基于性能的桥梁抗震设计及分析方法的研究
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摘要
地震作为一种破坏力巨大又难以预料的自然灾害，其强震的发生往往会带来巨大的生命财产损失。现在许多结构在地震作用下的破坏已经暴露出现行抗震设计规范的不足，要想对结构的抗震性能作出一个比较准确的了解就需要新的观念和新的方法，于是人们提出了基于性能的抗震设计思想。Push-over分析方法是实现基于性能的抗震设计的主要途径，作为一种结构非线性反应的简化计算方法，在多数情况下能够得到比静力弹性甚至动力分析更多的信息，且计算简便。
Push-over分析方法目前大多应用在建筑结构，已经显示出其结果准确，简便且易于掌握的优点，但在桥梁结构方面的应用研究较少。作为交通运输的枢纽，桥梁结构一旦遭到地震破坏，就会给地震应急及震后恢复工作带来极大的困难。因而将Push-over分析方法应用到桥梁抗震设计具有重要的理论及现实意义。
本文首先系统地阐述了Push-over分析方法的基本原理、分析步骤。并将其与反应谱结合起来，阐述了能力谱法的概念，利用我国规范提供的弹性反应谱，根据Vidic提供的折减系数，建立了适用于不同场地的弹塑性需求谱的计算公式，给出了适用于Ⅲ类场地的基本烈度为8、9度的罕遇地震的弹塑性需求谱，其成果可应用到实际工程中。
其次以天津市中心城区快速路工程（二期）南仓道立交桥—主桥结构形式为独塔4索面的预应力混凝土斜拉桥为工程背景，利用大型通用软件ANSYS，建立参数化的空间模型，得到了该桥的动力特性。应用时程分析法对模型进行抗震分析，对桥梁的抗震能力进行了评价；同时对该桥进行了纵桥向及横桥向的Push-over分析，比较了两种分析结果，比较结果表明Push-over方法不仅具有形象、直观、易于理解的优点，还具备与时程分析法相当的准确性。
Earthquake is a kind of natural disaster which is difficult to predict and the damagedegree is very great，occurrence of the strong motion often leads to the tremendous lifeandproperty loss。Structural failures in recent earthquakes have exposed the weakness ofcurrent design procedures and shown the need for new concepts and methodologies ofseismic performance evaluation for building structures。To meet needs of engineeringdesign,based seismic design method was developed，it can be achieved mainly byPush-overanalysis。Push-over analysis can get more information than static elastic analysisand easy to operate。
Currently the Push-over analytical method is mostly applied at construct thestructure，show the advantage of easy to understand。as the key positions in thecommunication and transportation system，Once Bridge Structure are destroyed inearthquakes，there will be great difficulties for the emergency managements and bridgesrestoration, It have the important meaning that Push-over analytical method apply to thebridge anti- earthquake design。
In this dissertation ,the first，The basic theories，step of analysis about Push-overanalysis method are systemically discussed。the principe of the capacity spectrum arediscussed The inelastic response demand spectrum of four site condition is gotten byemployed Vidic’s strength reduction factors method based on response spedtrum ofChinese code for different engineering seismic resistance design, The inelastic responsedemand spectrum can be employed to Calculate real bridges structural seismic resistancecapacity。
