泰国对外货物贸易管理法及其对中国法完善的启示
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摘要
泰国作为一个发展中国家，为应对经济全球化和科学技术突飞猛进的国际形势和进一步开放，于1995年1月1日正式加入了世界贸易组织，成为世贸组织成员之一。这标志着泰国的对外开放进入了新阶段，有利于国家的经济体制的建立和完善。泰国自加入WTO后，一直认真履行世界贸易组织协定的义务和泰国的承诺，同时充分享受其权利和待遇，在执行WTO各类相关协议的过程中对泰国的经济贸易法律、行政法规和规章进行了全面清理，废除、修改和颁布了一系列新法律、行政法规和规章，使其既符合世界贸易组织规定，又符合泰国的市场经济体制和对外贸易法律体系与规则。泰国因加入WTO比较早，其对外贸易管理法主要根据GATT／WTO协定逐渐制定和修改而形成，故泰国对外贸易管理的法律、法规相当有限，从事该领域的研究者较少。本文的主要目的是在探讨泰国对外货物贸易主要管理法律制度的同时，研究中国对外货物贸易管理法的完善。
全文由3部分组成，约5万字。第1部分探讨了泰国对外贸易管理法的历史发展，揭示了不同历史阶段的特点，剖析了当代泰国对外贸易法的法律模式。指出：在不平等条约时期，泰国为了维护国家利益，除采取关税、船舶吨税、限制进出口等少数管理措施外，基本上实行自由贸易政策，在与西方强国签订的不平等贸易条约中，泰国尽力维护自己的贸易利益；在1982年至泰国加入世界贸易组织(1995年)之前这一阶段，泰国与西方强国重新签订贸易条约，废除了以前的不平等条约，对外贸易管理措施体现了与国际贸易条约的协调；自泰国加入世界贸易组织之后，认真履行WTO协定和泰国所作的承诺，在执行WTO各类协定的过程中对泰国对外贸易管理法进行了全面审查，对其不适应部分加以废除、修改，并颁布了一批新的法律、行政法规和部门规章。
第2部分研究了泰国的对外货物贸易法，主要探讨了进出口货物的登记、许可证和配额制度，出口支持制度、外汇管制制度、反倾销与反补贴制度、关税制度、保障措施等。指出：泰国在大部分产品可以自由进出口的前提下，禁止和限制重要商品的进出口，对限制进口的商品实行进口出口许可证制度和关税配额制度；建立比较完善的金融支持体系和多种多样的具体手段，发展商品出口；泰国仍然是一个外汇管制国家，但比其他有些国家的管制较宽松，主要从资金进入、汇回、外汇汇兑、国际支付、黄金等方面进行管制；商品检验制度的主要目的是提
高商品的质量、保护人类健康和安全、保护动植物的生命与健康、维护
国家安全，其主要内容是技术性要求和违反技术标准的法律责任;反倾
销与反辛1、贴法律制度是以GA竹/wTO协定相关规则为基础，建立了比较完
善的机制;关税制度由关税税种与海关估价制度构成，其在自由港和出
口加工区实行特殊的关税制度;保障措施虽以WTO协定的相关规则为基
础，但有适合泰国情况的特殊规则。本部分研究的结论是:泰国对外货
物贸易管理方面的立法与实践遵循和参照了国际社会普遍认可和接受的
国际贸易基本准则、原则，制定了一系列的法律法规，实施不违反WTO
协定的货物贸易管理措施;其法律制度既体现了国家干预经济，又达到
了国内经济适应“世界市场”、.“经济全球化”、保护公平竞争，从而
达到资源优化配置，使国家生产和国民生活水平不断地提高;对进出口
商品实行一定的管制和保护措施。
第3部分是本文的目的和意义所在。通过研究泰国管理对外货物
贸易的主要措施对中国法律完善的启示，指出了中国法律在国际货物贸
易管理方面存在的缺陷:在反倾销法方面，存在着外贸体制和外贸政策
不适应国际贸易体制，出口市场过分集中，对转口贸易缺乏管理，被指
控倾销的企业应诉不力等问题;在反补贴法方面，存在着过分侧重对国
有企业的补贴，鼓励出口的奖励政策集中于外贸公司，对外商企业的优
惠政策有违wTO的“国民待遇原则”等问题;在关税法方面，出口退税
制度违反WTo中的国民待遇原则和公平原则，现行关税制度诱发大量走
私，进口综合税负过重使关税财政职能难以得到充分发挥，税收征管中
各地海关掌握政策松紧不一引发进口避紧就松;在保障措施方面，法律
规范原则性强，许多配套制度没有建立。针对上述缺陷，作者提出了完
善中国法律制度的具体措施:在反倾销与反补贴方面，要加强对出口渠
道和出口市场的监管、对转口贸易进行规范、建立反规避制度、取消违
反WTO协协定的具有补贴性质的优惠措施;在关税方面，取消出口退税
措施;在保障措施方面，应对重要术语进行界定，实施保障措施的程序
要明确和严格，明确保障措施的实施者与救济者，适用的范围要广泛、
建立预防机制等。
Subject of thesis : The Foreign Goods Trade Regulations in Thailand and Their Illumination to Chinese Law.
