个体层面的隐性知识认知及显性化研究
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摘要
21世纪是知识经济蓬勃发展的年代,知识已成为组织保持竞争优势的源泉,而组织对知识管理的需求方兴未艾。随着知识管理阶段性推进,研究焦点已经转移到如何有效开发隐性知识并使其显性化,从而提高知识创新能力和效率,这意味着隐性知识和隐性知识转化问题已成为知识管理领域研究的重点,尤其是目前国内隐性知识管理现状更是需要对隐性知识作进一步深入探讨。
隐性知识从提出之日开始就从没有离开过认知科学的研究手段和成果,目前认知领域的突破性进展为隐性知识的研究更是提供了新视角和新工具,本研究以提高隐性知识显性化效率为目的,依托知识管理理论,借鉴认知科学理论与研究范式,针对隐性知识认知和显性化研究中尚需进一步探讨的问题,同时从理论和实证两方面出发,对如下问题进行了深入讨论:
首先,借鉴和吸收了前人对隐性知识基本概念的研究成果,重新界定隐性知识的定义为:在特定的时间和条件下,个人难以用语言或文字进行部分或全部编码的知识,并进一步分析了该定义所揭示的隐性知识特征,同时根据隐性知识拥有者对其自身隐性知识认知情况重新界定了隐性知识的分类,为后续的隐性知识显性化研究清晰了基本概念,做好了概念上的理论准备。
第二,引入分布式认知理论对隐性知识显性化过程进行了整体分析,归纳出其中的主要影响因素,在此基础上,抽取出需研究的核心问题,奠定了全文的研究逻辑和重点。
以功能系统为研究角度,以经典案例为研究对象,本研究具体分析了四阶段中隐性知识显性化过程中认知的表征、传递和发展,详细描述了每一阶段中主要人物的主要行为和认知表征状态的转换,在此基础上,总结了影响这一认知活动的主要影响因素:个体隐性知识共享意愿方面的因素;个体认知结构方面的因素;组织环境方面的因素以及制品方面的因素。而后,基于隐性知识拥有者的角度,抽取出显性化过程中需进一步研究的三个核心问题:隐性知识显性化过程中共享意愿及文化的建设问题,显性化过程中隐性知识在个体内的认知分布问题和隐性知识显性化过程中常见重要制品性能优化的问题,并且同时针对这三个核心问题进行了深入的展开性研究。
第三,实证考察了不同心理契约类型对隐性知识共享意愿具有的不同影响力,并基于实证结果和对不同心理契约的典型特征和影响因素分析基础上,提出了如何建设基于不同心理契约类型的隐性知识共享文化的建议,进一步探讨了在隐性知识显性化过程中共享文化建设的问题,优化了隐性知识显性化过程中共享意愿的生成环节。
通过结构化问卷对知识密集型企业中216名知识员工进行了实证调查,利用SPSS15.0和LISREL8.7软件,验证了Rousseau对心理契约类型的划分同样适合中国知识员工心理契约的研究,验证了平衡型心理契约对隐性知识共享意愿有着明显的正相关性,交易型心理契约对隐性知识共享意愿有着显著负相关性,关系型心理契约对隐性知识共享意愿影响呈现弱负相关性,为建设有益于隐性知识共享的组织文化提供了依据。
第四,多角度地探讨了隐性知识显性化过程的源头——隐性知识拥有者的认知情况,为组织采取全面的隐性知识管理措施提供了新的启示和思路。
隐性知识存在于神经联结中,人脑是其存在的最基本物质基础,本研究首先通过案例分析剖析了隐性知识拥有者在显性化过程中涉及到的主要基本心智操作集:元认知、辨识、记忆、特征抽取、特征整合、推理、想象、记忆和具体化,将黑箱般的认知过程还原为基本心智操作集,为如何影响和促进这一过程提供了具体对象,为优化这一过程提供了具有参考意义的关键控制点,从基本心智操作集的角度讨论了如何有效促进该认知活动的完成;其次,基于隐喻对隐性知识显性化的重要作用,本研究运用认知任务分析方法,通过相应的实验材料,对六名被试出声思维的分析和整理,验证了隐性知识拥有者构建隐喻的认知模型以及构建隐喻过程中的关键步骤,归纳了关键性构建步骤中的主要影响因素,在此基础上,进一步阐述了隐性知识拥有者构建隐喻认知过程的研究对促进显性化过程的积极启示。
最后,基于知识地图的重要作用,选取知识地图作为隐性知识显性化中重要制品的代表,通过认知实验对如何增强知识地图可获取性进行了研究,为提高隐性知识显性化过程中共享方式实现环节的效率提供了参考性的研究方向。
目前,制品性能优化的问题已成为影响隐性知识显性化效率的重要因素之一。隐性知识在组织中的云存储特征要求对隐性知识的存储和调用需尽可能地效用最大化,知识地图在其中所起的的作用越来越大,因此选取知识地图作为研究对象具有典型性。知识地图的可获取性关系着知识地图在组织中的使用和推广,影响着知识地图在隐性知识显性化过程中的使用效率。本研究采用认知负荷测量的有效手段——眼动实验,通过对30名被试不同版式界面首视点的研究,证实了知识地图界面中信息呈现的位置对使用者的认知负荷具有显著不同的影响,为如何适度降低使用者的认知负荷,提高知识地图可获取性提供了实证依据,并同时为进一步研究如何提高显性化过程中其他重要制品的性能提供了参考性方向。
The 21st century is a new era of the knowledge-based economy, within which uncertainty is the only determining factor, and knowledge has became a source of organizational competitive advantage and the demand for knowledge management is in the ascendant. With the advance stage of knowledge management, the focus of research has shifted to how to effectively develop tacit knowledge (TK) and make it explicating. This means that TK and TK transfer has become the focus of research in the field of knowledge management issues, in particular, the current situation of TK management at home is the need for further in-depth study of TK.
