黄土高原旱地农田生态系统N、P、K平衡研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
在农田生态系统中,土壤的养分平衡是作物稳产、高产的基础。农田养分平衡研究
    有助于从宏观上观察肥料投入过程中农田作物消耗和土壤肥力等变化。而且,养分平衡
    和循环有一定的地理、时空差异性,黄土高原又有其自身的特殊性,在黄土高原进行养
    分平衡研究有其实际意义。
     本文利用设在黄土高原旱地上的长期轮作与施肥试验,主要研究了黄土高原农田生
    态系统养分的降水带入、作物地上部分的氨挥发损失和作物的养分支出,并进行了 N、
    P、K 养分平衡评价。
     降水中的 N 输入土壤是黄土高原旱塬区农田的一种重要 N 素输入方式,年输入量
    6.72-10.80 kg/hm2,主要发生在 6-9 月,占全年输入量的 57.8%。降水输入土壤的 N、K
    量与降水量呈明显的相关关系。
     氨挥发损失是旱地农田 N 素损失的重要途径之一。长期施用有机肥可显著降低 N
    的氨挥发损失,在试验的温度范围内氨挥发损失随温度升高而增大。在营养生长期,小
    麦与苜蓿地上部分的氨挥发损失速率较低且没有明显差异,但进入生殖生长期成倍增
    加,苜蓿的氨挥发损失高于小麦 65%左右。氨挥发的年损失量在 3.99-9.37 kgN/hm2之间。
     合理的肥料配施可提高肥料的利用率,降低作物的草籽比,促进养分向籽粒产量转
    移。同种作物不同施肥水平下的养分吸收量不同,在 72.44 kgN/hm2和 46.90 kgP/hm2时
    可以获得最小的 N 的养分消耗量:3.77 kg/100kg 籽粒产量,在 124.97 kgN/hm2和 29.61
    kgP/hm2 时可以获得最小的 P 养分消耗量:0.61 kg/100kg 籽粒产量。
     施用化肥对土壤有机 C 含量影响不显著,有机无机肥配施使土壤有机 C 含量大幅度
    的提高。相同施肥条件下苜蓿对有机 C 与全 N 含量的提高幅度大于小麦。种植作物可提
    高土壤供氮能力,苜蓿连作、小麦连作和粮饲豆轮作土壤全氮和碱解氮含量分别比裸地
    增加 4.21%-36.50%和 7.61%-66.91%,其中以种植苜蓿提高幅度最大,是分别是裸地的
    1.36 和 1.67 倍。
     在轮作系统中引入豆科作物后,土壤有机 C、全 N、有效氮含量显著增加,但全磷
    和有效磷却有所降低。随着苜蓿生长年限的增加,耕层全 N、有效氮含量均有不同程度
    的提高。长期施用有机肥能显著提高土壤耕层养分含量,主要是因为肥料带入土壤的养
    分没有全部被作物携走而在土壤中的累积。施肥量在 N 51.89kg/hm2、P 11.90kg/hm2左
    右可满足作物的养分需求,又不使养分在土壤中累积。
     对本区的养分状况进行评价的结果表明,本区土壤中 N 每年盈余 21.47-32.48%,P
    盈余 44.54-74.56%,不施钾肥钾素亏缺 2.45-6.29kg/hm2,所以在肥料用量上,应适当控
    N、减 P、增 K。
In farmland ecosystem, the balance of soil nutrients is the base of stabilizing and
    increasing yield of crop. Research of nutrients balance in farmland can help looking into the
    variety and problem possibly appeared in process of farmland nutrients degenerate and
    regenerate from macro angle. Furthermore, there has geography space-time otherness in the
    balance and circulation of farmland nutrients geography space-time otherness, and the loess
    plateau has its own particularity. Therefore, doing research of the nutrient balance in the loess
    plateau has its practical signification.
     Using the long-term rotation and fertilization experiment that disposed in dry land on the
    loess plateau, the paper has studied nutrients in rainfall import to farmland ecosystem and
    Ammonia volatilization losses and nutrients disbursal of crop, also estimated the balance of
    nutrients in farmland soil.