With the development of technology and economic globalization, Thailand, a developing country, has entered the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and become a member of WTO since 1st January 1995. Becoming a member of WTO, Thailand has now opened itself to the world, which could bring benefits to the country's economy. Since entering the WTO, Thailand has consistently followed the rules and regulations of WTO. In order for Thailand to conform to the WTO, the country has amended some of its economic and trade, and administrative laws, new legislation has been introduced and the old ones were abolished. In addition to the conformation to the WTO's requirement, these changes in economic and trade law also suit the free market systems nationally and globally. Being one of the early WTO members, the country's foreign trade regulations are largely based on GATT/WTO agreements, however there are some limitations in these regulations. Moreover, there are few researchers in this area. Major aims of this thesis are to di
scuss and study in detail the foreign goods trade regulations in Thailand, and to give suggestions on how to improve Chinese Foreign Trade Regulations.
There are 3 major parts in this essay with approximately 50,000 words. The first part focuses on the history and evolution of Thai foreign trade regulation, the characteristics of regulations in different historic periods, and the law system of Thai foreign trade regulations. The author also points out that Thailand's treaties which were signed with the western countries in the past were unfair. Because other countries protected there own country's benefits. The first part also discusses the period of 1982 to 1995 before Thailand entered the WTO when Thailand began to negotiate new foreign trade treaties with western countries. It
also examines the situations after Thailand became part of WTO since 1995.
The second part of the thesis mainly studies on the foreign trade regulations in Thailand. Issues to be discussed are import and export regulations, license and quota system, export payment systems, foreign exchange systems, antidumping and Countervailing, customs/duties systems, safeguard measures. It also points out some restrictions in the Thailand's imports and exports regulations on some important goods by imposing import and export license and customs quota systems. The next issue is the financial payment system and the inspection of goods in order to maintain the quality of goods, protect people's health, and to ensure the national security. The next topics are the Thailand's anti-dumping and countervailing measures, customs/duties systems of Thailand and safeguard measures are also discussed. The conclusion of this part is that the legislation of Thailand's foreign goods regulations that are practiced and adhere to the internationally accepted principles are closely followed WTO's agreement. Also, these regulations indicate that the Thai government administrates the national economic in order to ensure that Thailand enters the global economy, protect fair competition, which lead to improve the population's quality of living, national production, and to utilise the best use of country's resources. Thailand also takes some measurement to control and protect the country's exports.