From the proposed start date, TK does not left from cognitive science research methods and results. Now the cognitive breakthrough provides more new perspective and tools to study TK. To improve efficiency of TK explicating for the purpose, the paper makes in-depth discussions on the following issues from both theoretical and empirical aspects, which need further studies in TK cognition and explicating research field, based on cognitive science theory and knowledge management theory.
Firstly, the paper learns and absorbs the previous research on the basic concepts of TK, and redefines the definition of TK as: Tacit knowledge is the knowledge which is difficult to be partial or total coded by language or words in a particular situation. The paper further analyzes the characteristics of the definition, and classifies TK according to how TK holders recognize their own TK, what try to clear the basic concepts and lay a theoretical foundation for further study of TK explicating.
Secondly, the paper introduces distributed cognition theory to make overall analysis on TK explicating process, on this basis, the paper summarizes the main factors, extracts core issues to be studied, which layes the logic and focus of the full text.
The paper takes functional system and the classical case as research perspective and objective, specific analyzes the representation, transfer and development of cognitive in TK explicating process according to Hutchins’s four stages, and detailed describes the main acts of the main characters and transition of cognitive state at each stage. On this basis, the paper summarizes the main factors in the process: individual tacit knowledge sharing willing; individual cognitive structure; organizational circumstance and artifacts in the process. Then, from the perspective of tacit knowledge holder, the paper summarizes the three core issues which need in-depth discussion: how to develop sharing culture in the process; TK cognitive distribution within individual during the course; how to optimize important artifacts in the process. The paper starts from the three core issues to make in-depth study.
Thirdly, the paper takes empirical study on how different psychological contract (PC) form influences the willingness of TK sharing. On the basis of the empirical results and the typical characteristics and influencing factors of different PC form, the paper gives some practical recommendations to build TK sharing culture according to different PC form, which makes further discussion on sharing culture in the process of TK explicating, and optimizes the sharing willingness generated link in the process of TK explicating.
Through structured questionnaire, the paper has surveyed 216 knowledge workers in knowledge-intensive enterprises. The results verify that the PC forms raised by Rousseau also can be used for Chinese study, and show that balanced PC has significant positive correlation with the willingness of TK sharing, transactional PC has significant negative correlation with the willingness of TK sharing, and relational PC has non-relation with the willingness of TK sharing. And the results provide the basis for building TK sharing culture in organizations.
