogeneties,2002,54(6):442-445.
[89]Hu S Y, HuangJ H, Huang W T,et al. Structure and function of antimicrobial peptide penaeidin-5 from the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon[J]. Aquaculture,2006,260:61-68.
[90]Supungul P,Tang S,Maneeruttanarungroj C,et al.Cloning,expression and antimicrobial activity of crustinPml,major isoform of crustin,from the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon[J].Dev Comp Immunol,2008,32(1):61-70.
[91]Destoumieux D, Saulner D, Gamier J, et al. Antifungal peptides are generated from the C terminus of shrimp hemocyanin in response to microbial challenge[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2001, 276:47070-47077.
[92]叶星,白俊杰.抗菌肽的研究及其在水产上的应用前景[J].大连水产学院学报,2000,15(4)274279.
[93]Hauton C,Brockton V,Smith V J.Cloning of a crustin-like,single whey-acidic-domain, antibacterial peptide from the haemocytes of the European lobster,Homarus gammarus,and its response to infection with bacteria[J].Mol Immunol,2006,43(9):1490-1496.
[94]Jiravanichpaisal P, Lee S Y, Kim Y A,et al. Antibacterial peptides in hemocytes and hematopoietic tissue from freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus:Characterization and expression pattern[J]. Dev Comp Immunol,2007,31(5):441-455.
[95]Pan J, kurosky A, Xu B, et al. Broad antiviral activity in tissues of crustaceans[J]. Antiviral Res,2000, 48:39-47.
[96]Schnapp D,Kemp G D,Smith V J. Purification and characterization of a proline-rich antibacterial peptide, with sequence similarity to bactenecin 7,from the haemocytes of the shore crab,Carcinus maenas[J]. Eur J Biochem,1996,240:532-539.
[97]Relf J M,Chisholm J R,Kemp G D,et al. Purification and characterization of a cysteine-rich 11.5 kDa antibacterial protein from the granular haemocytes of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas[J]. Eur J Biochem,1999,264:350-357.
[98]Khoo L H, Robinet D W, Noga E J. Callinectin an antibacterial peptide from the blue crab Callinectes sapidus,hemocytes[J]. Mar Biotechnol,1999,1:44-51.
[99]Jayasankar V,Subramoniam T. Antibacterial activity of seminal plasma of the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal)[J]. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,1999,236:253-259.
[100]Huang W S,Wang K J. Purification and part characterization of a novel antibacterial protein Scygonadin, isolated from the seminal plasma of mud crab Scylla serrata [J]. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol, 2006,339:37-42.
[101]Wang K, Huang W S. A male-specific expression gene,encodes a novel anionic antimicrobial peptide, scygonadin,in Scylla serrata[J].Mole cular Immumology,2007,44(8):1961-1968.
[102]Mitta G, Vandenbulcke F, Roch P. Original involvement of Antimicrobial peptides in mussel innate immunity [J].FEBS Lett,2000,486(3):185-190.
[103]Phillipe Bulet, Charles Hetru, Jean-Luc Dimarcq,et al.Antimicrobial peptides in insects; structure and function[J].Dev CompImmunol,1999,23:329-344.
[104]Charlet M, Chernysh S, Philippe H, et al. Isolation of several cysteine-rich antimicrobial pep-tides from the blood of a mollusc, Mytilus edulis[J].J Biol Chem,1996,271(36):21808-21813.
[105]Hubert F,Noel.T. A member of the arthropod defensin family from edible Mediterranean mussels(Myti-lusgalloprovincialis)[J].Eur J Biochem,1996,240:302-306.
[106]Mitta G,Vandenbulcke F,Hubert F,et al. Involvement of mytilins in mussel antimicrobial defense[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2000,275(177):12954-12962.
[107]仲燕,刘军华,张建鹏,等.东海贻贝抗菌肽Myticin A基因的克隆表达及其生物学活性[J].第二军医大学学报,2005,26(1)：65-67.
