超稠油低温破乳剂技术研究
|
摘要
随着油气的陆续开采,世界的能源危机越来越严重。一些容易被开采和品质较好的原油越来越少,因此开采难度较大、储量丰富的稠油资源越来越被重视。根据调查统计,我国的稠油目前的产量占开采原油总量的百分之十左右,稠油资源不可忽视。然而当今针对稠油仍然面临着诸多困难,比如超稠油采出液的破乳脱水问题就是其中之一,因而严重制约着超稠油的集输问题,在超稠油中,由于天然乳化剂——肢质、沥青质的大量存在,在原油的开采过程中形成的乳状液类型复杂,有水包油乳状液,也有油包水乳状液,或者双重和多重乳液。由于其所形成的乳状液结构稳定,导致超稠油乳状液破乳温度要求较高,对破乳剂添加量要求较大。于是严重影响到了稠油的开采和集输。因此研究超稠油专用低温破乳剂具有十分重要的价值与意义。
中石化河南油田由于针对超稠油运用了一些增产措施比如在蒸汽吞吐中加入前置液,以及蒸汽辅助重力泄油技术的应用,一定的程度上提高了超稠油的产量,但是各种技术的运用使得稠油采出液变得越来越复杂。据现场调研,该油田超稠油采出液的破乳温度点在80-85℃左右,整体破乳温度较高,现有的破乳剂不能满足要求,加破乳剂脱水后,油中含水超标,污水含油超标,不但导致稠油产量损失,同时也增加了污水处理难度。
本文在国内外多年破乳剂研究的基础上,针对河南油田稠油开采的实际工艺,研究了稠油采出液的特性,运用破乳剂破乳脱水的基本理论,结合油田实际情况,并通过实验进行了超稠油破乳剂的研究,研制了满足生产需要的超稠油破乳剂。
本文主要开展了以下几方面工作：
(1)首先对原油破乳剂进行了大量的文献调研,分析了原油破乳剂的发展历史及各种破乳剂的类型,介绍了稠油低温破乳剂的研究现状及研究方法。并结合乳状液的基本理论,分析、归纳了本文的技术路线和主要研究内容,为可行且有效的超稠油低温破乳剂的研制奠定了坚实的理论基础。
(2)分析了河南油田超稠油物性。超稠油的组分组成,及其流变性能。研究了超稠油乳状液的形成原因、形成类型及乳状液的组成成分,得出了油田稠油乳状液基本性质。对该稠油乳状液的稳定性进行研究。分析了影响该稠油乳状液稳定性的各种因素。详细分析了研究对象的各种性质。为有效研制出针对该超稠油乳状液破乳剂提供基础。
(3)通过前述研究成果,并针对稠油采出液乳化类型及稠油组成和性质,通过单剂筛选,优选出对超稠油乳化液有效的超稠油破乳剂,并选取有效破乳剂进行了复配研究、扩链合成。优化了破乳条件,最终确定了更好的破乳剂配方,并通过一系列的现代材料测试手段,分析了该超稠油破乳剂的作用效果；
(4)详细分析了温度对超稠油乳状液破乳效果的影响。通过实验的方法研究了在较低温度下如何实现稠油乳状液的破乳问题。在超稠油低温破乳后脱出水含油量较高的情况下,设计了以絮凝剂为补充的的研究思路。优化了超稠油低温破乳剂的配方。通过大量的实验分析,研制出了针对超稠油低温情况下破乳后脱出水的絮凝剂。并对其进行了性能评价。结果表明该剂能够有效降低脱出水中含油量高的问题；
(5)所研制的超稠油低温破乳剂应用于河南油田超稠油采出液,效果表明：在目前该油田破乳脱水温度降低10-15℃,应用所研制的超稠油低温破乳剂,该破乳剂破乳运行效果良好,各项指标均达到油田破乳脱水要求,是一种效果优异的超稠油低温破乳剂。
The world oil-gas have been mined for many years, and the crisis is becoming more and more serious. The crude oil which has better quality become more and more less, so the difficult exploitation of oil, abundant heavy oil resource is taken seriously more and more, according to the survey, China's heavy oil current output accounts for about ten percent of the total production of crude oil heavy oil resource, and it cannot be ignored, however heavy oil exploitation now still facing many difficulties, such as the emulsion breaking about super heavy oil produced liquid is one of them.generally super heavy oil refers to the more asphaltene colloid content, and high viscosity crude oil, at the same time in super heavy oil, and the asphaltene and colloid is natural emulsifier. in the crude oil extraction process, the emulsion type is complex, there is an oil-in-water emulsion, also has a water in oil emulsion, or double and multiple emulsion, and the emulsion formed from stable structure, so the breaking about the super heavy oil is difficult, which has seriously affected the heavy oil exploitation and transportation, and the study about the breaking of super heavy oil is special very important.