Fourthly, the paper studies the cognition of TK owner from multi-angle, who is the source of the process of TK explicating, which can provide inspiration and new ideas to manage TK in organizations.
TK exists in the neural connections in the human brain, which is the most basic material foundation of its existence. On the one hand, the paper analyzes the major set of basic mental operations of TK holder involved in the TK explicating process through case studies, returns the cognitive process like black box to the basic mental operations set, provides concrete objects to influence and promote the process, provides the critical control point with reference value to optimize the process. Namely, the paper discusses how to effectively promote the completion of the cognitive activities from the perspective of the basic mental operations set. On the other hand, because metaphor plays very important role in TK explicating process, the paper validates the cognitive model of TK holders during they construct metaphor by the corresponding experimental materials, adopting cognitive task analysis. The results show that the constructions of target domain and source domain are key steps in process of metaphor, extracting the distinguishing features of target domain is the basis for building the source domain, the distinguishing features of target domain and source domain are similar. Namely, the paper discusses the inspirations on how to promote TK explicating process, and the inspirations are from constructing the cognitive process of metaphor and critical influencing factors in the process.
Finally, the paper selects knowledge map as representative of important artifacts in TK explicating process, and uses cognitive experiments to study how to enhance the accessibility of knowledge map, which can provide inspiration to improve efficiency of sharing way achieved link in the process of TK explicating.
At present, the use and optimize of artifacts in TK explicating process has been one of the core issues. TK currently stored in an organization is structured as cloud storage, which requires the organization maximizes the effectiveness of possible of TK storage and transfer. Under these circumstances, knowledge map plays more and more import role, so it is typical to choose knowledge map as research objective. The accessibility of knowledge map determines the use and promotion of knowledge map in organization. The paper adopts Eye Movement, which is an effective means of measuring cognitive load, to test the distribution of first fixation point in different page layout and implicit partition of 30 subjects. The results show that different location at which information appear can bring different cognitive load to user, and to knowledge map which is information-intensive type, reasonably reducing cognitive load is an effective way to improve the availability of knowledge map. At the same time, the results also can provide reference direction to improve efficiency of other important artifacts in the process of TK explicating.