Secondly，use single tower cable-stayed bridge of four steel wires face which is themain bridge of nancangdao interchange of the fast road engineering on the city center cityarea in Tianjin city，is the engineering background，making use of the large and in generaluse software ANSYS，got the motive characteristic of the model，the bridge structure isassessed by the nonlinear time-history analysis procedure，the capacity of bridge structures is developed;carried on the Push-over analysis to the bridge,the results of two method is nearby the same, show the accuracy of the Push-over method。It showed that the Push-over method not only has the advantage of the image, keeps the view and easy to understand ,but also have the same accuracy as the time-history analysis。
Push-over分析方法目前大多应用在建筑结构，已经显示出其结果准确，简便且易于掌握的优点，但在桥梁结构方面的应用研究较少。作为交通运输的枢纽，桥梁结构一旦遭到地震破坏，就会给地震应急及震后恢复工作带来极大的困难。因而将Push-over分析方法应用到桥梁抗震设计具有重要的理论及现实意义。
本文首先系统地阐述了Push-over分析方法的基本原理、分析步骤。并将其与反应谱结合起来，阐述了能力谱法的概念，利用我国规范提供的弹性反应谱，根据Vidic提供的折减系数，建立了适用于不同场地的弹塑性需求谱的计算公式，给出了适用于Ⅲ类场地的基本烈度为8、9度的罕遇地震的弹塑性需求谱，其成果可应用到实际工程中。
其次以天津市中心城区快速路工程（二期）南仓道立交桥—主桥结构形式为独塔4索面的预应力混凝土斜拉桥为工程背景，利用大型通用软件ANSYS，建立参数化的空间模型，得到了该桥的动力特性。应用时程分析法对模型进行抗震分析，对桥梁的抗震能力进行了评价；同时对该桥进行了纵桥向及横桥向的Push-over分析，比较了两种分析结果，比较结果表明Push-over方法不仅具有形象、直观、易于理解的优点，还具备与时程分析法相当的准确性。
Earthquake is a kind of natural disaster which is difficult to predict and the damagedegree is very great，occurrence of the strong motion often leads to the tremendous lifeandproperty loss。Structural failures in recent earthquakes have exposed the weakness ofcurrent design procedures and shown the need for new concepts and methodologies ofseismic performance evaluation for building structures。To meet needs of engineeringdesign,based seismic design method was developed，it can be achieved mainly byPush-overanalysis。Push-over analysis can get more information than static elastic analysisand easy to operate。
Currently the Push-over analytical method is mostly applied at construct thestructure，show the advantage of easy to understand。as the key positions in thecommunication and transportation system，Once Bridge Structure are destroyed inearthquakes，there will be great difficulties for the emergency managements and bridgesrestoration, It have the important meaning that Push-over analytical method apply to thebridge anti- earthquake design。
In this dissertation ,the first，The basic theories，step of analysis about Push-overanalysis method are systemically discussed。the principe of the capacity spectrum arediscussed The inelastic response demand spectrum of four site condition is gotten byemployed Vidic’s strength reduction factors method based on response spedtrum ofChinese code for different engineering seismic resistance design, The inelastic responsedemand spectrum can be employed to Calculate real bridges structural seismic resistancecapacity。