     N input with rainfall is an important method of N input in dry land on the loess plateau,
    its amount in a year is 6.72-10.80 kg/hm2, and it mostly happened between June and
    September. Furthermore, there has distinctness correlativity between the amount of N、P、K
    in rainfall and annual precipitation in this area.
     Ammonia volatilization losses of N are one of the important losses methods in dry land.
    Long-term application of organic manure can evidently decrease the Ammonia volatilization
    losses. Ammonia volatilization losses increased adapt to the hoist of temperature in
    examination range. In period of nourishment growth, Ammonia volatilization losses velocity
    is very small and there is no evidently difference between winter wheat and alfalfa. But in
    procreation growth period, it increased geminately. The amount of ammonia volatilization
    losses in a year is about 3.99-9.37kgN/hm2.
     Proportion fertilization in reason can increase utilization ratio of fertilizer, decrease the
    ratio of stalk/seed, and promote nutrients moving to economic yield. The same crop has
    different nutrients wastage under different fertilization, N wastage has minimum of
    3.77kgN/100kg economic yield under fertilization of 72.44kgN/hm2 and 46.90kgP/hm2. P
    wastage has minimum of 0.61 kgP/100kg under fertilization of 124.97kgN/hm2and
    29.61kgP/hm2. With the increasing of fixed number of year, nutrients content in wheat stalk
    and seed decreased, that in alfalfa increased.
     Fertilization has less effect on the content of soil organic C, organic fertilizer applied
    with mineral fertilizer can increased soil organic C content evidently. Crop cultivation can
    increase soil N supply ability, increase range is between 6.88% and 36.58%, the most of it
    is alfalfa, and its increase amount is 1.37 times of bareness. Content of soil organic C 、total
    
    
    iii Abstract
    N and available N increased evidently, but total P and available P decreased in some degree,
    when leguminous plants induct into rotate system. Furthermore the content of total N and
    available N in plough layer increasing with the fixed number of year. Long-term fertilization
    can increase soil nutrients content evidently is because of crop can’t uptake all the nutrients in
    fertilization and the nutrients cumulated in soil. It can supply crop nutrients requirement and
    can’t cause nutrients cumulated in soil with the fertilization of N 51.89 kg/hm2 、 P
    11.90kg/hm2.
     Estimate nutrients status in this area, the result showed that, there is surplus 21.47-
    32.48% of fertilizer N and 44.54-74.56% of fertilizer P. K has 2.45-6.29 kg/hm2·a to the bad
    lack of fertilizer K. Therefore, it should stabilize N 、 K fertilization and decrease P
    fertilization.
引文
[1] 杨文治、余存祖,黄土高原综合治理定位试验示范的实践与认识,土地资源及生产力研究[M],
    科学技术文献出版社,西安:1991,1
    [2] 上官周平等,黄土高原粮食生产与可持续发展研究[M],陕西人民出版社,1999 年版
    [3] 郝明德等,渭北旱塬地区粮食作物优化施肥模式的研究,长武王东沟高效生态经济系统综合研究
    [M],科学技术文献出版社,西安:1991,9
