华北平原冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系优化氮肥管理—从田块到区域尺度
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摘要
以华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系为研究对象,通过两年561点的农户调查,13点的不同氮水平试验和57点的三氮水平无重复试验,建立了田块尺度基于土壤硝态氮测试和氮素平衡的氮素实时监控技术,分析了氮肥施用对研究地区作物产量、品质和环境效应的影响,对协调作物高产和环境保护的氮肥高效利用的原理和方法进行了初步探讨;采用GIS技术,以目标产量氮素需求量、土壤供氮量和氮素损失量为主要变量因子,以山东惠民县为例,初步建立区域尺度的优化氮肥管理技术体系。主要研究结果如下:
农户调查结果表明,山东惠民县冬小麦-夏玉米一个轮作周期的氮磷钾投入量分别为673kg·hm~(-2)(N),244kg·hm~(-2)(P_2O_5)和98kg·hm~(-2)(K_2O)。研究发现,在目前的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中,土壤有机质含量和单位面积有效穗数是影响冬小麦产量的主要因素,而生长天数则是影响玉米产量的主要因素。
在现有施肥方法和时期不变的情况下,通过土壤剖面硝态氮测试和氮素平衡的氮素实时监控技术可以在作物获得最高产量的同时,降低单位面积氮肥用量,并将作物收获后0～90cm土壤硝态氮残留量和氮素表观损失量控制在合理的范围内。优化氮肥处理在小麦和玉米季平均氮肥用量分别为85kg·hm~(-2)(n=8)和144kg·hm~(-2)(n=5),比传统的氮肥处理节省77%(冬小麦)和41%(夏玉米)的氮肥。优化氮肥处理小区作物收获后0～90cm土壤硝态氮残留量保持在87～139kg·hm~(-2)之间,氮素表观损失控制在-14～64kg·hm~(-2)之间(平均为24kg·hm~(-2)),比传统施氮处理的氮素表观损失(47～145kg·hm~(-2),平均为86kg·hm~(-2))减少了72%。
将当地农民习惯的180m灌溉畦长改为90m,一次返青灌水可节省灌溉水30mm,减少水分损失44mm,减少氮素损失20kg·hm~(-2)。
硝酸盐试纸-反射仪法快速测试土壤剖面硝态氮含量与实验室常规的流动分析测试土壤硝态氮含量具有极显著的相关性(表层和底层的相关系数分别为0.918和0.926),故土壤硝态氮快速测试可以代替实验室常规测试进行土壤氮素诊断。
土壤全氮空间变异随空间间距的增大而增大,土壤有机质和交换性钾空间变异极显著的符合指数模型,最大相关距分别为23.5km和6.6km,土壤速效磷和pH值的空间变异与空间间距无关。与20世纪90年代土壤普查结果相比,土壤全氮、有机质和速效磷含量显著提高,这与20年来该地区氮磷投入大量盈余有关。
区域氮平衡模型研究表明,玉米季土壤氮素表观矿化量要显著高于小麦季,二者均与土壤有机质含量呈极显著的线性相关;小麦季氮素表观损失表现为砂壤土(损失量为45kg·hm~(-2))高于中壤土(损失量为23kg·hm~(-2)),而玉米季氮素表观损失与优化施氮量呈极显著的线性相关。以氮素表观平衡为基础,考虑目标产量的作物氮素需求量,土壤供氮量和氮素损失量,初步建立区域氮肥平衡模型。冬小麦氮肥推荐用量,中壤地区为,NF=0.031Y+35-3.6×SOM;砂壤地区为,NF=0.031Y+50-3.6×SOM;夏玉米氮肥推荐用量为,NF=(0.022Y-16-6.2×SOM)/0.48,其中Y为目标产量(kg·hm~(-2)),SOM为土壤有机质含量(g·kg~(-1))。
Excessive nitrogen fertilization is a common problem in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain, which cause not only the decrease of nitrogen use efficiency but also the increasing of the risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, optimizing N fertilization in field scale and as well as in regional scale is urgent. A two years survey with 561 farmers, 13 field experiments with 6-10 N levels and four replicates, and 57 field experiments with three treatments without replicates in 2 growing seasons were conducted from 2001 to 2003 in Huimin County, Shandong Province. The real-time N monitoring and regulating technique (RTNMRT) based on soil nitrate-N testing and N balance had been developed to optimize N fertilization and improved N fertilizer use efficiency. Effects of N fertilization on crop grain yield and apparent N losses had been evaluated. Based on regional N balance model and GIS technique, the regional optimized N fertilization management system, which takes the target yield, soil N supply and as well as N losses into consideration, had been established preliminarily.The results of farmers survey showed that, the average amount of 673 kg·hm-2(N), 244 kg·hm-2 (P2O5) and 98 kg·hm-2 (K2O) were applied to the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Huimin County, Shandong Province. Under conventional crop management condition, wheat grain yield was affected significantly by soil organic matter and spike number per acreage. Maize grain yield was affected significantly by the growth days after sowing.Under current fertilizer application method and time condition, optimized N fertilization, which based on soil nitrate-N quick testing and N balance, dramatically reduced N losses meanwhile maintaining crop yield. In the optimized N treatments, the average of N application rates were 85 kg·hm-2 (w=8) for winter wheat and 144 kg·hm-2 (w=5) for summer maize in all experiments, and the residual soil nitrate-N content in the top 90 cm of the soil profile after harvest varied from 87 to 139 kg·hm-2, and