我国保险公估人法律制度初探
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摘要
保险公估人作为一种保险中介组织，它与保险代理人、保险经纪人既有联系又有区别，一起构成了保险中介市场的三大支柱，在保险事业发展过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用。但相对于保险代理人、保险经纪人而言，我国保险公估业目前尚处于初始阶段，还存在诸多问题。尽管近年来，保险公估人制度的建立和完善得到了一定程度的关注，并开始逐步完善。但是，由于缺乏深刻的法理分析和全面、系统的理论研究，相较于其他保险中介制度而言，保险公估人制度还十分落后，保险公估立法仍有待于进一步加强。因此，有必要从市场和行业现状着手，通过运用有关经济学和法学基础理论对保险公估人制度加以分析，并在此基础上从公估主体、公估行为和法律责任三个层面对保险公估人制度的构建和完善予以全面系统地论述。
从功能上来说，保险公估人制度不仅具有市场功能，同时还具有一定的社会功能和法律功能。因此，在构建和完善我国保险公估人法律制度时，应该以保险公估功能在市场、社会、法律三个层次上的实现为目标。这就要求我国保险公估人制度的构建和完善必须贯彻遵循市场规律的原则。一方面，要充分发挥保险市场本身对保险公估人的规范和约束机制，建立相应的行业自律机制；另一方面，要通过建立规范的市场准入制度、理清保险公估人与其他市场主体的关系、规范保险公估行为、明确其法律责任等措施，构建公平竞争的市场环境。同时，值得注意的是，保险公估机构的公正性和独立性，使得它能够在市场框架内对其中存在的纠纷起到调解的作用。我国保险公估法律制度的构建和完善应该体现这一特点。
As one kind of insurance intermediary institutions, the public adjuster has not only relations but also differences with insurance agent and insurance broker, and they make up the three pillars of insurance intermediary market, which plays a decisive role in the development of insurance industry. While comparing to insurance agent and insurance broker, the public adjuster has still been in the initial stage and has so many problems. Although in these years the establishment and perfection of public adjuster have been noticed in some way and have been perfected step by step, the legal system of public adjuster is very backward as being short of deep legal analysis and overall theoretical study, which requires more of legislation of public adjuster. The study of public adjuster system should begin at analyzing the current situation of market and industry, and make analysis through using the basic theories of economics and law. Then on the basis of it we can discuss the public adjuster system comprehensively fr
om three administrative levels as adjuster subject, adjuster behavior and legal responsibility.
As far as the function is concerned, the public adjuster system has not only market function but social and legal function. Therefore, the achievement of public adjuster functions in market, social and legal function should be the target during the establishment and perfection of public adjuster system, which requires following market principle. That is to say, on one hand, we must bring into play the regulatory and restraint mechanism of insurance market to set up relevant trade self-discipline mechanism; on the other hand, we should build fair competition market environment through building normative system of permitting access to the market, making clear and definite the relationship of public adjuster and other market subjects, regulating the public adjuster behavior, setting definite legal responsibility, etc. At the same time, it is worth noticing that the public adjuster can play a role of mediation in market because of its justice and independence, which must be reflected during the establishment and
perfection of public adjuster
从功能上来说，保险公估人制度不仅具有市场功能，同时还具有一定的社会功能和法律功能。因此，在构建和完善我国保险公估人法律制度时，应该以保险公估功能在市场、社会、法律三个层次上的实现为目标。这就要求我国保险公估人制度的构建和完善必须贯彻遵循市场规律的原则。一方面，要充分发挥保险市场本身对保险公估人的规范和约束机制，建立相应的行业自律机制；另一方面，要通过建立规范的市场准入制度、理清保险公估人与其他市场主体的关系、规范保险公估行为、明确其法律责任等措施，构建公平竞争的市场环境。同时，值得注意的是，保险公估机构的公正性和独立性，使得它能够在市场框架内对其中存在的纠纷起到调解的作用。我国保险公估法律制度的构建和完善应该体现这一特点。
As one kind of insurance intermediary institutions, the public adjuster has not only relations but also differences with insurance agent and insurance broker, and they make up the three pillars of insurance intermediary market, which plays a decisive role in the development of insurance industry. While comparing to insurance agent and insurance broker, the public adjuster has still been in the initial stage and has so many problems. Although in these years the establishment and perfection of public adjuster have been noticed in some way and have been perfected step by step, the legal system of public adjuster is very backward as being short of deep legal analysis and overall theoretical study, which requires more of legislation of public adjuster. The study of public adjuster system should begin at analyzing the current situation of market and industry, and make analysis through using the basic theories of economics and law. Then on the basis of it we can discuss the public adjuster system comprehensively fr
om three administrative levels as adjuster subject, adjuster behavior and legal responsibility.