    [4] Byrnes B.G.,Environment effect of N fertilizer use-An overview [J],Fertilizer Research,1990,209-215
    [5] 徐明岗等,土壤磷扩散规律及能量特征研究[J],土壤学报,1998,35(1):55-65
    [6] Diest A V., The effects of continuous fertilization on nutrient balance ,Soil Science [J],Mexico,1994;
    5a:48~61
    [7] 卢兵友,农业生态系统氮素循环研究概况 [J],山东农业大学学报,1992,23(4):457-460
    [8] Allison F.E., The enigma of soil N balance sheets [J]. Adv.agron.,1955,7:213-250
    [9] 曹凑贵等,农业生态系统养分循环研究概况 [J],生态学杂志,1998,17(4):26-32
    [10] 沈善敏,论我国磷肥生产与应用对策(一)[J],土壤通报.1985,(2):97-103
    [11] 司马斌等,农田氮磷流失与水体富营养化 [J],土壤,2000,4:188-193
    [12] 王庆仁等,论合理施肥与土壤环境的可持续发展 [J],环境科学进展,1999,7(2):116-123
    [13] 徐明岗等,土壤磷扩散规律及能量特征的研究Ⅱ.施肥量及水肥温相互作用对磷扩散的影响 [J],
    土壤学报,1998,35(1):55-65
    [14] 陈欣等,苏南地区农田养分循特征及平衡调控途径 [J],生态农业研究,1997,5(3):10-14
    [15] 谭宏伟等,广西农田养分循环与平衡分析 [J],广西科学院学报,2000,16(2):82-91
    [16] 黄绍文等,黄淮海平原玉田县和陵县试区粮田土壤养分平衡现状评价 [J],植物营养与肥料学
    报 2002,8(2):137-143
    [17] 李秋梅等,冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系中磷钾平衡的研究 [J],植物营养与肥料学报 2002,8(2):
    152-156
    [18] 王柏英等,丘陵低产黄刚土有机质和磷钾养分平衡研究 [J],江苏农业研究,2000,21(1):48-51
    [19] 山仑等,黄土高原半干旱地区的农业发展与高效用水 [J],中国农业科技导报,2000 2(4):34-38
    [20] 卢永根等,中国农业发展的生态合理化方向 [J],世界科技研究与发展,1999,21(2):1-4
    [21] 王建国等,黑龙江农田养分平衡和养分水平的动态变化 [J],农业系统科学与综合研究,2000,
    16(2):124-127。
    [22] Eterburgskii A.V. and Nikiforova I.P. Nutrient balance and soil productivity in the Severo-Osetian
    ASSR[USSR], Soviet Agricultural Sciences (USA),1981,6:32-34
    [23] Lombin G. The effects of continuous fertilization on nutrient balance and crop yield in the northern
    Nigerian savannah,a preliminary assessment(using maize) [J],Canadian Journal of Soil Science(Canada),
    1981,61(1):55-65
    
    
    46 黄土高原旱地农田生态系统中 N、P、K 素平衡研究
    [24] Uhlen G. and Tveitnes S,Effects of long-term crop rotations,fertilizers, farm manure and straw on
    crop productivity [J],Norw. J. Agric. Sci.,1995,9:143-161.
    [25] Dobermann A. Sta-Cruz P.C. and Cassman K.G..,Fertilizer inputs,nutrient balance and soil nutrient
    supplying power in intensive irrigated rice systems,Potassium uptake and K balance [J],Nutrient Cycling
    in Agroecosystems (Netherlands),1996,46(1):1-10
    [26] Myhr K. Haraldsen T.K and Oskarsen H.,The Kvithamar field lysimeter [J],Barley yield and nutrient
    balance,Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences(Norway),1996,10(4):469-480
    [27] Van-Horn H.H. Newton G L and Kunkle W E,Runminant nutrition from an environmental
    perspective,factors affecting whole-farm nutrient balance [J],Journal of Animal Science(USA),1996,
    74(12):3082-3102
    [28] 何电源等,农业生态系统的养分平衡是可持续农业的重要条件 [J],农业现代化研究,1999,
    20(4):241~243
    [29] 沈善敏,国外的长期肥料试验 [J],土壤通报,1984,2-4:85-91,134-138,184-185
    [30] 鲁如坤等,我国典型地区农业生态系统养分循环和平衡研究 II 农田养分收入参数 [J],土壤通
    报,1996,27(4):15l-154
    [31] 刘会玲等,河北低平原潮土氮磷钾平衡状况及评价研究 [J],河北农业大学学报,2002,25(2):
    28-31
    [32] 曹凤进等,农田氮磷钾养分投入状况及对策 [J],上海农业科技,1998-3。
    [33] 郭胜利,郝明德,党廷辉,黄土高原沟望区小流域土壤 NO-3—N 的积累特征及其影响因素 [J], 自
    然资源学报,2003,18(1):37-43
    [34] 朱兆良、陈德立、张绍林等,稻田非共生固氮对当季水稻吸收氮的贡献 [J],土壤,1986,18:
    225—229
    [35] Goulding K.W.T.,Nitrogen deposition to land from the atmosphere [J],Soil use and man,1990, 6
    (2):61-63
    [36] 朱兆良等编,中国土壤氮素 [M],南京:江苏科技出版社,1992。
    [37] 吕殿青,平衡施肥科学体系的研究进展与今后展望[C],李生秀主编,土壤-植物营养研究文集,
    西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1999,44-56
    [38] 鲁如坤等,我国典型地区农业生态系统养分循环和平衡研究 I 农田养分支出参数 [J],土壤通
    报,1996,27(4):145-151。
    [39] 罗良国等,北方稻田生态系统养分平衡研究 [J],应用生态学报,1996,10(3):301-304
    [40] Cbichester F.W. and Richardson C.W.,Evaluation of ammonia volatilization [J],Environ qual.,1992,
    21:587-590
    [41] Fowler D.B. and Brydon J.,Agron J,Nitrogen in agricultural soils [J],1989,81:518-524
    [42] 王朝晖等,北方冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤氨挥发的原位测定 [J],生态学报,2002,22(3):
    359-365
    
    
    参考文献 47
    [43] 高鹏程等,氨挥发与土壤水分散失关系的研究 [J],西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2001,
    29(6):22-26
    [44] 曹兵等,冬小麦不同基肥施用方式对土壤氨挥发的影响 [J],华北农学报,2001,16(2):83-86
    [45] Hargrove W.L.,Evaluation of ammonia volatilization in the field [J],Prod Agric,1988,1(2):104-111
    [46] Malhi S.S. and Nyborg M.,Agron J.,nitrous oxides emissions and urea-nitrogen loss [J],1983,77:
    27~32
    [47] 鲁如坤等,我国典型地区农业生态系统养分循环和平衡研究 Ⅳ 农田养分平衡的评价方法和原
    则 [J],土壤通报,1996,27(5):197-199
    [48] 张玉铭等,华北太行山前平原农田生态系统中 N、P、K 循环与平衡研究 [J],应用生态学报,
    2003,14(11):1683-1687
    [49] 赵更生等,陕北黄土丘陵区土壤中物质循环与粮食生产关系的研究 [J],水土保持学报,1993,
    7(1):81-91
    [50] Nelson D.W.,Gaseous losses of nitrogen other than through denitrification [J],In Stevenson F.J. (ed.),
    Am Soc of Agron. Madison,Wis. Agronomoy,1982,22:327-364
    [51] Jenkinson D.S.,An introduction to the global nitrogen cycled [J],Soil use & management,1990,6:
    56-61
    [52] Levine J.S.,Augustsson J.R.,Anderson I.C.,etal,Tropospheric sources of NO-3,Lighting and biology
    [J],Atmospheric Environment,1984,18:1797-1804
    [53] Bouwman A.F.,The role of soils and land use in the greenhouse effect,Background paper of the
    international conference“Soil and the Greenhouse Effect” [J],Wageningen,The Netherlands,Soil Ref
    and into Cnt,1989,8:14-18
    [54] 赵广才等,应用 N15 研究小麦各部位氮素分配利用及施肥效应,作物学报,1998,24(6):854-858
    [55] 沈善敏,中国氮素损失及其对农业发展的贡献 [J],土壤学报,2002,(39):12-25
    [56] Xing G.X. and Zhu Z.L.,An assessment of N loss from agricultural fields to the environment in
    China [J],Nutr. Cycle in Agroecosysment,2000,57:67-73
    [57] 苏成国等,稻田氮肥的氨挥发损失与稻季大气氮的湿沉降 [J],应用生态学报,2003,14(11):
    1884-1888
    [58] 李生秀等,黄土旱塬降水向土壤输入的氮素 [J],干旱地区农业研究,1993;11(增刊):83-92
    [59] 李世清等,陕西关中湿沉降输入农田生态系统中的氮素 [J],农业环境保护,1999,18(3):
    97-101
    [60] 李世娟等,氮肥损失的研究进展 [J],农业环境保护,2001,20(5):377-379
    [61] Nyborg M.,Malhi S.S.,and Solberg E.D.,Effects on root nodule activity and nitrogen release [J],
    Soil Sci.,1990,70:21-31
    [62] 赵广才等,不同类型高产小麦氮素积累及施氮对策探讨 [J],作物学报,1998,24(6):894-898
    [63] Aulakh M.S.,Renney D.A.,and Paul E.A.,N Fertility in cereal systems through nitrate sparing and
    
    
    48 黄土高原旱地农田生态系统中 N、P、K 素平衡研究
    nitrogen fixation [J],Soil Sci.,1982,62:187-195