apparent N losses varied from -14 to 64 kg·hm-2. Compared with the conventional N fertilization treatments, the optimized N fertilization treatments saved 77% N fertilizer for wheat (n=4) and 41% N fertilizer for maize (n=5), and reduced 72% apparent N losses without crop yield decrease.The length of border was found affecting the amount of irrigation water and N losses. Compared with the longer border (180m), 30mm irrigation water was saved, and 44mm water drainage and 20 kg·hm-2 N losses were reduced in once irrigation by shortening border to 90m. Under conventional irrigation and N fertilization management condition, the spatial variability in the water and soil N didn't affect wheat grain yield because of excessive water and N input.A quick testing method for analyzing soil nitrate-N content by Merck Reflectance meter was developed and was compared with a routine method in the laboratory. A significant correlation of the soil nitrate-N content was found between the quick testing methods and the laboratory testing method
(the correlation of topsoil and subsoil was 0.918 and 0.926, respectively). Therefore a quick testing method for soil nitrate-N could be used to replace the laboratory testing method for N recommendation.The spatial variability of soil total N increased with increasing spatial distance. The spatial variability of organic matter and exchangeable K was best described by exponential model, and the maximum correlative distance was 23.5 km and 16.6 km. The spatial variability of Olsen-P and pH had no relation with spatial distance inside the sampling distance. Compared with 1980's, the soil total N, organic matter content and Olsen-P in 2003 significantly increased, which was related to the surplus of N and p input during past 20 years.Apparent N mineralization in summer maize season was higher than that in winter wheat season, and both of them were linearly related to soil organic matter. Apparent N losses during wheat growth season in sandy loam soil (45 kg·hm-2) were
农户调查结果表明,山东惠民县冬小麦-夏玉米一个轮作周期的氮磷钾投入量分别为673kg·hm~(-2)(N),244kg·hm~(-2)(P_2O_5)和98kg·hm~(-2)(K_2O)。研究发现,在目前的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中,土壤有机质含量和单位面积有效穗数是影响冬小麦产量的主要因素,而生长天数则是影响玉米产量的主要因素。
在现有施肥方法和时期不变的情况下,通过土壤剖面硝态氮测试和氮素平衡的氮素实时监控技术可以在作物获得最高产量的同时,降低单位面积氮肥用量,并将作物收获后0～90cm土壤硝态氮残留量和氮素表观损失量控制在合理的范围内。优化氮肥处理在小麦和玉米季平均氮肥用量分别为85kg·hm~(-2)(n=8)和144kg·hm~(-2)(n=5),比传统的氮肥处理节省77%(冬小麦)和41%(夏玉米)的氮肥。优化氮肥处理小区作物收获后0～90cm土壤硝态氮残留量保持在87～139kg·hm~(-2)之间,氮素表观损失控制在-14～64kg·hm~(-2)之间(平均为24kg·hm~(-2)),比传统施氮处理的氮素表观损失(47～145kg·hm~(-2),平均为86kg·hm~(-2))减少了72%。
将当地农民习惯的180m灌溉畦长改为90m,一次返青灌水可节省灌溉水30mm,减少水分损失44mm,减少氮素损失20kg·hm~(-2)。
硝酸盐试纸-反射仪法快速测试土壤剖面硝态氮含量与实验室常规的流动分析测试土壤硝态氮含量具有极显著的相关性(表层和底层的相关系数分别为0.918和0.926),故土壤硝态氮快速测试可以代替实验室常规测试进行土壤氮素诊断。
土壤全氮空间变异随空间间距的增大而增大,土壤有机质和交换性钾空间变异极显著的符合指数模型,最大相关距分别为23.5km和6.6km,土壤速效磷和pH值的空间变异与空间间距无关。与20世纪90年代土壤普查结果相比,土壤全氮、有机质和速效磷含量显著提高,这与20年来该地区氮磷投入大量盈余有关。
区域氮平衡模型研究表明,玉米季土壤氮素表观矿化量要显著高于小麦季,二者均与土壤有机质含量呈极显著的线性相关;小麦季氮素表观损失表现为砂壤土(损失量为45kg·hm~(-2))高于中壤土(损失量为23kg·hm~(-2)),而玉米季氮素表观损失与优化施氮量呈极显著的线性相关。以氮素表观平衡为基础,考虑目标产量的作物氮素需求量,土壤供氮量和氮素损失量,初步建立区域氮肥平衡模型。冬小麦氮肥推荐用量,中壤地区为,NF=0.031Y+35-3.6×SOM;砂壤地区为,NF=0.031Y+50-3.6×SOM;夏玉米氮肥推荐用量为,NF=(0.022Y-16-6.2×SOM)/0.48,其中Y为目标产量(kg·hm~(-2)),SOM为土壤有机质含量(g·kg~(-1))。