As far as the function is concerned, the public adjuster system has not only market function but social and legal function. Therefore, the achievement of public adjuster functions in market, social and legal function should be the target during the establishment and perfection of public adjuster system, which requires following market principle. That is to say, on one hand, we must bring into play the regulatory and restraint mechanism of insurance market to set up relevant trade self-discipline mechanism; on the other hand, we should build fair competition market environment through building normative system of permitting access to the market, making clear and definite the relationship of public adjuster and other market subjects, regulating the public adjuster behavior, setting definite legal responsibility, etc. At the same time, it is worth noticing that the public adjuster can play a role of mediation in market because of its justice and independence, which must be reflected during the establishment and
perfection of public adjuster
引文
[1]张跃庆，张念宏．经济大辞海．北京：海洋出版社，1992，1007-1008
[2]John Birds. Modern Insurance Law. 4th Ed. West Publishing Co., 1996, 59-61
[3]何惠珍．保险公估人制度的国际经验及其借鉴．创造，2001，9：30-31
[4]Ray Hodgin. Insurance Law. Cavendish Publishing Limited, 1998, 77-79
[5]陈文雨，印海声．保险公估人是保险市场成熟的重要标志．浙江金融，2001，2：44
[6]郑蔚．中国保险公估公司蹒跚起步．西南金融，2003，3：61-62
[7]李金辉．我国保险中介机构达到．1264家．www.china-insurance.com,2004-4-7
[8]施锦美．保险公估人的威力显示于技术性．上海保险，2002，10：38-39
[9]中国保险学会《中国保险史》编审委员会．中国保险史．北京：中国金融出版社，1998，90-92
[10]饶伟民．对建立我国保险公估人制度的探索．金融教学与研究，2002，4：60-62
[11]曾康霖．简论金融中介学说的发展轨迹．财经科学，2001，4：6-7
[12]夏秀梅．浅议建立保险公估人制度的必要性．河南商业高等专科学校学报，2002，15(6)：41-42
[13]张青枝．保险公估业：保险市场成熟的重要标志．山西经济管理干部学院学报，2003，3：17-18 ．
[14]吴大正，宋美光．中介机构风险与防范．北京：经济科学出版社，1998，74
[15]Richard A. Posner. Economic Analysis of Law. Brown and Company, 1992, 678-679
[16]马克思，恩格斯．马克思恩格斯全集．北京：人民出版社，1961，292-294
[17]张燕．我国保险公估业发展策略选择．现代财经，2003，4：22-23
[18]魏华林，李琼，吴兴刚．试论保险公估人的市场定位．内蒙古保险，1999，6：5-7
[19]魏华林，蔡杨大，覃东明．实用保险法．香港：中华科技出版社，1992，309-310
[20]王全兴．经济法基础理论专题研究．北京：中国检察出版社，2002，557-558
[21]Paul A. Samuelson, William D. Nordhaus. Economics(Sixteenth Edition). Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998, 28-30
[22]Richard R. Nelson, Richard A. Posner. Symposium on antitrust law and economics. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1979,127-128
[23]韩笛．保险公估人产生和发展的经济分析．上海保险，2001，1：31-32
[24]李琼，吴兴刚，李金辉等．保险公估原理与实务．武汉：武汉大学出版社，2000，16-18
[25]柴发邦．民事诉讼法学新编．北京：法律出版社，1992，17-18
[26]保险公估人的执业资格．中国保险报，1999-11-12
[27]中国保险监督管理委员会保险中介规章课题组．保险中介制度比较．北京：中国金融出版社，2003，97-98
[28]刘志云．构建我国保险公估人制度的法律思考．福建政法管理干部学院学报，2000，12：76-78
[29][美]查尔斯·沃尔夫．市场或政府——权衡两种不完善的选择/兰德公司的一项研究．北京：中国发展出版社，1994，5-7
[30]张文显．法哲学范畴研究．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001，67-68
[31]Jean Lemaire. Insurance Regulation in Europe and the United States. the s.s. Huebner. Foundation for Insurance Education, 1997,102-103
[32]Hardy Ivamy. General Principles of Insurance Law, 5thEd, 1998, 78-80
[33]杨文明．论建立我国保险公估人制度．保险研究，2002，12：40-42
[34]刘冬姣．论我国保险中介制度的完善．财贸经济，2002，9：47-48