Secondly，use single tower cable-stayed bridge of four steel wires face which is themain bridge of nancangdao interchange of the fast road engineering on the city center cityarea in Tianjin city，is the engineering background，making use of the large and in generaluse software ANSYS，got the motive characteristic of the model，the bridge structure isassessed by the nonlinear time-history analysis procedure，the capacity of bridge structures is developed;carried on the Push-over analysis to the bridge,the results of two method is nearby the same, show the accuracy of the Push-over method。It showed that the Push-over method not only has the advantage of the image, keeps the view and easy to understand ,but also have the same accuracy as the time-history analysis。
引文
[1]谢礼立.基于抗震性态设计思想的抗震设防水准.世界地震工程, 16(1): 1
[2]建筑抗震设计规范(GBJ11-89).北京:建工出版社, 1989
[3]建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011-2001).中华人民共和国国家标准, 2001,1
[4]建筑抗震设计规范条文说明GB50011-2001.中华人民共和国国家标准,2001,1
[5]谢礼立.抗震性态和基于性态的抗震设防.国家自然科学基金“九五”重大项目—大型复杂结构的关键科学问题及设计理论研究论文集.大连理工大学出版社,1999
[6]肖明葵.基于性能的抗震结构位移及能量反应分析方法研究: [硕士论文].重庆大学, 2004
[7]钱稼茹,罗文斌.静力弹塑性分析—基于性能/位移抗震设计的分析工具.建筑结构, 2000, 30(6): 23-26
[8]李应斌,刘伯权,史庆轩.基于结构性能的抗震设计理论研究与展望.地震工程与工程振动, 2001, 21(4): 73-79
[9]王亚勇.我国2000年抗震设计模式规范基本问题研究综述.建筑结构学报,2000, 21(1): 2-4
[10]陈耿东,李刚.基于功能的结构抗震设计中一些问题的探讨.建筑结构学报,2000, 21(1): 5-11
[11] Fajfar P, Fischinger M.Mathematical Modeling of Reinforced Concrete StructureWalls for Nonlinear Seismic Analysis. Structural Dynamic, 1990, 12(11): 471-478
[12] Smith K G.Innovation in Earthquake Resistant Concrete Design Philosophies:ACentury of Progress since Hennebique’s Patent.Engineering Structure, 2001, 23:72-81
[13] Building Seismic Safety Council. NEHRP recommended provisions for seismicregulations for new buildings and other structures.FEMA 303, Federal EmergencyManagement Agency.Washington, D.C. 1998. 67-72
[14]范立础.桥梁抗震.上海:同济大学出版社, 1997. 11
[15]钱稼茹,邹积麟.静力弹塑性分析在工程中的应用研究.国家自然科学基金重大项目—大型复杂结构的关键科学问题及设计理论研究专题年度研究报告(5989510), 1999
[16]叶献国,周锡元.建筑结构弹塑性反应简化分析方法的研究.国家自然科学基金重大项目—大型复杂结构的关键科学问题及设计理论研究专题年度研究报告(59895410), 1999
[17]王亚勇.关于设计反应谱?时程法和能量方法的探讨.建筑结构学报, 2000,21(1): 21-28
[18]曲卓杰,吴胜兴.关于结构静力弹塑性分析(Push-over)的探讨.现代地震工程展,2002(10): 289-293
[19]杨溥,李英明,王亚勇.结构静力弹塑性分析(Push-over)方法的改进.建筑结构学报, 2000, 21(1): 44-51
[20]叶燎原,潘龙.结构静力弹塑性分析(Push-over)的原理和计算实例.建筑结构学报, 2000, 21(1): 37-43
[21]宗德玲.基于PUSH-OVER分析的桥梁抗震能力评估方法研究: [硕士论文].南京工业大学, 2004.5
[22] BSSC, NEHRP. Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for NewBuilding. FEMA-272, 1995
[23]潘文.基于推倒分析方法的桥梁结构地震损伤分析与性能设计.上海同济大学,2001
[24]杨溥,李英明,王亚勇等.抗震结构静力弹塑性分析(Push-over)方法的研究进展.重庆建筑大学学报, 2000, 22(1): 44-50
[25] Anil k.Chopro?Rakesh k.Goel,Capacity-demand-diagram methods for estimatingseismic deformation of inelastic structures:SDF systems,report No.PEER-1999：2
[26]钱稼茹,罗文斌.建筑结构基于位移的抗震设计.建筑结构, 2001, 31(4): 3-6
[27] Fajfar P. Capacity spectrum method based on inelastic demand spectral. EarthquakeEngineering and Structural Dynamics, 1999, 28(9): 979-993
