典型绿洲区长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分运移规律与灌溉调控研究
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摘要
膜下滴灌在我国西北干旱区特别是新疆盐碱地上得到广泛应用,由于膜下滴灌理论上仅调节土壤盐分在作物根系层的分布状况,盐分并未排出土体,因此,长期膜下滴灌条件下作物根区土壤盐分是否累积是决定这一灌溉方式在干早区能否可持续应用的重要问题。已有研究成果对于指导膜下滴灌水盐调控起到了积极作用,但难以反映长期膜下滴灌田间盐分真实的变化趋势。本文于2009～2013年在典型绿洲区新疆石河子121团连续定点监测5块膜下滴灌应用2-16a的农田盐分变化,研究区荒地0-40cm土层平均含盐量25～70g/kg,地下水埋深2-4m,土壤以不同程度盐化砂壤土为主,棉田平均灌溉定额816.15mm,灌溉水矿化度0.4g/L左右。基于以上条件研究揭示了长期膜下滴灌农田土壤盐分演变规律,提出了相应灌溉调控对策,可为干旱区膜下滴灌可持续应用提供理论依据。主要研究结论有：
(1)长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐分布及变化特征
膜下滴灌灌水显著影响并改变了农田土壤自然状态下的水盐分布格局。现行灌溉制度条件下,在观测深度范围(0-140cm)内,长期膜下滴灌农田土壤水分整体偏高,灌水后农田近似整体湿润分布,膜内、膜间及棉花不同生育阶段土壤水分含量均较高且无显著差异,且年际间差异不大。灌水、作物耗水及蒸发综合影响膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐分布及变化,垂直影响深度可达300cm,即可以达地下水位置。土壤盐分含量及分布随膜下滴灌应用年限发生较大的时空变异,总体上,水平方向膜间盐分含量较高且变异较大,膜内盐分含量较低,特别是在0-100cm深度范围总体较低,比较适宜棉花生长；垂直方向表层盐分变异较大,越往深层盐分变异程度越小,不同水平位置之间盐分差异也越来越小,整体不断降低；土壤盐分在年内棉花生长期整体呈降低趋势,特别是在4月份苗期灌水后,降低趋势最为显著；随膜下滴灌应用年限增加,年际间盐分变异系数及差异性亦逐渐降低。
(2)长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分演变规律
现行灌溉制度下膜下滴灌应用年限对农田0-300cm深度范围土壤盐分均具有显著影响,单次灌水后膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分在水平及垂直方向均发生显著迁移,灌溉是棉田盐分迁移的主要因素,盐分运动对流作用显著；多次灌水后棉田盐分呈整体向下迁移变化,近似一维垂直运动。总体上盐分均值随滴灌年限呈幂函数前快后慢的降低趋势,滴灌应用前3a农田盐分相对周边荒地土壤盐分迅速降低,属于快速脱盐阶段；滴灌应用3-8a脱盐率呈线性增加,属于稳速脱盐阶段,其中滴灌7a以后盐分降至5g/kg以下；滴灌应用8-16a之间,脱盐率稳定在80-90%之间,盐分随滴灌应用年限降低缓慢,滴灌应用16a时,盐分均值在3g/kg以下。根据现行灌溉制度下不同深度土壤盐分与滴灌应用年限的相关关系,要使农田盐分均值降至5g/kg以下,0-60cm、0-100cm、0-140cm不同剖面需要的滴灌应用年限分别为5.69、6.08、6.53a。膜下滴灌应用年限越长,田间盐分相对越低,盐分降幅也越来越小,并将处于一种动态平衡状态。
(3)长期膜下滴灌棉田适宜灌溉定额及灌溉调控对策
膜下滴灌棉田根区土壤盐分含量显著影响棉花生长及产量,现行膜下滴灌灌溉制度对于盐分淋洗具有重要意义。随着根区(0-60cm深度)盐分降低,应调整苗期灌水定额及灌溉定额。滴灌6a以内,根区盐分含量较高,均值在5-24g/kg之间,应强化冲洗进行压盐,苗期冲洗定额宜在104.5-350mm,苗期灌水量宜在161.7-400mm,灌溉定额宜在855.0-1660mm；滴灌6-9a,根区盐分均值3-5g/kg,基本满足耕种条件,棉花产量在5250kg/hm2以上,应适当减少灌水量,弱化冲洗保持控盐,苗期冲洗定额宜在66.1-104.5mm,苗期灌水量宜在123.3-161.7mm,灌溉定额宜在733.9-855.0mm；滴灌9-16a盐分根区均值低于3g/kg,且Cl-含量低于0.12g/kg,棉花产量在6000kg/hm2以上,苗期冲洗定额宜在34.5-66.1mm左右以保持控盐,苗期灌水量亦在91.7-123.3mm,灌溉定额宜在637.0-733.9mm,并宜适当提高灌水次数,以发挥膜下滴灌技术少量多次的灌水优点。
Drip irrigation under mulch has been widely practiced in the arid region of Northwest China especially the saline-alkali soils in Xinjiang. As, theoretically, drip irrigation under mulch only affects salt distribution in root zones and salts are not drained out of the soil baby, whether salts will accumulate in root zones with long-term drip irrigation under mulch is an important question deciding whether such an irrigation method can be sustainably applied in arid regions. Previous results have provided a lot on water and salt management for drip irrigation under mulch but little on the actual changing trends of salts in fields with long-term drip irrigation under