The third part is the core and objective of this thesis. Having studied the foreign goods trade regulations of Thailand, some limitations of Chinese foreign trade regulations can be pointed out, and this is largely related the anti-dumping. The main problems are its incompatibility with the international trade systems. The export markets are also too narrow, mainly focused on certain countries. Lack of effective management with the trading countries is also another problem. Having used its current anti-dumping, private enterprises are reluctant to take actions to keep the current customers. In terms of countervailing, problems found are that government tends to
全文由3部分组成，约5万字。第1部分探讨了泰国对外贸易管理法的历史发展，揭示了不同历史阶段的特点，剖析了当代泰国对外贸易法的法律模式。指出：在不平等条约时期，泰国为了维护国家利益，除采取关税、船舶吨税、限制进出口等少数管理措施外，基本上实行自由贸易政策，在与西方强国签订的不平等贸易条约中，泰国尽力维护自己的贸易利益；在1982年至泰国加入世界贸易组织(1995年)之前这一阶段，泰国与西方强国重新签订贸易条约，废除了以前的不平等条约，对外贸易管理措施体现了与国际贸易条约的协调；自泰国加入世界贸易组织之后，认真履行WTO协定和泰国所作的承诺，在执行WTO各类协定的过程中对泰国对外贸易管理法进行了全面审查，对其不适应部分加以废除、修改，并颁布了一批新的法律、行政法规和部门规章。
第2部分研究了泰国的对外货物贸易法，主要探讨了进出口货物的登记、许可证和配额制度，出口支持制度、外汇管制制度、反倾销与反补贴制度、关税制度、保障措施等。指出：泰国在大部分产品可以自由进出口的前提下，禁止和限制重要商品的进出口，对限制进口的商品实行进口出口许可证制度和关税配额制度；建立比较完善的金融支持体系和多种多样的具体手段，发展商品出口；泰国仍然是一个外汇管制国家，但比其他有些国家的管制较宽松，主要从资金进入、汇回、外汇汇兑、国际支付、黄金等方面进行管制；商品检验制度的主要目的是提
高商品的质量、保护人类健康和安全、保护动植物的生命与健康、维护
国家安全，其主要内容是技术性要求和违反技术标准的法律责任;反倾
销与反辛1、贴法律制度是以GA竹/wTO协定相关规则为基础，建立了比较完
善的机制;关税制度由关税税种与海关估价制度构成，其在自由港和出
口加工区实行特殊的关税制度;保障措施虽以WTO协定的相关规则为基
础，但有适合泰国情况的特殊规则。本部分研究的结论是:泰国对外货
物贸易管理方面的立法与实践遵循和参照了国际社会普遍认可和接受的
国际贸易基本准则、原则，制定了一系列的法律法规，实施不违反WTO
协定的货物贸易管理措施;其法律制度既体现了国家干预经济，又达到
了国内经济适应“世界市场”、.“经济全球化”、保护公平竞争，从而
达到资源优化配置，使国家生产和国民生活水平不断地提高;对进出口
商品实行一定的管制和保护措施。
第3部分是本文的目的和意义所在。通过研究泰国管理对外货物
贸易的主要措施对中国法律完善的启示，指出了中国法律在国际货物贸
易管理方面存在的缺陷:在反倾销法方面，存在着外贸体制和外贸政策
不适应国际贸易体制，出口市场过分集中，对转口贸易缺乏管理，被指
控倾销的企业应诉不力等问题;在反补贴法方面，存在着过分侧重对国
有企业的补贴，鼓励出口的奖励政策集中于外贸公司，对外商企业的优
惠政策有违wTO的“国民待遇原则”等问题;在关税法方面，出口退税
制度违反WTo中的国民待遇原则和公平原则，现行关税制度诱发大量走
私，进口综合税负过重使关税财政职能难以得到充分发挥，税收征管中
各地海关掌握政策松紧不一引发进口避紧就松;在保障措施方面，法律
规范原则性强，许多配套制度没有建立。针对上述缺陷，作者提出了完
善中国法律制度的具体措施:在反倾销与反补贴方面，要加强对出口渠
道和出口市场的监管、对转口贸易进行规范、建立反规避制度、取消违
反WTO协协定的具有补贴性质的优惠措施;在关税方面，取消出口退税
措施;在保障措施方面，应对重要术语进行界定，实施保障措施的程序
要明确和严格，明确保障措施的实施者与救济者，适用的范围要广泛、
建立预防机制等。
Subject of thesis : The Foreign Goods Trade Regulations in Thailand and Their Illumination to Chinese Law.