    [64] Powlson D.S.,Hart P.B.S. and Poulton P.R. etal,approach to quantifying biological nitrogen fixation
    by legumes [J],Agric Sci,Camb,1992,118:83-100
    [65] Aulakh M.S. and Rennie D.A.,Cycling of nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems [J],Soil Sci. Soc Am J,
    1984,48:1184-1189
    [66] Rodhe H.,A comparison of the contribution of various gases to the greenhouse effect [J],Science,
    1990,248:1217-1219
    [67] Delgado J.A. and Mosier A.R.,Mitigation alternatives to decrease nitrous oxides emissions and
    urea-nitrogen loss and their effect on methane flux [J],Environ Qual.,1999,25(6):1105-1111
    [68] 朱兆良,农田中氮肥的损失与对策 [J],土壤与环境,2000,9(1):1-6
    [69] 张淑艳等,不同施肥法及土壤对氨挥发影响的比较研究 [J],土壤肥料科学,2003,19(6):
    176-18
    [70] 彭琳等,豌豆在轮作中的培肥增产作用 [J],土壤通报,1981(2):4-6
    [71] 尉庆丰等,旱地土壤培肥技术[M],农业出版社,北京:1989
    [72] Peoples M.B. and Graswell E.T.,Biological nitrogen fixation: investments,expectations and actual
    contribution to agriculture [J],Plant and Soil,1992,141:13-39
    [73] Peoples M.B. and Herridge D.F.,Nitrogen fixation by legumes in tropical and sub-tropical agriculture
    [J],Adv. Agron.,1990,44:155-223
    [74] Peoples M.B., Herridge D.F. and Ladha J.K.,Biological nitrogen fixation:An efficient source of
    nitrogen for sustainable agricultural production [J],Plant and Soil,1995,174:3-28
    [75] Evans J.,Fettell N.A.,Conventry D.R.,O’Connor,Walsgott D.N.,Mahoney and E.L. Armstrong,
    Wheat response after temperate crop legumes in south-eastern Australia [J],Aust. Agris. Res.,1991, 42:
    31-43
    [76] Herridge D.F. and Bergersen F.J.,Symbiotic nitrogen fixation,Advances in Nitrogen Cycling in
    Agricultural Ecosystems [J],Wilson F. R. etal.,CAB International,Wallinggford,U.K.,46-65
    [77] Herridge D. F.,Marcellos,Felton W. L. and Peoples M. B.,Chickpea increases soil N Fertility in
    cereal systems through nitrate sparing and nitrogen fixation [J],Soil Biol. Bil.chem.,27:545-551
    [78] Herridge D. F.,A whole system approach to quantifying biological nitrogen fixation by legumes and
    associated gains and losses of nitrogen in agricultural systems,Biological nitrogen fixation technology for
    tropical agriculture [J],Graham P. H. and. Harris S. C etal,CIAT,Cali,Colombia,1982:593-607
    [79] Ofosu-budu K.G.,Fujita K.,Garno T. and S. Akao,Dinitrogen fixation and nitrogen release from roots
    of soybean cultivar Bragg and its mutants Nts 1116 and Nts 1007 [J],Soil Sci.,Plant Nutr.,1993(39):
    497-506
    [80] Ofosu-budu K.G.,Ogata S. and Fujita K.,Temperature effects on root nodule activity and nitrogen
    release in some sub-tropical and temperate legemes [J],Soil Sci.,Plant Nutr.,1992(38):717-726
    
    
    参考文献 49
    [81] Sawatsky N. and Soper R.J.,A quantitative measurement of the nitrogen loss from root system of
    pesa(Pisum avense L.)grown in the soil [J],Soil Bill. Bio-chem.,1991 (23) :255-259
    [82] 郝明德等,黄土高原旱地轮作与施肥长期定位试验研究 Ⅱ.土壤酶活性与土壤肥力 [J],植物
    营养与肥料学报 2003,9(2):146-150
     [83] Chalk P. M.,Dynamics of biologically fixed N in legume-cereal rotations:a review [J],Aust. J. Agric.