mulch. Therefore, in this study, salt changes in five agricultural fields with2-16years of drip irrigation under mulch were monitored consecutively from2009-2013. These fields were located in Regiment121, Shihezi, Xinjiang, which is a typical oasis. Study area wasteland0～40cm soil salinity average25～70g/kg, groundwater depth2-4m, sandy loam soil with varying degrees of salinization mainly in cotton irrigation quota on average816.15mm, irrigation water salinity0.4g/L or so.The results revealed soil salt content evolution trends in agricultural fields with long-term drip irrigation under mulch under current irrigation regime. Corresponding irrigation management strategies were proposed. The results from this study are expected to provide theoretical basis for the sustainable application of drip irrigation under mulch in arid regions. And main conclusions were drawn as follows:
(1) Water and salt distribution and changing characteristics in cotton fields with long-term drip irrigation under mulch
Drip irrigation under mulch has significantly influenced and changed water and salt distribution in farmlands under natural conditions. Under current irrigation regime, for the0-140cm soil layer, soil moisture was high in fields with long-term drip irrigation under mulch. Soil moisture was high after irrigation for the whole field, inside the films, between the films, or for the different growth stages of cotton. And there were no significant differences in soil moisture between positions and times. In addition, interannual variation was small. Distribution and variation of soil moisture and salt to a depth of300cm or to the water table in cotton fields with drip irrigation under mulch were influenced by irrigation, crop water assumption and evaporation together. Soil salt content and distribution displayed fairly big spatial and temporal variation with application years of drip irrigation under mulch. Holistically, high salt contents with great variation were found between films in the horizontal direction. Salt contents within films were low especially in the0-100cm layer, which was suitable for cotton growth. In the vertical direction, great variation in salt content was found in the surface soil layer while the deeper the layer, the smaller the variation, and the smaller the differences in salt content between different horizontal positions with gradual decrease as a whole. Soil salt content as a whole exhibited decreasing trends during the whole cotton growing period within the year especially after the irrigation in cotton seedling stage in April. With longer years of drip irrigation under mulch, interannual salt content variation coefficient and difference decreased gradually.