Excessive nitrogen fertilization is a common problem in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain, which cause not only the decrease of nitrogen use efficiency but also the increasing of the risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, optimizing N fertilization in field scale and as well as in regional scale is urgent. A two years survey with 561 farmers, 13 field experiments with 6-10 N levels and four replicates, and 57 field experiments with three treatments without replicates in 2 growing seasons were conducted from 2001 to 2003 in Huimin County, Shandong Province. The real-time N monitoring and regulating technique (RTNMRT) based on soil nitrate-N testing and N balance had been developed to optimize N fertilization and improved N fertilizer use efficiency. Effects of N fertilization on crop grain yield and apparent N losses had been evaluated. Based on regional N balance model and GIS technique, the regional optimized N fertilization management system, which takes the target yield, soil N supply and as well as N losses into consideration, had been established preliminarily.The results of farmers survey showed that, the average amount of 673 kg·hm-2(N), 244 kg·hm-2 (P2O5) and 98 kg·hm-2 (K2O) were applied to the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Huimin County, Shandong Province. Under conventional crop management condition, wheat grain yield was affected significantly by soil organic matter and spike number per acreage. Maize grain yield was affected significantly by the growth days after sowing.Under current fertilizer application method and time condition, optimized N fertilization, which based on soil nitrate-N quick testing and N balance, dramatically reduced N losses meanwhile maintaining crop yield. In the optimized N treatments, the average of N application rates were 85 kg·hm-2 (w=8) for winter wheat and 144 kg·hm-2 (w=5) for summer maize in all experiments, and the residual soil nitrate-N content in the top 90 cm of the soil profile after harvest varied from 87 to 139 kg·hm-2, and apparent N losses varied from -14 to 64 kg·hm-2. Compared with the conventional N fertilization treatments, the optimized N fertilization treatments saved 77% N fertilizer for wheat (n=4) and 41% N fertilizer for maize (n=5), and reduced 72% apparent N losses without crop yield decrease.The length of border was found affecting the amount of irrigation water and N losses. Compared with the longer border (180m), 30mm irrigation water was saved, and 44mm water drainage and 20 kg·hm-2 N losses were reduced in once irrigation by shortening border to 90m. Under conventional irrigation and N fertilization management condition, the spatial variability in the water and soil N didn't affect wheat grain yield because of excessive water and N input.A quick testing method for analyzing soil nitrate-N content by Merck Reflectance meter was developed and was compared with a routine method in the laboratory. A significant correlation of the soil nitrate-N content was found between the quick testing methods and the laboratory testing method
(the correlation of topsoil and subsoil was 0.918 and 0.926, respectively). Therefore a quick testing method for soil nitrate-N could be used to replace the laboratory testing method for N recommendation.The spatial variability of soil total N increased with increasing spatial distance. The spatial variability of organic matter and exchangeable K was best described by exponential model, and the maximum correlative distance was 23.5 km and 16.6 km. The spatial variability of Olsen-P and pH had no relation with spatial distance inside the sampling distance. Compared with 1980's, the soil total N, organic matter content and Olsen-P in 2003 significantly increased, which was related to the surplus of N and p input during past 20 years.Apparent N mineralization in summer maize season was higher than that in winter wheat season, and both of them were linearly related to soil organic matter. Apparent N losses during wheat growth season in sandy loam soil (45 kg·hm-2) were
引文
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