    Res.,1998,(49):303-316
    [84] 傅积平等,土壤培肥与农业环境生态研究[M],北京:科学出版社,北京:1992
    [85] 刘哓宏等:黄土高原旱区长期不同轮作施肥对土壤供氮能力的影响 [J],干旱地区农业研究,
    2000,3(18):55-56
    [86] Haynes R. J.,Origin,distribution,and cycling of nitrogen in terrestrial ecosystems ,In:Hayness R.
    J.,Mineral nitrogen in plant-soil systems [M],Academ. Academic Press Inc.,USA,1996:1-51
    [87] 沈善敏,中国土壤肥力[M],中国农业出版社,1998,北京:57-110
    [88] 徐仁扣等,我国降水中的 NH+4—N 及其在土壤酸化中的作用 [J],农业环境保护,1996,15(3):
    139-142
    [89] 鲁如坤等,我国典型地区农业生态系统养分循环和平衡研究 I 农田养分支出参数 [J],土壤通报,
    27(4):15l-154,1996
    [90] Junge C.E,The distribution of ammonia and nitrate in rain water rover United States[J],Am.
    Geophys.,1958,39:241-248
    [91] Woodmansee R.G.,Factors influencing input and output of nitrogen in grassland [A],N. R. French,
    Perspective in grassland Ecology [C]。New York:Springer verlag,1979,117-134
    [92] 王朝晖等,冬小麦生长后期地上部分氮素的氨挥发损失 [J],作物学报,2001,27(1):1-6
    [93] 张继澍主编,植物生理学[M],世界图书出版公司,1999,西安:92-95、358-362
    [94] Skeffington R.A.,Accelerated nitrogen inputs:A new problem or a new perceptive?[J],Plant and
    Soil,1990,128:1-11
    [95] 曲秀卿,氨态氮肥在石灰性土壤中损失的研究 [J],土壤肥料,1980,(3):31-35
    [96] 袁立海等,尿素挥发条件的试验研究 [J],土壤肥料,1979,(2):25-28
    [97] 吕殿青等,在石灰性土壤上碳铵挥发损失条件及其防止途径的研究 [J],土壤肥料,1980,(3):
    36-39
    [98] 吕殿青等,氮肥施用对环境污染影响的研究 [J],植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):8-15
    [99] 张维理等,我国北方农田氮肥造成地下水硝酸盐污染的调查 [J],植物营养与肥料学报,1995,
    1(2):80-87
    [100] Fowler D.B. and Brydon J.,Dinitrogen fixation and nitrogen release from roots of soybean [J],
    Agron J. 1989,81:518-524
    [101] Al-Kanani T.,MackenzieA.F.,Blenkhorn H.,Soil water and ammonium volatilization relationship
    with surface-applied nitrogen fertilizer solution[J],Soil Sci. Soc AmJ,1991,55:1761-1766
    
    
    50 黄土高原旱地农田生态系统中 N、P、K 素平衡研究
    [102] Stutte C.A.,Weiland R.T.,Biological nitrogen fixation technology for tropical agriculture [J],
    Crop Science,1978,18:887-889
    [103] Simpson R.J.,Dalling M.J.,Wheat response after temperate crop legumes in semi-arid [J],