(2) Soil salt content evolution trends in cotton fields with drip irrigation under mulch
Under current irrigation regime, drip irrigation history had significant impacts on the distribution of soil salt content in the0-300cm soil layer. After a single irrigation, soil salts in cotton fields with drip irrigation under mulch displayed pronounced movements in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Soil moisture was the main factor affecting soil salt movement in cotton fields with significant convection in soil salt movement. After several times of irrigation, soil salts showed a holistic downward movement which was close to a one-dimensional movement. As a whole, average salt content displayed the same first-rapidly-then-slowly decreasing trend as a power function exhibits with longer drip irrigation history. The first3years of drip irrigation was the rapid desalinization stage when soil salt content decreased rapidly compared with those in surrounding uncultivated lands. The3rd-8th year was the stable desalinization stage when desalinization rate increased linearly and soil salt content dropped to below5g/kg after7years of drip irrigation. After drip irrigation had been practiced for8-16years, desalinization rate stabilized at80-90%and soil salt content dropped slowly with drip irrigation history. After16years of drip irrigation, average soil salt content was below3g/kg. According to the correlation between soil salt content at different depths and irrigation history under current irrigation regime, drip irrigation needs to be practiced for5.69,6.08and6.53years for the average soil salt content to drop below5g/kg in the0-60cm,0-100cm, and0-140cm soil layers, respectively. The longer the drip irrigation under mulch was practiced, the lower the soil salt content was, and the smaller the salt content dropped. And finally the soil salt content would be in a dynamic equilibrium state.
(3) Appropriate irrigation quota and irrigation management strategy for cotton fields with long-term drip irrigation under mulch
Soil salt content in root zone of cotton fields with drip irrigation under mulch significantly impacted cotton growth and yield. Current drip irrigation regime under mulch has important implications in salt leaching. With the decrease in salt content in root zone (0-60cm depth), irrigation quota on each application in the seedling stage and irrigation quota should be adjusted. When drip irrigation has been practiced for no longer than6years, soil salt content in root zone is relatively high with the average between5-24g/kg and flushing should be strengthened to suppress salts. Flushing quota in the seedling stage should be104.5-350mm, irrigation quota on each application in the seedling stage should be161.7-400mm, and irrigation quota should be855.0-1660mm. When drip irrigation has been practiced for6-9years, average salt content in root zone is3-5g/kg, which basically meet the cultivation requirements for a cotton yield of above5250kg/hm2. Irrigation quota on each application should be properly reduced and flushing should be weakened in strength to keep controlling salts. Flushing quota on each application in the seedling stage should be66.1-104.5mm, irrigation quota on each application in the seedling stage should be123.3-161.7mm, and irrigation quota should be733.9-855.0mm. After9-16years of drip irrigation, average soil salt content in root zone was below3g/kg, Cl-content was below0.12g/kg, and cotton yield was over6000kg/hm2. Flushing quota on each application in the seedling stage should be around34.5-66.1mm to keep controlling salts. Irrigation quota on each application in the seedling stage should be91.7-123.3mm, and irrigation quota should be637.0-733.9mm. In addition, irrigation frequency should be properly raised to make full use of the advantages of small amounts for many times of the drip irrigation technology.
(1)长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐分布及变化特征
膜下滴灌灌水显著影响并改变了农田土壤自然状态下的水盐分布格局。现行灌溉制度条件下,在观测深度范围(0-140cm)内,长期膜下滴灌农田土壤水分整体偏高,灌水后农田近似整体湿润分布,膜内、膜间及棉花不同生育阶段土壤水分含量均较高且无显著差异,且年际间差异不大。灌水、作物耗水及蒸发综合影响膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐分布及变化,垂直影响深度可达300cm,即可以达地下水位置。土壤盐分含量及分布随膜下滴灌应用年限发生较大的时空变异,总体上,水平方向膜间盐分含量较高且变异较大,膜内盐分含量较低,特别是在0-100cm深度范围总体较低,比较适宜棉花生长；垂直方向表层盐分变异较大,越往深层盐分变异程度越小,不同水平位置之间盐分差异也越来越小,整体不断降低；土壤盐分在年内棉花生长期整体呈降低趋势,特别是在4月份苗期灌水后,降低趋势最为显著；随膜下滴灌应用年限增加,年际间盐分变异系数及差异性亦逐渐降低。