[28] Veletsos A S,Newmark N M,Effect of inelastic behavior on the response of simplesystem to earthquath motion. On Earthquake Engineering, 1960. 895-912
[29] Pauley T.Priestly M J N ,戴瑞同译.钢筋混凝土和砌体结构的抗震设计.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1999
[30] Vidic T, Fajfar P. Consistent inelastic design spectra:strength and displacemen.Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 1993, 25(5): 507-521
[31]何浩祥,李宏勇.基于规范弹性反应谱建立需求谱的方法,世界地震工程, 2002
[32] Peter Fajfar et al,A Nonlinear Analysis Method for Performance-Based SeismicDesign. Earthquake Spectra, 2000, 16(3)
[33]王振字,刘晶波.建筑结构地震损伤评估的研究进展.世界地震工程, 2001,17(3): 43-48
[34]王珊珊.在多种因素影响下高耸结构的地震反应分析: [硕士论文].中国地震局工程力学研究所, 1999.7
[35]王东升,翟桐.利用Push-over方法评估桥梁的抗震安全性.世界地震工程,2000.1
[36]严国敏.现代斜拉桥.西南交通大学出版社, 1996.7
[37]林元培,斜拉桥.北京:人民交通出版社,1995.6
[38]范立础,胡世德,叶爱君.大跨度桥梁抗震设计.北京:人民交通出版社, 2001
[39]王文乐.大跨度斜拉桥的动力分析模型: [硕士论文].华南理工大学, 1999.3
[40]刘春华,项海帆,顾明.大跨度桥梁抖振响应的空间非线性时程分析法.同济大学学报, 1996, 24(4): 376-390
[41] R.W.Cloudg,G.J.Joseph Penzien.Response of linear system to certain transientdisturbance. The World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 1969. 45-51
[42] Standard specifications for highway bridges.Seismic Design. Washington:AmericanAssociation of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO), 1995
[43] W.X.Ren,M.Obata M.Elastic-plastic seismic behavior of long span cable-stayedbridges.J.Bridge Engng,ASCE, 1999, 4(3): 201-203
[44]程庆国,潘家英,高路衫等.关于大跨度斜拉桥几何非线性问题.武汉:全国桥梁结构学术大会, 1992
[45] M.J.Turner,G.D.Brotton.Motion process for large displacement analysis of spatialframes.International Journal of Space Structures, 1991, 16(2): 136-139
[2]建筑抗震设计规范(GBJ11-89).北京:建工出版社, 1989
[3]建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011-2001).中华人民共和国国家标准, 2001,1
[4]建筑抗震设计规范条文说明GB50011-2001.中华人民共和国国家标准,2001,1
[5]谢礼立.抗震性态和基于性态的抗震设防.国家自然科学基金“九五”重大项目—大型复杂结构的关键科学问题及设计理论研究论文集.大连理工大学出版社,1999
[6]肖明葵.基于性能的抗震结构位移及能量反应分析方法研究: [硕士论文].重庆大学, 2004
[7]钱稼茹,罗文斌.静力弹塑性分析—基于性能/位移抗震设计的分析工具.建筑结构, 2000, 30(6): 23-26
[8]李应斌,刘伯权,史庆轩.基于结构性能的抗震设计理论研究与展望.地震工程与工程振动, 2001, 21(4): 73-79
[9]王亚勇.我国2000年抗震设计模式规范基本问题研究综述.建筑结构学报,2000, 21(1): 2-4
[10]陈耿东,李刚.基于功能的结构抗震设计中一些问题的探讨.建筑结构学报,2000, 21(1): 5-11
[11] Fajfar P, Fischinger M.Mathematical Modeling of Reinforced Concrete StructureWalls for Nonlinear Seismic Analysis. Structural Dynamic, 1990, 12(11): 471-478
[12] Smith K G.Innovation in Earthquake Resistant Concrete Design Philosophies:ACentury of Progress since Hennebique’s Patent.Engineering Structure, 2001, 23:72-81
[13] Building Seismic Safety Council. NEHRP recommended provisions for seismicregulations for new buildings and other structures.FEMA 303, Federal EmergencyManagement Agency.Washington, D.C. 1998. 67-72