    Planta(berl.),1981,151:447-456
    [104] 郝明德等,黄土高原塬区旱地长期施肥对小麦产量的影响 [J],应用生态学报,2003,14(11):
    1893-1896
    [105] 沈善敏,中国农业持续发展的土壤肥力管理对策[A],沈善敏主编,中国土壤肥力[C],北京:
    中国农业出版社,1998, 450-484。
    [106] 沈善敏等,中国土壤磷素肥力与农业中的磷管理[A],沈善敏主编,中国土壤肥力[C], 北京:
    中国农业出版社,1998, 212-273。
    [107] 徐华等,土壤质地对小麦和棉花田 N2O 排放的影响 [J],农业环境保护,2000,19(1):1-3
    [108] Cbichester F.W. and Ridhardson C.W.,Laboratory measurement sand simulation so fammonia [J],
    Soil Sci. 39:366-368
    [109] Malhi S.S. and Nyborg M.,Agron J.,Gaseous Losses Nitrogen from Plant-Soil Systems [J],1983,
    77:27-32
    [110] Harper L.A.,Sharpe R.R. and Langdale G.W. etal.,Ammonia volatilization from surface
    application sofa ammoniums compound son calcareous soils [J],Agron. 1987,79:965-973
    [111] 马立珊等,太湖流域水环境硝态氮和亚硝态氮污染的研究 [J],环境科学,1987,8(2):60-65
    [112] 李贵桐等,大面积冬小麦夏玉米农田土壤的氨挥发 [J],华北农学报,2002,17(1):76-81
    [113] Hargrove W.L.,Evaluation of ammonia volatilization in the field [J],Prod Agric,1988,1(2):104-111
    [114] 吕家珑,土壤磷素运移及根区土壤磷形态的变化特征研究 [D],西北农业大学 1996 届攻读博
    士学位研究生毕业论文
    [115] 郭胜利,党廷辉,郝明德,黄土高原沟壑区沟坡地土壤剖面中矿质氮的分布特征 [J],水土保
    持学报,2003,17(2):31-34
    [116] 郭胜利,党廷辉,郝明德,黄土高原沟壑区不同施肥条件下土壤剖面中矿质氮的分布特征 [J],
    干旱地区农业研究,2000,18(1):22-28
    [117] 郝明德,黄土高原沟壑区小流域综合治理的新进展 [J],水土保持研究,1996,3(4):91-95
    [118] 刘晓宏,郝明德等,黄土高原长期不同轮作施肥对土壤供氮能力的影响 [J],干旱地区农业研
    究,2000,18(3):1-7
    [119] 徐炳成,梁银丽,黄土高原旱塬农田生态系统碳氮循环特征 [J],生态农业研究,2000,8(2):
    42-46
    [120] 彭琳,余存祖等,黄土高原旱作土壤养分含量与供给 [J],西北大学学报(自然科学版),1995,
    25(2):117-124
    [121] 彭琳,王继增等,黄土高原旱作土壤养分剖面运行与坡面流失的研究 [J],西北农业学报,1994,
    3(1):62-66
    
    
    参考文献 51
    [122] 樊军,郝明德,旱地长期定位施肥土壤水氮资源利用的研究 [J],中国生态农业学报,2003,
    11(2):57-59
    [123] 刘一,施肥对黄土高原旱地冬小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响 [J],水土保持研究,2003,10(1):
    40-42
    [124] 彭令发,郝明德等,长期施肥对土壤有机氮影响研究 [J],水土保持研究,2003,10(1):53-54
    [125] 李世清,李生秀,旱作农田生态系统氮肥利用率的评价 [J],中国农业科学,2000,33(1):
    76-81
    [126] 党廷辉,彭琳等,旱塬长期施肥对冬小麦产量及土壤养分的影响 [J],水土保持通报,1993,
    13(5):78-83
    [127] 党廷辉,彭琳等,旱塬长期施肥的产量效应与土壤肥力演变 [J],水土保持学报,1993,9(1):
    55-64