(2)长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分演变规律
现行灌溉制度下膜下滴灌应用年限对农田0-300cm深度范围土壤盐分均具有显著影响,单次灌水后膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分在水平及垂直方向均发生显著迁移,灌溉是棉田盐分迁移的主要因素,盐分运动对流作用显著；多次灌水后棉田盐分呈整体向下迁移变化,近似一维垂直运动。总体上盐分均值随滴灌年限呈幂函数前快后慢的降低趋势,滴灌应用前3a农田盐分相对周边荒地土壤盐分迅速降低,属于快速脱盐阶段；滴灌应用3-8a脱盐率呈线性增加,属于稳速脱盐阶段,其中滴灌7a以后盐分降至5g/kg以下；滴灌应用8-16a之间,脱盐率稳定在80-90%之间,盐分随滴灌应用年限降低缓慢,滴灌应用16a时,盐分均值在3g/kg以下。根据现行灌溉制度下不同深度土壤盐分与滴灌应用年限的相关关系,要使农田盐分均值降至5g/kg以下,0-60cm、0-100cm、0-140cm不同剖面需要的滴灌应用年限分别为5.69、6.08、6.53a。膜下滴灌应用年限越长,田间盐分相对越低,盐分降幅也越来越小,并将处于一种动态平衡状态。
(3)长期膜下滴灌棉田适宜灌溉定额及灌溉调控对策
膜下滴灌棉田根区土壤盐分含量显著影响棉花生长及产量,现行膜下滴灌灌溉制度对于盐分淋洗具有重要意义。随着根区(0-60cm深度)盐分降低,应调整苗期灌水定额及灌溉定额。滴灌6a以内,根区盐分含量较高,均值在5-24g/kg之间,应强化冲洗进行压盐,苗期冲洗定额宜在104.5-350mm,苗期灌水量宜在161.7-400mm,灌溉定额宜在855.0-1660mm；滴灌6-9a,根区盐分均值3-5g/kg,基本满足耕种条件,棉花产量在5250kg/hm2以上,应适当减少灌水量,弱化冲洗保持控盐,苗期冲洗定额宜在66.1-104.5mm,苗期灌水量宜在123.3-161.7mm,灌溉定额宜在733.9-855.0mm；滴灌9-16a盐分根区均值低于3g/kg,且Cl-含量低于0.12g/kg,棉花产量在6000kg/hm2以上,苗期冲洗定额宜在34.5-66.1mm左右以保持控盐,苗期灌水量亦在91.7-123.3mm,灌溉定额宜在637.0-733.9mm,并宜适当提高灌水次数,以发挥膜下滴灌技术少量多次的灌水优点。
Drip irrigation under mulch has been widely practiced in the arid region of Northwest China especially the saline-alkali soils in Xinjiang. As, theoretically, drip irrigation under mulch only affects salt distribution in root zones and salts are not drained out of the soil baby, whether salts will accumulate in root zones with long-term drip irrigation under mulch is an important question deciding whether such an irrigation method can be sustainably applied in arid regions. Previous results have provided a lot on water and salt management for drip irrigation under mulch but little on the actual changing trends of salts in fields with long-term drip irrigation under mulch. Therefore, in this study, salt changes in five agricultural fields with2-16years of drip irrigation under mulch were monitored consecutively from2009-2013. These fields were located in Regiment121, Shihezi, Xinjiang, which is a typical oasis. Study area wasteland0～40cm soil salinity average25～70g/kg, groundwater depth2-4m, sandy loam soil with varying degrees of salinization mainly in cotton irrigation quota on average816.15mm, irrigation water salinity0.4g/L or so.The results revealed soil salt content evolution trends in agricultural fields with long-term drip irrigation under mulch under current irrigation regime. Corresponding irrigation management strategies were proposed. The results from this study are expected to provide theoretical basis for the sustainable application of drip irrigation under mulch in arid regions. And main conclusions were drawn as follows:
(1) Water and salt distribution and changing characteristics in cotton fields with long-term drip irrigation under mulch
Drip irrigation under mulch has significantly influenced and changed water and salt distribution in farmlands under natural conditions. Under current irrigation regime, for the0-140cm soil layer, soil moisture was high in fields with long-term drip irrigation under mulch. Soil moisture was high after irrigation for the whole field, inside the films, between the films, or for the different growth stages of cotton. And there were no significant differences in soil moisture between positions and times. In addition, interannual variation was small. Distribution and variation of soil moisture and salt to a depth of300cm or to the water table in cotton fields with drip irrigation under mulch were influenced by irrigation, crop water assumption and evaporation together. Soil salt content and distribution displayed fairly big spatial and temporal variation with application years of drip irrigation under mulch. Holistically, high salt contents with great variation were found between films in the horizontal direction. Salt contents within films were low especially in the0-100cm layer, which was suitable for cotton growth. In the vertical direction, great variation in salt content was found in the surface soil layer while the deeper the layer, the smaller the variation, and the smaller the differences in salt content between different horizontal positions with gradual decrease as a whole. Soil salt content as a whole exhibited decreasing trends during the whole cotton growing period within the year especially after the irrigation in cotton seedling stage in April. With longer years of drip irrigation under mulch, interannual salt content variation coefficient and difference decreased gradually.