[108]Yang YS,Mitta G,Chavanieu A,et al. Solution Structure and Activity of the Synthetic Four-Disulfide Bond Mediterranean Mussel Defensin (MGD-1)[J].Biochemistry,2000,28;39(47):14436-14447.
[109]于道德,宁璇璇,任贵如,等.贻贝抗菌肽的研究进展[J].海洋科学,200933(11)：118-120.
[110]Mitta G, Hubert F, Noe T, et al. Myticin, a novel cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide isolated from haemocytes and plasma of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis[J]. Europena Journal of Biochemistry,1999,265:71-78.
[111]Schmeer M R.Growth-inhibiting agents from mercenaria extracts:chemical and biological properties [J].Science,1964,144:413-414.
[112]黄建设,龙丽娟.海洋天然产物及其生理活性的研究进展[J].海洋通报,2001,20(4)：83-86.
[113]Schmeer A C. Chemical characterization and biological activity of an anticancer agent of marine origin [J]. Physiol. Chem. Physics,1979,11:415-424.
[114]陈汉源,丛笑倩,张昂,等.文蛤抽提物的抗癌研究[J].肿瘤防治研究,1980,4：3-7.
[115]刘洪斌.海洋生物活性物质与糖尿病防治[J].宁波大学学报,1998,11(4)：70-74.
[116]徐秀兰,李泰明,张传儒.文蛤水解液降糖及降脂作用的实验研究[J].中国生化药物杂志,1999,6：298-299.
[117]张广钦,禹志领,赵厚长.文蛤肉水解液降血脂作用的研究[J].中国海洋药物,1997,2：2l-24.
[118]罗运满,吴冬明,倪大石.文蛤肉的药理作用[J].中国海洋药物,1996,2：14-17.
[119]Seo J K, Crawford J M, Stone K L, et al. Purification of a novel arthropod defensin from the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica[J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2005,338:1988-2004.
[120]Tamplin M.L,Fisher W.S. Occurrence and characteristics of agglutination of Vibrio cholerae by serum from the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica[J].Appl Environ Microb,1989,55(11):2882-2887.
[121]魏玉西,郭道森,李丽,等.菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)血淋巴中抑菌活性物质的活性影响因素[J].应用与环境生物学报,2003,9(3)：27l-272.
[122]刘晓萍,王玉贞,王春波,等.扇贝多肽在体外对免疫细胞活性的影响及其抗紫外线的氧化损伤作用[J].海洋与湖沼,200l,32(4)：414-419.
[123]阎春玲,张国梁,战松梅,等.扇贝多肽对紫外线辐射照小鼠胸腺淋巴细胞的保护作用[J].中国海洋药物,2005,24(6)：28-29.
[124]杜卫,刘晓萍,梁惠等.扇贝多肽对淋巴细胞的保护作用和反相液相色谱分析[J].中国海洋药物,2000,19(5)：27-29.
[125]车勇良,孙谧,欧阳五庆,等.扇贝多肽对氧化所致胸腺细胞凋亡的影响[J].海洋水产研究,2004,25(3)：33-38.
[126]陈晓生,贺建华,田允波.抗菌肽在无公害动物性食品生产中的应用价值[J].中山大学学报论丛,2005,25(4)：372-375.
[127]舒黛廉,任敏,王珏.抗菌肽研究现状及其在畜牧业中的应用前景[J].中国畜牧兽医,2007,34(6)：100-104.
[128]Cary J W, Rajasekaran K, Jaynes J M, et al. Transgenic expression of a gene encoding a synthetic antimicrobial peptide results in inhibition of fungal growth in vitro and in planta[J]. Plant Science,2000,154:171-181.
[129]Ali G S, Reddy A S N. Inhibition of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens by synthetic peptides:in vitro growth inhibition, interaction between peptides and inhibition of disease progression[J]. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions,2000,13:847-859.
[130]Lopez-Garca B, Veyrat A, Perez-Paya E. Comparison of the activity of antifungal hexapeptides and the fungicides thiabendazole and imazalil against postharvest fungal pathogens[J]. International Journal of Food Microbiology,2003,89:163-170.
