摘要
在农田生态系统中,土壤的养分平衡是作物稳产、高产的基础。农田养分平衡研究
有助于从宏观上观察肥料投入过程中农田作物消耗和土壤肥力等变化。而且,养分平衡
和循环有一定的地理、时空差异性,黄土高原又有其自身的特殊性,在黄土高原进行养
分平衡研究有其实际意义。
本文利用设在黄土高原旱地上的长期轮作与施肥试验,主要研究了黄土高原农田生
态系统养分的降水带入、作物地上部分的氨挥发损失和作物的养分支出,并进行了 N、
P、K 养分平衡评价。
降水中的 N 输入土壤是黄土高原旱塬区农田的一种重要 N 素输入方式,年输入量
6.72-10.80 kg/hm2,主要发生在 6-9 月,占全年输入量的 57.8%。降水输入土壤的 N、K
量与降水量呈明显的相关关系。
氨挥发损失是旱地农田 N 素损失的重要途径之一。长期施用有机肥可显著降低 N
的氨挥发损失,在试验的温度范围内氨挥发损失随温度升高而增大。在营养生长期,小
麦与苜蓿地上部分的氨挥发损失速率较低且没有明显差异,但进入生殖生长期成倍增
加,苜蓿的氨挥发损失高于小麦 65%左右。氨挥发的年损失量在 3.99-9.37 kgN/hm2之间。
合理的肥料配施可提高肥料的利用率,降低作物的草籽比,促进养分向籽粒产量转
移。同种作物不同施肥水平下的养分吸收量不同,在 72.44 kgN/hm2和 46.90 kgP/hm2时
可以获得最小的 N 的养分消耗量:3.77 kg/100kg 籽粒产量,在 124.97 kgN/hm2和 29.61
kgP/hm2 时可以获得最小的 P 养分消耗量:0.61 kg/100kg 籽粒产量。
施用化肥对土壤有机 C 含量影响不显著,有机无机肥配施使土壤有机 C 含量大幅度
的提高。相同施肥条件下苜蓿对有机 C 与全 N 含量的提高幅度大于小麦。种植作物可提
高土壤供氮能力,苜蓿连作、小麦连作和粮饲豆轮作土壤全氮和碱解氮含量分别比裸地
增加 4.21%-36.50%和 7.61%-66.91%,其中以种植苜蓿提高幅度最大,是分别是裸地的
1.36 和 1.67 倍。
在轮作系统中引入豆科作物后,土壤有机 C、全 N、有效氮含量显著增加,但全磷
和有效磷却有所降低。随着苜蓿生长年限的增加,耕层全 N、有效氮含量均有不同程度
的提高。长期施用有机肥能显著提高土壤耕层养分含量,主要是因为肥料带入土壤的养
分没有全部被作物携走而在土壤中的累积。施肥量在 N 51.89kg/hm2、P 11.90kg/hm2左
右可满足作物的养分需求,又不使养分在土壤中累积。
对本区的养分状况进行评价的结果表明,本区土壤中 N 每年盈余 21.47-32.48%,P
盈余 44.54-74.56%,不施钾肥钾素亏缺 2.45-6.29kg/hm2,所以在肥料用量上,应适当控
N、减 P、增 K。
In farmland ecosystem, the balance of soil nutrients is the base of stabilizing and
increasing yield of crop. Research of nutrients balance in farmland can help looking into the
variety and problem possibly appeared in process of farmland nutrients degenerate and
regenerate from macro angle. Furthermore, there has geography space-time otherness in the
balance and circulation of farmland nutrients geography space-time otherness, and the loess
plateau has its own particularity. Therefore, doing research of the nutrient balance in the loess
plateau has its practical signification.
Using the long-term rotation and fertilization experiment that disposed in dry land on the
loess plateau, the paper has studied nutrients in rainfall import to farmland ecosystem and
Ammonia volatilization losses and nutrients disbursal of crop, also estimated the balance of
nutrients in farmland soil.
N input with rainfall is an important method of N input in dry land on the loess plateau,
its amount in a year is 6.72-10.80 kg/hm2, and it mostly happened between June and
September. Furthermore, there has distinctness correlativity between the amount of N、P、K
in rainfall and annual precipitation in this area.
Ammonia volatilization losses of N are one of the important losses methods in dry land.
Long-term application of organic manure can evidently decrease the Ammonia volatilization
losses. Ammonia volatilization losses increased adapt to the hoist of temperature in
examination range. In period of nourishment growth, Ammonia volatilization losses velocity
is very small and there is no evidently difference between winter wheat and alfalfa. But in
procreation growth period, it increased geminately. The amount of ammonia volatilization
losses in a year is about 3.99-9.37kgN/hm2.
Proportion fertilization in reason can increase utilization ratio of fertilizer, decrease the
ratio of stalk/seed, and promote nutrients moving to economic yield. The same crop has
different nutrients wastage under different fertilization, N wastage has minimum of
3.77kgN/100kg economic yield under fertilization of 72.44kgN/hm2 and 46.90kgP/hm2. P
wastage has minimum of 0.61 kgP/100kg under fertilization of 124.97kgN/hm2and
29.61kgP/hm2. With the increasing of fixed number of year, nutrients content in wheat stalk
and seed decreased, that in alfalfa increased.
Fertilization has less effect on the content of soil organic C, organic fertilizer applied
with mineral fertilizer can increased soil organic C content evidently. Crop cultivation can
increase soil N supply ability, increase range is between 6.88% and 36.58%, the most of it
is alfalfa, and its increase amount is 1.37 times of bareness. Content of soil organic C 、total
iii Abstract
N and available N increased evidently, but total P and available P decreased in some degree,
when leguminous plants induct into rotate system. Furthermore the content of total N and
available N in plough layer increasing with the fixed number of year. Long-term fertilization
can increase soil nutrients content evidently is because of crop can’t uptake all the nutrients in
fertilization and the nutrients cumulated in soil. It can supply crop nutrients requirement and
can’t cause nutrients cumulated in soil with the fertilization of N 51.89 kg/hm2 、 P
11.90kg/hm2.
Estimate nutrients status in this area, the result showed that, there is surplus 21.47-
32.48% of fertilizer N and 44.54-74.56% of fertilizer P. K has 2.45-6.29 kg/hm2·a to the bad
lack of fertilizer K. Therefore, it should stabilize N 、 K fertilization and decrease P
fertilization.
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