(2) Soil salt content evolution trends in cotton fields with drip irrigation under mulch
Under current irrigation regime, drip irrigation history had significant impacts on the distribution of soil salt content in the0-300cm soil layer. After a single irrigation, soil salts in cotton fields with drip irrigation under mulch displayed pronounced movements in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Soil moisture was the main factor affecting soil salt movement in cotton fields with significant convection in soil salt movement. After several times of irrigation, soil salts showed a holistic downward movement which was close to a one-dimensional movement. As a whole, average salt content displayed the same first-rapidly-then-slowly decreasing trend as a power function exhibits with longer drip irrigation history. The first3years of drip irrigation was the rapid desalinization stage when soil salt content decreased rapidly compared with those in surrounding uncultivated lands. The3rd-8th year was the stable desalinization stage when desalinization rate increased linearly and soil salt content dropped to below5g/kg after7years of drip irrigation. After drip irrigation had been practiced for8-16years, desalinization rate stabilized at80-90%and soil salt content dropped slowly with drip irrigation history. After16years of drip irrigation, average soil salt content was below3g/kg. According to the correlation between soil salt content at different depths and irrigation history under current irrigation regime, drip irrigation needs to be practiced for5.69,6.08and6.53years for the average soil salt content to drop below5g/kg in the0-60cm,0-100cm, and0-140cm soil layers, respectively. The longer the drip irrigation under mulch was practiced, the lower the soil salt content was, and the smaller the salt content dropped. And finally the soil salt content would be in a dynamic equilibrium state.
(3) Appropriate irrigation quota and irrigation management strategy for cotton fields with long-term drip irrigation under mulch
Soil salt content in root zone of cotton fields with drip irrigation under mulch significantly impacted cotton growth and yield. Current drip irrigation regime under mulch has important implications in salt leaching. With the decrease in salt content in root zone (0-60cm depth), irrigation quota on each application in the seedling stage and irrigation quota should be adjusted. When drip irrigation has been practiced for no longer than6years, soil salt content in root zone is relatively high with the average between5-24g/kg and flushing should be strengthened to suppress salts. Flushing quota in the seedling stage should be104.5-350mm, irrigation quota on each application in the seedling stage should be161.7-400mm, and irrigation quota should be855.0-1660mm. When drip irrigation has been practiced for6-9years, average salt content in root zone is3-5g/kg, which basically meet the cultivation requirements for a cotton yield of above5250kg/hm2. Irrigation quota on each application should be properly reduced and flushing should be weakened in strength to keep controlling salts. Flushing quota on each application in the seedling stage should be66.1-104.5mm, irrigation quota on each application in the seedling stage should be123.3-161.7mm, and irrigation quota should be733.9-855.0mm. After9-16years of drip irrigation, average soil salt content in root zone was below3g/kg, Cl-content was below0.12g/kg, and cotton yield was over6000kg/hm2. Flushing quota on each application in the seedling stage should be around34.5-66.1mm to keep controlling salts. Irrigation quota on each application in the seedling stage should be91.7-123.3mm, and irrigation quota should be637.0-733.9mm. In addition, irrigation frequency should be properly raised to make full use of the advantages of small amounts for many times of the drip irrigation technology.
引文
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