[131]Llopez-Garca B, Gonza-Candelas L, Perez-Paya E, et al. Identification and characterization of ahexa peptide with activity against phytopathogenic fungi that cause postharvest decay in fruits[J]. Mol Plant-Microb Interact,2000,13:837-846.
[132]Jones R W, Prusky D. Expression of an antifungal peptide in Saccharomyces:a new approach for biological control of the postharvest disease caused by Colletotrichum coccodes[J]. Phytopathology, 2002,92:33-37.
[133]李红,赵春燕.乳酸链球菌素的研究进展[J].食品科技,2006,31(1)：75-78.
[134]孙丽萍,徐长岐,徐响,等.抗菌肽及其在食品工业中的应用进展[J].中国蜂业,2008,59(10)：17-20.
[135]张继南,陈红霞.抗菌肽及其应用研究进展[J].生物技术通讯,2006,17(4)：669-672.
[136]Toney J H.Iseganan (IntraBiotics pharmaceuticals).Curr Opin Investig Drugs,2002,3(2):225-228.
[137]Chen J, Falla TJ, Liu H,et al.Development of protegrins for the treatment and prevention of oral mucositis:structure-activity relationships of synthetic protegrin analogues.Biopolymers,2000,55(1):88-98.
[138]周义文.生物抗菌肽研究进展及应用前景[J].国外医学·临床生物化学与检验学分册,2004,25(2)：131-135.
[139]邱晓燕.抗菌肽的分布及其药用前景[J].生物学通报,2002,37(5)：4-7.
[140]申吉泓.抗菌肽及其临床应用现状[J].昆明医学院学报,2003,(4)：26-28.
[141]于健,邱芳萍,张玲.抗菌肽及应用前景[J].长春工业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,25(1)：65-69.
[142]郭向华.抗菌肽及其转基因动物的研究进展[J].临床和实验医学杂志,2004,3(1)：47-51.
[143]韩献萍,彭昭晖,涂冰.柞蚕杀菌肽D对宫颈癌细胞和阴道毛滴虫生长的损伤作用[J].生物技术通讯,1994,5(1)：24-26.
[144]顾谦群.海洋毒素的研究进展[J].中国海洋药物杂志,1995,(140)：28-31.
[145]施志云.抗肿瘤的海洋药物研究进展.中国药事,1997,Ⅱ(Ⅰ)：61-65.
[146]陆江海,李瑞声,张维汉.海胆化学和药理研究概况[J].中国海洋药物杂志,1994,13(2)：38-43.
[147]张尔贤,俞丽君.海洋生物活性物质开发利用的现状与前景[J]台湾海峡,2000,19(3)：388-395.
[148]李青选.海洋天然产物：抗艾滋病活性物质的来源[J].中国海洋药物杂志,1993,12(3)：22-27.
[149]王祯瑞.中国动物志·无脊椎动物第31卷·双壳纲珍珠贝亚目[M].北京：科学出版社,2002,68-98.
[150]王昭萍,田传远,于瑞海,等.海水贝类养殖技术[M].青岛海洋大学.
[151]黄建新.海洋贝类病害和健康养殖[J].现代渔业信息,2006,8,21(8)：24-27.
[152]艾红,李永振,丁彦文.海洋珍珠贝病害研究综述[J].上海水产,2003,3,12(1)：61-64.
[153]Tomaru Y, Kawabata Z, Nakano S I. Mass mortality of the Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii in relation to water temperature chlorophyll a and phytoplankton composition [J].Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,2001,44(1):61-68.
[155]Nagai K, Matsuyama Y, Uchida T, et al. Effect of a natural population of the harmful dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama on the survival of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata [J]. Fish Science, 2000,66(5):995-997.
[156]陈皓文.珠母贝的疾害[J].水产养殖,2005,26(1)：34-37.
[157]刘志刚,黄海立,周银环.马氏珠母贝幼虫假胞菌病的初步研究[J].湛江海洋大学学报,1998,18(3)：25-28.