隐性知识从提出之日开始就从没有离开过认知科学的研究手段和成果,目前认知领域的突破性进展为隐性知识的研究更是提供了新视角和新工具,本研究以提高隐性知识显性化效率为目的,依托知识管理理论,借鉴认知科学理论与研究范式,针对隐性知识认知和显性化研究中尚需进一步探讨的问题,同时从理论和实证两方面出发,对如下问题进行了深入讨论:
首先,借鉴和吸收了前人对隐性知识基本概念的研究成果,重新界定隐性知识的定义为:在特定的时间和条件下,个人难以用语言或文字进行部分或全部编码的知识,并进一步分析了该定义所揭示的隐性知识特征,同时根据隐性知识拥有者对其自身隐性知识认知情况重新界定了隐性知识的分类,为后续的隐性知识显性化研究清晰了基本概念,做好了概念上的理论准备。
第二,引入分布式认知理论对隐性知识显性化过程进行了整体分析,归纳出其中的主要影响因素,在此基础上,抽取出需研究的核心问题,奠定了全文的研究逻辑和重点。
以功能系统为研究角度,以经典案例为研究对象,本研究具体分析了四阶段中隐性知识显性化过程中认知的表征、传递和发展,详细描述了每一阶段中主要人物的主要行为和认知表征状态的转换,在此基础上,总结了影响这一认知活动的主要影响因素:个体隐性知识共享意愿方面的因素;个体认知结构方面的因素;组织环境方面的因素以及制品方面的因素。而后,基于隐性知识拥有者的角度,抽取出显性化过程中需进一步研究的三个核心问题:隐性知识显性化过程中共享意愿及文化的建设问题,显性化过程中隐性知识在个体内的认知分布问题和隐性知识显性化过程中常见重要制品性能优化的问题,并且同时针对这三个核心问题进行了深入的展开性研究。
第三,实证考察了不同心理契约类型对隐性知识共享意愿具有的不同影响力,并基于实证结果和对不同心理契约的典型特征和影响因素分析基础上,提出了如何建设基于不同心理契约类型的隐性知识共享文化的建议,进一步探讨了在隐性知识显性化过程中共享文化建设的问题,优化了隐性知识显性化过程中共享意愿的生成环节。
通过结构化问卷对知识密集型企业中216名知识员工进行了实证调查,利用SPSS15.0和LISREL8.7软件,验证了Rousseau对心理契约类型的划分同样适合中国知识员工心理契约的研究,验证了平衡型心理契约对隐性知识共享意愿有着明显的正相关性,交易型心理契约对隐性知识共享意愿有着显著负相关性,关系型心理契约对隐性知识共享意愿影响呈现弱负相关性,为建设有益于隐性知识共享的组织文化提供了依据。
第四,多角度地探讨了隐性知识显性化过程的源头——隐性知识拥有者的认知情况,为组织采取全面的隐性知识管理措施提供了新的启示和思路。
隐性知识存在于神经联结中,人脑是其存在的最基本物质基础,本研究首先通过案例分析剖析了隐性知识拥有者在显性化过程中涉及到的主要基本心智操作集:元认知、辨识、记忆、特征抽取、特征整合、推理、想象、记忆和具体化,将黑箱般的认知过程还原为基本心智操作集,为如何影响和促进这一过程提供了具体对象,为优化这一过程提供了具有参考意义的关键控制点,从基本心智操作集的角度讨论了如何有效促进该认知活动的完成;其次,基于隐喻对隐性知识显性化的重要作用,本研究运用认知任务分析方法,通过相应的实验材料,对六名被试出声思维的分析和整理,验证了隐性知识拥有者构建隐喻的认知模型以及构建隐喻过程中的关键步骤,归纳了关键性构建步骤中的主要影响因素,在此基础上,进一步阐述了隐性知识拥有者构建隐喻认知过程的研究对促进显性化过程的积极启示。
最后,基于知识地图的重要作用,选取知识地图作为隐性知识显性化中重要制品的代表,通过认知实验对如何增强知识地图可获取性进行了研究,为提高隐性知识显性化过程中共享方式实现环节的效率提供了参考性的研究方向。
目前,制品性能优化的问题已成为影响隐性知识显性化效率的重要因素之一。隐性知识在组织中的云存储特征要求对隐性知识的存储和调用需尽可能地效用最大化,知识地图在其中所起的的作用越来越大,因此选取知识地图作为研究对象具有典型性。知识地图的可获取性关系着知识地图在组织中的使用和推广,影响着知识地图在隐性知识显性化过程中的使用效率。本研究采用认知负荷测量的有效手段——眼动实验,通过对30名被试不同版式界面首视点的研究,证实了知识地图界面中信息呈现的位置对使用者的认知负荷具有显著不同的影响,为如何适度降低使用者的认知负荷,提高知识地图可获取性提供了实证依据,并同时为进一步研究如何提高显性化过程中其他重要制品的性能提供了参考性方向。
The 21st century is a new era of the knowledge-based economy, within which uncertainty is the only determining factor, and knowledge has became a source of organizational competitive advantage and the demand for knowledge management is in the ascendant. With the advance stage of knowledge management, the focus of research has shifted to how to effectively develop tacit knowledge (TK) and make it explicating. This means that TK and TK transfer has become the focus of research in the field of knowledge management issues, in particular, the current situation of TK management at home is the need for further in-depth study of TK.
From the proposed start date, TK does not left from cognitive science research methods and results. Now the cognitive breakthrough provides more new perspective and tools to study TK. To improve efficiency of TK explicating for the purpose, the paper makes in-depth discussions on the following issues from both theoretical and empirical aspects, which need further studies in TK cognition and explicating research field, based on cognitive science theory and knowledge management theory.
