中国与孟加拉国艾滋病预防策略比较研究
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摘要
一、研究目的与意义
     自1981年在美国发现首例艾滋病后,这种病死率极高的慢性传染病迅速在全球蔓延,二十几年来已经夺走了全球2500万人的生命。每天大约有1.1万人新感染艾滋病病毒,且95%以上的新感染人群生活在中、低收入国家。由于传播方式特殊、流行快速和病死率极高的特点,艾滋病己经不再是一个单纯的医学问题,艾滋病己经严重影响到一个国家的经济发展与社会进步,甚至对和平与安全构成了威胁。因此,有效遏制艾滋病不仅仅需要技术支持,解决非技术层面的问题,达到有效执行防治艾滋病的政策、发挥地方抗击艾滋病主动性同样重要。
     经过多年的艾滋病防治工作,中国在艾滋病防治方面取得了重大的成就,些防治措施还得到艾滋病规划署的赞赏,如:扩大毒品替代疗法降低吸毒者感染率、开展反歧视项目、加强社区健康工作者提供艾滋病防治服务的能力等。孟加拉国的艾滋病感染率仍然较低,但是感染者数目在加速增长,面临的艾滋病威胁与其他高发国家并无实质上的不同,从某种意义上说,因为注意力没有放在防治艾滋病方面孟加拉国也受到较大的艾滋病潜在威胁,加之政治动荡和冲突加剧了贫困和流离失所问题,使得防治艾滋病问题变得更加困难。欲达到2011至2015年期间“零新增感染、零歧视和零死亡”三大全球抗艾目标,中国和孟加拉国都还有相当的路程要完成。因此艾滋病的流行依旧是两国面临的重大难题,需要借鉴别国经验,提高对艾滋病的防治能力。这也是我从孟加拉国到中国学习公共卫生的主要目的。
     二、研究方法与结果
     文章在介绍艾滋病发展现状、趋势的基础上,对中国和孟加拉国艾滋病防治策略进行了系统的对比分析。运用比较研究法,按照STEEPLE模型分析了中国与孟加拉国艾滋病发展主客观条件的异同。详细介绍了两国与艾滋病防治相关的社会、人口,技术,经济,自然环境,政治,法律,道德的问题与现状。对比研究了中国和孟加拉国医疗领域制度建设、组织建设、资金投入的发展状况。文章着重于研究中国和孟加拉国在艾滋病防治战略规划、预防策略、治疗关怀与技术支持、人权状况以及民间组织参与情况进行了系统的对比研究。根据两国在艾滋病防治上面的独特经验,给对方国家艾滋病防治中存在的问题提供参考,提出了有针对性的防治建议。中国政府应当强化主观能动性,在现有的经济技术条件下协调运作,提升艾滋病防治投入的效率;同时应当加强非政府组织在艾滋病防治中的作用和地位。孟加拉国应该加强对艾滋病监督管理体系的建设;加大对艾滋病防治的投入,获取在本国艾滋病防治战略上更多的话语权。
Since the first case of AIDS found in the United States in1981, this high mortality rate of chronic infectious diseases spread rapidly across the world, and the disease has claimed the lives of25million people around the world in the past twenty years.There are about11000newly infected persons every day, and more than95percent of them living in low and middle income countries. With Special means of Infection, rapid epidemic and high mortality rate, AIDS was no longer a single medical problem, but a problem that seriously affects a country's economic development and social progress and even poses a threat to peace and security of society. Therefore, the effective containment of AIDS requires more than technical support, and to solve non-technical issues and achieve effective implementation of AIDS prevention and control policies is equally important.
     After years of AIDS prevention, AIDS prevention and treatment has made significant achievements, and some preventive measures have got the appreciation of UNAIDS, such as:the expansion of drug replacement therapy to reduce the infection rate of drug addicts and anti-discrimination projects, strengthening community health work to provide HIV services, and so on.
     Bangladesh's AIDS infection rate is still low, but the number of infected persons grows, which means Bangladesh is facing the threat of AIDS just like other countries. In a sense, as attention is not placed on fighting against AIDS in Bangladesh is also subject to greater potential AIDS threat, coupled with political instability. Conflict exacerbated poverty and displacement, making the fight against AIDS more difficult.
     To reach the2011-2015period "zero new infections, zero discrimination and zero death" three Global Fund to Fight AIDS target, China and Bangladesh are still with a considerable gap between the journey to be completed. The AIDS epidemic is still a major problem the two countries faced. They need draw on the experience of other countries to improve the ability to AIDS prevention.This paper describes the status of the AIDS'development, and AIDS'prevention strategies in China and Bangladesh.a comparative analysis of the system is used. This paper use comparative method, in accordance with the STEEPLE model to analyzes the similarities and differences between subjective and objective conditions of the AIDS development in China and Bangladesh. This paper describes the AIDS prevention details of the two countries, including social, demographic, technology, political, legal, moral issue economic and natural environment.Comparative Study on the health system construction of China and Bangladesh, consists of medical field, construction and capital. The article focuses on the study of AIDS Prevention and Control strategic planning, prevention strategies, treatment, care and support, human rights and the participation of civil society of China and Bangladesh.
     According to the unique experience of the two countries in AIDS prevention and control above, one country can get some reference from the other one. Chinese government should strengthen the initiation and in co-operation with the existing economic and technological conditions, to enhance the efficiency of AIDS prevention and to control inputs. China should also strengthen the role and status of non-governmental organizations in AIDS prevention. In the meantime Bangladesh should strengthen the construction of supervision and management system for AIDS, and should increase investment in AIDS prevention, to obtain more right on a national AIDS prevention and control strategies.
引文
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