[158]吴后波,胡超群.合浦珠母贝体内细菌的初步研究[J].南海研究与开发,1996,(2)：58-60.
[159]吴信忠.海洋养殖贝类病害的流行状况及其控制对策[G]//.南海资源开发研究.广州：广东经济出版社,1998：670-679.
[160]Suzaki S,Utsunomiya I,Kusuda R.Experimental infection of marine birnavirus strain JPO-96 to Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata [J]. Bulletin of Marine Sciences and Fisheries,1998,18:39-41.
[161]Miyazaki T,Guto K, Kobayashi T, et al.Mass mortalities associated with a virus disease in Japanese pearl oysters Pinctada fucata martensii[J]. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,1999,37(1):1-12.
[162]Miyazaki T, Nozawa N, Kobayashi T. Clinical trial results on the use of a recombinant feline interferon-w to protect Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii from akoya-virus infection [J]. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms,2001,43(1):15-26.
[163]谢玉坎,姜卫国,司徒竞.合浦珠贝的多毛虫寄生病继发性脓疡(俗称”黑心肝病”)的研究1.病情和病因的调查[G]//.中国科学院南海海洋研究所.珍珠贝文集.北京：科学出版社,1984：87-90.
[164]周永灿,潘金培.海南岛海水珍珠贝养殖区嵌线螺的种类、分布及危害[J].热带海洋,1999,18(1)：83-89.
[165]周永灿.海洋贝类病害及其研究进展[J].海南大学学报,2000,18(2)：207-212.
[166]姜卫国,谢玉坎,司徒竞.合浦珠母贝的多毛虫寄生病继发性脓疡(俗称“黑心肝病”)的研究Ⅲ.饱和盐水的杀虫防治[G]//.中国科学院南海海洋研究所.珍珠贝文集.北京：科学出版社,1984：75-80.
[167]张英霞,邹瑗徽,满初日嘎,等.马氏珠母贝鳃组织抗菌活性的研究[J].水产科学,2010,29(8)：465-468.
[168]王雪,权春善,王建华,等.不同细胞破碎方法对无细胞蛋白表达系统细胞抽提物活性的影响[J].中国生物工程杂志,20ll,3l(1)：46-50.
[169]李宏君,尹际彤,杨启东.细胞破碎方法简述[J].黑龙江医药,2002,15(2)：124-127.
[170]李启辉.以天蚕素为基础的抗菌肽设计及其基因表达[D].江南大学：2004.
[171]张朝霞,王军,丁少雄,等.贝类免疫学研究新进展[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(s2)：90-96.
[172]杨绒,陈松林.水产动物抗菌肽的研究进展[J].生物技术通报.2005,2：l-5.
[173]赵建民.扇贝大防御素和G型溶菌酶的基因克隆与重组表达[D].中国科学院研究生院：中国科学院海洋研究所,2006.
[174]李晔,苏秀榕,李太武,等.鲍血淋巴抗菌肽的研究[J].食品科学2005,26,(5)：67-70.
[175]赵洁,孙燕,李晶,等.动物抗菌肽的抗病毒活性[J].医学分子生物学杂志,2008,5(5)：466-469.
[176]李鹏,仇妍虹,李腩,等.家蝇防御素抗菌肽Des-hf突变体的抑菌活性[J].农业生物技术学报2008,16(1)：85-89.
[177]李思明.鳄龟抗菌肽的分离纯化和抗菌效果研究[D].四川农业大学：2006.
[178]李晔,苏秀榕,李太武,等.泥螺抗菌肽的初步研究[J].台湾海峡,2005,5,24(2)：145-149.
[179]张朝霞,王军,丁少雄,等.贝类免疫学研究新进展[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),2006,45(s2)：90-96.
[180]Gueguen Y, Herpin A, Aumelas A, et al. Characterization of a defensin from the oyster Crassostrea gigas[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2006,281(1):313-323.
[181]李哗,苏秀榕,李太武,等.鲍血淋巴抗菌肽的研究[J].食品科学2005,26,(5)：67-70.