    [128] 党廷辉,旱塬冬小麦氮磷肥效及其利用率的变异性研究 [J],生态农业研究,2000,8(4):
    43-47
    [129] 宇万太等,磷肥低用量制度下土壤磷库的发展变化 [J],土壤学报,1996,33(4):373-377
    [130] 梁成华等,土壤固钾与释钾机制研究进展 [J],地球科学进展,2002,5(17):679-684
    [131] 徐国华等,生物耗竭土壤的层间钾自然释放及固定特件 [J],土壤,1995,27(4):182—185
    [132] Cassman K.G.,Roberts B.A. etal.,Soil potassium balance and cumulative cotton response to annual
    potassium additions on a vermiculitic soil [J],Soil science society of American journal,1989,53:805-812
    [133] 索东让,河西走廊土壤钾素变化的定位连作试验研究 [J],中国农学通报 2004,2(18):58-60
    [134] 封克等,矿物钾在作物营养上的意义 [J],土壤通报,1992,23(2):58—60
    [135] 常丽新等,施用钾肥对水萝和产量品质的影响,河北农业大学学报,2000(2):42-43
    [136] 常丽新,土壤钾的生物有效性和土壤供钾能力 [J],河北农业科学,2000,4(4):64-70
    [137] 雷孝章等,长期施钾对紫色土稻麦产量及土壤钾素的影晌 [J],西南农业学报,2003,3(16):
    53-57
    [138] 索东让等,河西灌漠土主要粮食作物钾吸收效率及钾平衡定位研究 [J],干旱地区农业研究,
    2001,4(19):6-10
    [139] 周晓芬等,不同供钾源及其用量对钾累营养的影响 [J],河北农业科学 2000, 4(1):13-19
    [140] 陈防等,长期施钾对作物增产及土壤钾素含量及形态的影响 [J],土壤学报,2000,2(37):
    233-242
    [141] 苗艳芳等,氮钾肥对小麦养分吸收的影响及增产效应 [J],西北农业大学学报,1999,2(27):
    43-47
    [142] 陈竹君等,不同水肥条件对小麦生长及养分吸收的影响 [J],干旱地区农业研究,2001,19(3):
    29-35
    [143] 索东让,长期定位施用不同肥料对养分吸收参数及土壤供肥能力的影响 [J],中国农学通报,
    2003,19(1):51-55
    
    
    52 黄土高原旱地农田生态系统中 N、P、K 素平衡研究
    [144] 李祖荫等,碳酸钙与物理粘粒固磷特性的研究 [J],土壤,1995,27(6):304-310
    [145] 李祖荫,关于石灰性土壤固磷强度与固磷基质问题 [J],土壤通报,1992,23(4):190-192
    [146] 何振立等,电解质种类和浓度影响磷酸根解吸的机理研究 [J],土壤学报,1992,29(1):26-35
    [147] 何振立等,磷酸根的解吸作用与土壤磷植物有效性的关系 [J],浙江农业大学学报,1991,17
    (3):333-339
    [148] 林葆等,当前我国化肥的若干问题和对策 [J],磷肥与复肥,1997,12(2):1-5
    [149] 顾益初等,长期施肥条件下潮土中磷素的累积形态转化和有效性 [J],土壤,1997,29(1):
    13-17
    [150] 顾益初等,不同磷源在石灰性土壤中的供磷能力 [J],土壤,1991,23(6):296-301
    [151] 刘建玲等,小麦/玉米长期轮作肥料定位试验中土壤磷库变化 [J],应用生态学报,2000,11
    (3):360-368
    [152] 刘建玲等,土壤磷素化学行为及其研究进展 [J],河北农业大学学报,2000,23(3):36-45
    [153] 陆文静等,石灰性土壤难溶态磷的微生物转化和利用 [J],植物营养和肥料学报,1999,5(4):
    377-383
    [154] 陈国潮等,菜茶果园红壤的微生物量磷与土壤磷以及磷植物有效性之间的关系研究 [J],土壤
    学报,2001,38(1):75-80
    [155] 陈亚明等,高山禾草-蒿草型草地磷循环 [J],草业学报,1995,4(2):75-81

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700