With the development of technology and economic globalization, Thailand, a developing country, has entered the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and become a member of WTO since 1st January 1995. Becoming a member of WTO, Thailand has now opened itself to the world, which could bring benefits to the country's economy. Since entering the WTO, Thailand has consistently followed the rules and regulations of WTO. In order for Thailand to conform to the WTO, the country has amended some of its economic and trade, and administrative laws, new legislation has been introduced and the old ones were abolished. In addition to the conformation to the WTO's requirement, these changes in economic and trade law also suit the free market systems nationally and globally. Being one of the early WTO members, the country's foreign trade regulations are largely based on GATT/WTO agreements, however there are some limitations in these regulations. Moreover, there are few researchers in this area. Major aims of this thesis are to di
scuss and study in detail the foreign goods trade regulations in Thailand, and to give suggestions on how to improve Chinese Foreign Trade Regulations.
There are 3 major parts in this essay with approximately 50,000 words. The first part focuses on the history and evolution of Thai foreign trade regulation, the characteristics of regulations in different historic periods, and the law system of Thai foreign trade regulations. The author also points out that Thailand's treaties which were signed with the western countries in the past were unfair. Because other countries protected there own country's benefits. The first part also discusses the period of 1982 to 1995 before Thailand entered the WTO when Thailand began to negotiate new foreign trade treaties with western countries. It
also examines the situations after Thailand became part of WTO since 1995.
The second part of the thesis mainly studies on the foreign trade regulations in Thailand. Issues to be discussed are import and export regulations, license and quota system, export payment systems, foreign exchange systems, antidumping and Countervailing, customs/duties systems, safeguard measures. It also points out some restrictions in the Thailand's imports and exports regulations on some important goods by imposing import and export license and customs quota systems. The next issue is the financial payment system and the inspection of goods in order to maintain the quality of goods, protect people's health, and to ensure the national security. The next topics are the Thailand's anti-dumping and countervailing measures, customs/duties systems of Thailand and safeguard measures are also discussed. The conclusion of this part is that the legislation of Thailand's foreign goods regulations that are practiced and adhere to the internationally accepted principles are closely followed WTO's agreement. Also, these regulations indicate that the Thai government administrates the national economic in order to ensure that Thailand enters the global economy, protect fair competition, which lead to improve the population's quality of living, national production, and to utilise the best use of country's resources. Thailand also takes some measurement to control and protect the country's exports.
The third part is the core and objective of this thesis. Having studied the foreign goods trade regulations of Thailand, some limitations of Chinese foreign trade regulations can be pointed out, and this is largely related the anti-dumping. The main problems are its incompatibility with the international trade systems. The export markets are also too narrow, mainly focused on certain countries. Lack of effective management with the trading countries is also another problem. Having used its current anti-dumping, private enterprises are reluctant to take actions to keep the current customers. In terms of countervailing, problems found are that government tends to
引文
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9. Trade Service, Customs Valuation (Thailand), 2003. http://www.cnmde.com; http://szedi.cn:8080
10. The World Trade Organization2003. http://www.WTO.org.th
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1. Department of Foreign Trade, Anti-Dumping, 2003. http://www.dft.moc.go.th/document/trade_interest/AD.htm
2. Department of Intellectual Property, Trademark, 2003. http://www.ipthailand.org/tma2534/tma_htm; http://www.ipthailand.org/tma 2534/tradesemlaw.htm
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5. Ministry of Finance, International Finance, 2003 ;
http://www.mof.go.th
6. Ministry of Industry, Investment, 2003; http://www.Industry.go.th
7. Thai Customs Department, Custom, 2003; http://www.customs.go.th/1aw_112n.htm
8. TheCouncil of Stateof Thailand, Custom, 2003; http://203.152.23.33/law/image/1awpub/lawaO94/sub_f/2542001/1.htm
9. Trade Service, Customs Valuation (Thailand), 2003. http://www.cnmde.com; http://szedi.cn:8080
10. The World Trade Organization2003. http://www.WTO.org.th