[182]车勇良,孙谧,欧阳五庆,等.扇贝多肽对氧化所致胸腺细胞凋亡的影响[J].海洋水产研究,2004,6,25(3)：33-38.
[183]Guillaume Mitta,Franck Vandenbulcke. Originalinvolvement of Antimicrobial peptides in mussel innate immunity [J].FEBS Letters.2000,486(3):185-190.
[184]Gonzalez M., Y. Gueguen, G. Desserre, et al. Molecular characterization of two isoforms of defensin from hemocytes of the oyster Crassostrea gigas[J]. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2007 (31):332-339.
[185]彭慧珍,罗振福,贺建华.抗菌肽及其在畜牧业中的应用[J].湖南农业大学报,2008,04：50-54.
[186]Laemmli U K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4 [J]. Nature,1970,227:680-685.
[187]石继红,赵永同,张英起,等.应用SDS-PAGE显示小分子多肽技术的探讨[J].生物工程进展,2001,21(1)：38-40.
[188]宋宏霞.紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)抗菌肽的研究[D].中国海洋大学：2008.
[189]刘梅.厚壳贻贝抗菌肽mytilin的纯化、鉴定及基因克隆[D].海洋生物学：浙江海洋学院,2010.
[190]王春波,兰晓明,王洪江,等.牡蛎软体中抗菌蛋白的制备及活性研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,4l(1)：33-38.
[191]滕利荣,孟庆繁.生命科学一起使用技术教程[M].北京：科学出版社：151-156.
[192]张英霞,满初日嘎.耳鲍血淋巴抗菌活性的研究[J].水产科学,2009,28(5)：251-254.
[193]Mitta G, Florence H, Elisabeth A, et al. Mytilin B and MGD2, two antimicrobial peptides of marine mussels:gene structure and expression analysis[J].Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2000,24:381-393.
[194]Charlet M, S Chernysh, H Philippe, et al. Innate immunity. Isolation of several cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from the blood of a mollusk,Mytilus edulis[J].The Journal of Biological Chemistry,1996,271:21808-21813.
[195]Charlet M, Chernysh S,Philippe H,et al. Isolation of several cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides from the blood of a mollusc, Mytilus Edulis[J].J Biol Chem,1996,271:21808-21813.
[196]刘梅,武梅,周世权,等.基于厚壳贻贝Mytilin-1的抗菌肽设计、固相合成及抗菌谱分析[J].生物工程学报,2010,26(4)：550-556.
[197]杜卫,刘晓萍,梁惠,等.扇贝多肽对淋巴细胞的保护作用和反相液相色谱分析[J].中国海洋药物,2000,19(5)：27-29.
[198]王春波,兰晓明,王洪江,等.牡蛎软体中抗菌蛋白的制备及活性研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(10)：33-38.
[199]彭慧珍,罗振福,贺建华.抗菌肽及其在畜牧业中的应用[J].湖南农业大学学报,2008,04：50-54.
[200]钟英斌,张晓华,陈吉祥,等.哈维氏弧菌溶血素基因vhhA在大肠杆菌中的表达及活性研究[J].中 国海洋大学学报,2007,37(1)：97-102.
[201]Boman H G,Nilsson I,Rasmuson B.Inducible antibacterial defence system in Drosophila[J]. Nature,1972,237(5352):232-235.
[202]Diamond G, Beckloff N, A Weinberg,et al. The roles of antimicrobial peptides in innate host defense [J].Current Pharmaceutical Design,2009,15(21):2377-2392.
[203]李洪军,胡宗利,魏泓.防御素(Defensin)研究进展[J].生物工程进展,200l,21(3)：34-37.
[204]Milner S M, Ortega M R. Reduced antimicrobial peptide expression in human burn wounds [J].Burns,1999,25(5):411-413.
[205]Bals R, Wang X, Meegalla R L,et al. Mouse betadefensin 3 is an inducible antimicrobial peptide expressed in the epithelia of multiple organs [J].Infect Immun,1999,67 (7):3542-3547.