Firstly, the paper learns and absorbs the previous research on the basic concepts of TK, and redefines the definition of TK as: Tacit knowledge is the knowledge which is difficult to be partial or total coded by language or words in a particular situation. The paper further analyzes the characteristics of the definition, and classifies TK according to how TK holders recognize their own TK, what try to clear the basic concepts and lay a theoretical foundation for further study of TK explicating.
Secondly, the paper introduces distributed cognition theory to make overall analysis on TK explicating process, on this basis, the paper summarizes the main factors, extracts core issues to be studied, which layes the logic and focus of the full text.
The paper takes functional system and the classical case as research perspective and objective, specific analyzes the representation, transfer and development of cognitive in TK explicating process according to Hutchins’s four stages, and detailed describes the main acts of the main characters and transition of cognitive state at each stage. On this basis, the paper summarizes the main factors in the process: individual tacit knowledge sharing willing; individual cognitive structure; organizational circumstance and artifacts in the process. Then, from the perspective of tacit knowledge holder, the paper summarizes the three core issues which need in-depth discussion: how to develop sharing culture in the process; TK cognitive distribution within individual during the course; how to optimize important artifacts in the process. The paper starts from the three core issues to make in-depth study.
Thirdly, the paper takes empirical study on how different psychological contract (PC) form influences the willingness of TK sharing. On the basis of the empirical results and the typical characteristics and influencing factors of different PC form, the paper gives some practical recommendations to build TK sharing culture according to different PC form, which makes further discussion on sharing culture in the process of TK explicating, and optimizes the sharing willingness generated link in the process of TK explicating.
Through structured questionnaire, the paper has surveyed 216 knowledge workers in knowledge-intensive enterprises. The results verify that the PC forms raised by Rousseau also can be used for Chinese study, and show that balanced PC has significant positive correlation with the willingness of TK sharing, transactional PC has significant negative correlation with the willingness of TK sharing, and relational PC has non-relation with the willingness of TK sharing. And the results provide the basis for building TK sharing culture in organizations.
Fourthly, the paper studies the cognition of TK owner from multi-angle, who is the source of the process of TK explicating, which can provide inspiration and new ideas to manage TK in organizations.
TK exists in the neural connections in the human brain, which is the most basic material foundation of its existence. On the one hand, the paper analyzes the major set of basic mental operations of TK holder involved in the TK explicating process through case studies, returns the cognitive process like black box to the basic mental operations set, provides concrete objects to influence and promote the process, provides the critical control point with reference value to optimize the process. Namely, the paper discusses how to effectively promote the completion of the cognitive activities from the perspective of the basic mental operations set. On the other hand, because metaphor plays very important role in TK explicating process, the paper validates the cognitive model of TK holders during they construct metaphor by the corresponding experimental materials, adopting cognitive task analysis. The results show that the constructions of target domain and source domain are key steps in process of metaphor, extracting the distinguishing features of target domain is the basis for building the source domain, the distinguishing features of target domain and source domain are similar. Namely, the paper discusses the inspirations on how to promote TK explicating process, and the inspirations are from constructing the cognitive process of metaphor and critical influencing factors in the process.
Finally, the paper selects knowledge map as representative of important artifacts in TK explicating process, and uses cognitive experiments to study how to enhance the accessibility of knowledge map, which can provide inspiration to improve efficiency of sharing way achieved link in the process of TK explicating.
At present, the use and optimize of artifacts in TK explicating process has been one of the core issues. TK currently stored in an organization is structured as cloud storage, which requires the organization maximizes the effectiveness of possible of TK storage and transfer. Under these circumstances, knowledge map plays more and more import role, so it is typical to choose knowledge map as research objective. The accessibility of knowledge map determines the use and promotion of knowledge map in organization. The paper adopts Eye Movement, which is an effective means of measuring cognitive load, to test the distribution of first fixation point in different page layout and implicit partition of 30 subjects. The results show that different location at which information appear can bring different cognitive load to user, and to knowledge map which is information-intensive type, reasonably reducing cognitive load is an effective way to improve the availability of knowledge map. At the same time, the results also can provide reference direction to improve efficiency of other important artifacts in the process of TK explicating.
引文
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