An oilfield in China due to the use of some measures of increasing production of super heavy oil such as steam huff and puff joined the preflush, as well as the steam assisted gravity unloading technology, it can improve the super heavy oil production, but the various technology allows the use of heavy oil produced liquid becomes more and more complex, and the existing demulsifier cannot meet the requirements. When add demulsifier for dehydration in super heavy oil, the result exceed the standard about standard demulsifier, so it make oil yield loss not only in heavy, but also increase the difficulty of sewage treatment. This study on demulsifier in super heavy oil has a realistic significance for super heavy oil produced liquid treatment, and the development of super heavy oil demulsifying agent in actual production will have very broad market prospects.
In this paper, from many years about the basis of the study on demulsifier, and aimed at mining process of heavy oil in a certain oil field, research the properties about produced liquid, using the basic theory of demulsifier demulsification and dehydration, combined with the actual situation of oilfield, and develop the qualified chemical treatment agent by means of experiment for super heavy oil. This paper mainly carried out the following work:
(1) Firstly this paper carried out large number of extensive literature research about crude oil demulsifier, analysis of the history and various types about demulsifier for crude oil demulsifier development, while a more detailed description and research methods about the super heavy oil demulsifier at low temperature is presented in this paper, and associating the emulsion basic theory analyzes the characteristics of heavy oil emulsion, through the analysis summarized and presented the technical route and main research contentsin in this paper, and made the solid theoretical foundation for effective demulsifier in super heavy oil demulsifying agent.
(2) This paper analyses super heavy oil property and the composition in super heavy oil for some oil field, also analyses its rheological properties and study the formation causes in super heavy oil emulsion and types of formation and emulsion composition. through the basic properties of heavy oil emulsion, this paper proceed emulsion stability research and analyses the variety affecting factor impact of the heavy oil, and obtain much detailed various natures in research object, and this result are basis for developing the emulsion demulsifier for super heavy oil effectively.
(3) Based on the research results, this paper carried out the laboratory research about the heavy oil emulsification of produced liquid type and heavy oil composition and properties. through the single agent selection, selected the optimization and effective super heavy oil demulsifier for super heavy oil emulsion, and proceed the mixed research using the effective demulsifier, through chain extension synthesis, optimized the demulsification conditions, determine the optimal demulsifier formulations ultimately, and through a series of modern material test method, analyses the effect about the super heavy oil demulsifier;
(4) Also this paper analyses the impact about the temperature which can be affect the effect about the in super heavy oil emulsion largely and studied how the demulsifier creating effect at low temperature by experimental method in emulsion breaking, in the condition of the water carry more oil demulsification, this paper designs the research train of thought using flocculant to complement, and optimized agent formula of super heavy oil demulsifying, through many experiments and analysis, developed the flocculant for super heavy oil under the condition of low temperature, and carried the performance evaluation for the flocculant, the results show that the agent can effectively reduce the problem of high oil content in water;
(5) Finally using the super heavy oil demulsifying agent in a super heavy oil produced fluid, the results show that:at the present temperature of the field demulsification, utilizing this paper developed demulsifying agent in the lower10-15DEG, the operation effect is well, the target have reached the oil demulsification and dehydration standardized, which show that the super heavy oil demulsifying agent which this paper developed is a kind of excellent performance demulsifying agent.
中石化河南油田由于针对超稠油运用了一些增产措施比如在蒸汽吞吐中加入前置液,以及蒸汽辅助重力泄油技术的应用,一定的程度上提高了超稠油的产量,但是各种技术的运用使得稠油采出液变得越来越复杂。据现场调研,该油田超稠油采出液的破乳温度点在80-85℃左右,整体破乳温度较高,现有的破乳剂不能满足要求,加破乳剂脱水后,油中含水超标,污水含油超标,不但导致稠油产量损失,同时也增加了污水处理难度。
本文在国内外多年破乳剂研究的基础上,针对河南油田稠油开采的实际工艺,研究了稠油采出液的特性,运用破乳剂破乳脱水的基本理论,结合油田实际情况,并通过实验进行了超稠油破乳剂的研究,研制了满足生产需要的超稠油破乳剂。
本文主要开展了以下几方面工作：
(1)首先对原油破乳剂进行了大量的文献调研,分析了原油破乳剂的发展历史及各种破乳剂的类型,介绍了稠油低温破乳剂的研究现状及研究方法。并结合乳状液的基本理论,分析、归纳了本文的技术路线和主要研究内容,为可行且有效的超稠油低温破乳剂的研制奠定了坚实的理论基础。
(2)分析了河南油田超稠油物性。超稠油的组分组成,及其流变性能。研究了超稠油乳状液的形成原因、形成类型及乳状液的组成成分,得出了油田稠油乳状液基本性质。对该稠油乳状液的稳定性进行研究。分析了影响该稠油乳状液稳定性的各种因素。详细分析了研究对象的各种性质。为有效研制出针对该超稠油乳状液破乳剂提供基础。
(3)通过前述研究成果,并针对稠油采出液乳化类型及稠油组成和性质,通过单剂筛选,优选出对超稠油乳化液有效的超稠油破乳剂,并选取有效破乳剂进行了复配研究、扩链合成。优化了破乳条件,最终确定了更好的破乳剂配方,并通过一系列的现代材料测试手段,分析了该超稠油破乳剂的作用效果；
(4)详细分析了温度对超稠油乳状液破乳效果的影响。通过实验的方法研究了在较低温度下如何实现稠油乳状液的破乳问题。在超稠油低温破乳后脱出水含油量较高的情况下,设计了以絮凝剂为补充的的研究思路。优化了超稠油低温破乳剂的配方。通过大量的实验分析,研制出了针对超稠油低温情况下破乳后脱出水的絮凝剂。并对其进行了性能评价。结果表明该剂能够有效降低脱出水中含油量高的问题；
(5)所研制的超稠油低温破乳剂应用于河南油田超稠油采出液,效果表明：在目前该油田破乳脱水温度降低10-15℃,应用所研制的超稠油低温破乳剂,该破乳剂破乳运行效果良好,各项指标均达到油田破乳脱水要求,是一种效果优异的超稠油低温破乳剂。