[14]范立础.桥梁抗震.上海:同济大学出版社, 1997. 11
[15]钱稼茹,邹积麟.静力弹塑性分析在工程中的应用研究.国家自然科学基金重大项目—大型复杂结构的关键科学问题及设计理论研究专题年度研究报告(5989510), 1999
[16]叶献国,周锡元.建筑结构弹塑性反应简化分析方法的研究.国家自然科学基金重大项目—大型复杂结构的关键科学问题及设计理论研究专题年度研究报告(59895410), 1999
[17]王亚勇.关于设计反应谱?时程法和能量方法的探讨.建筑结构学报, 2000,21(1): 21-28
[18]曲卓杰,吴胜兴.关于结构静力弹塑性分析(Push-over)的探讨.现代地震工程展,2002(10): 289-293
[19]杨溥,李英明,王亚勇.结构静力弹塑性分析(Push-over)方法的改进.建筑结构学报, 2000, 21(1): 44-51
[20]叶燎原,潘龙.结构静力弹塑性分析(Push-over)的原理和计算实例.建筑结构学报, 2000, 21(1): 37-43
[21]宗德玲.基于PUSH-OVER分析的桥梁抗震能力评估方法研究: [硕士论文].南京工业大学, 2004.5
[22] BSSC, NEHRP. Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for NewBuilding. FEMA-272, 1995
[23]潘文.基于推倒分析方法的桥梁结构地震损伤分析与性能设计.上海同济大学,2001
[24]杨溥,李英明,王亚勇等.抗震结构静力弹塑性分析(Push-over)方法的研究进展.重庆建筑大学学报, 2000, 22(1): 44-50
[25] Anil k.Chopro?Rakesh k.Goel,Capacity-demand-diagram methods for estimatingseismic deformation of inelastic structures:SDF systems,report No.PEER-1999：2
[26]钱稼茹,罗文斌.建筑结构基于位移的抗震设计.建筑结构, 2001, 31(4): 3-6
[27] Fajfar P. Capacity spectrum method based on inelastic demand spectral. EarthquakeEngineering and Structural Dynamics, 1999, 28(9): 979-993
[28] Veletsos A S,Newmark N M,Effect of inelastic behavior on the response of simplesystem to earthquath motion. On Earthquake Engineering, 1960. 895-912
[29] Pauley T.Priestly M J N ,戴瑞同译.钢筋混凝土和砌体结构的抗震设计.北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 1999
[30] Vidic T, Fajfar P. Consistent inelastic design spectra:strength and displacemen.Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 1993, 25(5): 507-521
[31]何浩祥,李宏勇.基于规范弹性反应谱建立需求谱的方法,世界地震工程, 2002
[32] Peter Fajfar et al,A Nonlinear Analysis Method for Performance-Based SeismicDesign. Earthquake Spectra, 2000, 16(3)
[33]王振字,刘晶波.建筑结构地震损伤评估的研究进展.世界地震工程, 2001,17(3): 43-48
[34]王珊珊.在多种因素影响下高耸结构的地震反应分析: [硕士论文].中国地震局工程力学研究所, 1999.7
[35]王东升,翟桐.利用Push-over方法评估桥梁的抗震安全性.世界地震工程,2000.1
[36]严国敏.现代斜拉桥.西南交通大学出版社, 1996.7
[37]林元培,斜拉桥.北京:人民交通出版社,1995.6
[38]范立础,胡世德,叶爱君.大跨度桥梁抗震设计.北京:人民交通出版社, 2001
[39]王文乐.大跨度斜拉桥的动力分析模型: [硕士论文].华南理工大学, 1999.3
[40]刘春华,项海帆,顾明.大跨度桥梁抖振响应的空间非线性时程分析法.同济大学学报, 1996, 24(4): 376-390
[41] R.W.Cloudg,G.J.Joseph Penzien.Response of linear system to certain transientdisturbance. The World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 1969. 45-51
[42] Standard specifications for highway bridges.Seismic Design. Washington:AmericanAssociation of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO), 1995
[43] W.X.Ren,M.Obata M.Elastic-plastic seismic behavior of long span cable-stayedbridges.J.Bridge Engng,ASCE, 1999, 4(3): 201-203
[44]程庆国,潘家英,高路衫等.关于大跨度斜拉桥几何非线性问题.武汉:全国桥梁结构学术大会, 1992
[45] M.J.Turner,G.D.Brotton.Motion process for large displacement analysis of spatialframes.International Journal of Space Structures, 1991, 16(2): 136-139