[35]马明哲．繁荣危机——论中国保险体系改革与发展．香港：华光报业有限公司， 1998，128-130
[36]John M. Clork. Toward a Concept of Workable Competition. American Economic Review.Vol,30(June 1940), 241-256
[37]沈健．保险中介．上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001，37-38
[38]Jhering. In The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill.Ed.E.A.Burtt, 1939,liv,120-123
[39]江生忠．保险中介教程．北京：机械工业出版社，2001，205-206
[40]王利明．民法．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2000，541-542
[41]S.S.Huebner, Kenneth Black, Jr., Bernard L.Webb. Property and Liability Insurance. A Pearson Education Company, 1996,422-424
[2]John Birds. Modern Insurance Law. 4th Ed. West Publishing Co., 1996, 59-61
[3]何惠珍．保险公估人制度的国际经验及其借鉴．创造，2001，9：30-31
[4]Ray Hodgin. Insurance Law. Cavendish Publishing Limited, 1998, 77-79
[5]陈文雨，印海声．保险公估人是保险市场成熟的重要标志．浙江金融，2001，2：44
[6]郑蔚．中国保险公估公司蹒跚起步．西南金融，2003，3：61-62
[7]李金辉．我国保险中介机构达到．1264家．www.china-insurance.com,2004-4-7
[8]施锦美．保险公估人的威力显示于技术性．上海保险，2002，10：38-39
[9]中国保险学会《中国保险史》编审委员会．中国保险史．北京：中国金融出版社，1998，90-92
[10]饶伟民．对建立我国保险公估人制度的探索．金融教学与研究，2002，4：60-62
[11]曾康霖．简论金融中介学说的发展轨迹．财经科学，2001，4：6-7
[12]夏秀梅．浅议建立保险公估人制度的必要性．河南商业高等专科学校学报，2002，15(6)：41-42
[13]张青枝．保险公估业：保险市场成熟的重要标志．山西经济管理干部学院学报，2003，3：17-18 ．
[14]吴大正，宋美光．中介机构风险与防范．北京：经济科学出版社，1998，74
[15]Richard A. Posner. Economic Analysis of Law. Brown and Company, 1992, 678-679
[16]马克思，恩格斯．马克思恩格斯全集．北京：人民出版社，1961，292-294
[17]张燕．我国保险公估业发展策略选择．现代财经，2003，4：22-23
[18]魏华林，李琼，吴兴刚．试论保险公估人的市场定位．内蒙古保险，1999，6：5-7
[19]魏华林，蔡杨大，覃东明．实用保险法．香港：中华科技出版社，1992，309-310
[20]王全兴．经济法基础理论专题研究．北京：中国检察出版社，2002，557-558
[21]Paul A. Samuelson, William D. Nordhaus. Economics(Sixteenth Edition). Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,1998, 28-30
[22]Richard R. Nelson, Richard A. Posner. Symposium on antitrust law and economics. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1979,127-128
[23]韩笛．保险公估人产生和发展的经济分析．上海保险，2001，1：31-32
[24]李琼，吴兴刚，李金辉等．保险公估原理与实务．武汉：武汉大学出版社，2000，16-18
[25]柴发邦．民事诉讼法学新编．北京：法律出版社，1992，17-18
[26]保险公估人的执业资格．中国保险报，1999-11-12
[27]中国保险监督管理委员会保险中介规章课题组．保险中介制度比较．北京：中国金融出版社，2003，97-98
[28]刘志云．构建我国保险公估人制度的法律思考．福建政法管理干部学院学报，2000，12：76-78
[29][美]查尔斯·沃尔夫．市场或政府——权衡两种不完善的选择/兰德公司的一项研究．北京：中国发展出版社，1994，5-7
[30]张文显．法哲学范畴研究．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001，67-68
[31]Jean Lemaire. Insurance Regulation in Europe and the United States. the s.s. Huebner. Foundation for Insurance Education, 1997,102-103
[32]Hardy Ivamy. General Principles of Insurance Law, 5thEd, 1998, 78-80
[33]杨文明．论建立我国保险公估人制度．保险研究，2002，12：40-42
[34]刘冬姣．论我国保险中介制度的完善．财贸经济，2002，9：47-48
[35]马明哲．繁荣危机——论中国保险体系改革与发展．香港：华光报业有限公司， 1998，128-130
[36]John M. Clork. Toward a Concept of Workable Competition. American Economic Review.Vol,30(June 1940), 241-256
[37]沈健．保险中介．上海：上海财经大学出版社，2001，37-38
[38]Jhering. In The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill.Ed.E.A.Burtt, 1939,liv,120-123
[39]江生忠．保险中介教程．北京：机械工业出版社，2001，205-206
[40]王利明．民法．北京：中国人民大学出版社，2000，541-542
[41]S.S.Huebner, Kenneth Black, Jr., Bernard L.Webb. Property and Liability Insurance. A Pearson Education Company, 1996,422-424