The world oil-gas have been mined for many years, and the crisis is becoming more and more serious. The crude oil which has better quality become more and more less, so the difficult exploitation of oil, abundant heavy oil resource is taken seriously more and more, according to the survey, China's heavy oil current output accounts for about ten percent of the total production of crude oil heavy oil resource, and it cannot be ignored, however heavy oil exploitation now still facing many difficulties, such as the emulsion breaking about super heavy oil produced liquid is one of them.generally super heavy oil refers to the more asphaltene colloid content, and high viscosity crude oil, at the same time in super heavy oil, and the asphaltene and colloid is natural emulsifier. in the crude oil extraction process, the emulsion type is complex, there is an oil-in-water emulsion, also has a water in oil emulsion, or double and multiple emulsion, and the emulsion formed from stable structure, so the breaking about the super heavy oil is difficult, which has seriously affected the heavy oil exploitation and transportation, and the study about the breaking of super heavy oil is special very important.
An oilfield in China due to the use of some measures of increasing production of super heavy oil such as steam huff and puff joined the preflush, as well as the steam assisted gravity unloading technology, it can improve the super heavy oil production, but the various technology allows the use of heavy oil produced liquid becomes more and more complex, and the existing demulsifier cannot meet the requirements. When add demulsifier for dehydration in super heavy oil, the result exceed the standard about standard demulsifier, so it make oil yield loss not only in heavy, but also increase the difficulty of sewage treatment. This study on demulsifier in super heavy oil has a realistic significance for super heavy oil produced liquid treatment, and the development of super heavy oil demulsifying agent in actual production will have very broad market prospects.
In this paper, from many years about the basis of the study on demulsifier, and aimed at mining process of heavy oil in a certain oil field, research the properties about produced liquid, using the basic theory of demulsifier demulsification and dehydration, combined with the actual situation of oilfield, and develop the qualified chemical treatment agent by means of experiment for super heavy oil. This paper mainly carried out the following work:
(1) Firstly this paper carried out large number of extensive literature research about crude oil demulsifier, analysis of the history and various types about demulsifier for crude oil demulsifier development, while a more detailed description and research methods about the super heavy oil demulsifier at low temperature is presented in this paper, and associating the emulsion basic theory analyzes the characteristics of heavy oil emulsion, through the analysis summarized and presented the technical route and main research contentsin in this paper, and made the solid theoretical foundation for effective demulsifier in super heavy oil demulsifying agent.
(2) This paper analyses super heavy oil property and the composition in super heavy oil for some oil field, also analyses its rheological properties and study the formation causes in super heavy oil emulsion and types of formation and emulsion composition. through the basic properties of heavy oil emulsion, this paper proceed emulsion stability research and analyses the variety affecting factor impact of the heavy oil, and obtain much detailed various natures in research object, and this result are basis for developing the emulsion demulsifier for super heavy oil effectively.
(3) Based on the research results, this paper carried out the laboratory research about the heavy oil emulsification of produced liquid type and heavy oil composition and properties. through the single agent selection, selected the optimization and effective super heavy oil demulsifier for super heavy oil emulsion, and proceed the mixed research using the effective demulsifier, through chain extension synthesis, optimized the demulsification conditions, determine the optimal demulsifier formulations ultimately, and through a series of modern material test method, analyses the effect about the super heavy oil demulsifier;
(4) Also this paper analyses the impact about the temperature which can be affect the effect about the in super heavy oil emulsion largely and studied how the demulsifier creating effect at low temperature by experimental method in emulsion breaking, in the condition of the water carry more oil demulsification, this paper designs the research train of thought using flocculant to complement, and optimized agent formula of super heavy oil demulsifying, through many experiments and analysis, developed the flocculant for super heavy oil under the condition of low temperature, and carried the performance evaluation for the flocculant, the results show that the agent can effectively reduce the problem of high oil content in water;
(5) Finally using the super heavy oil demulsifying agent in a super heavy oil produced fluid, the results show that:at the present temperature of the field demulsification, utilizing this paper developed demulsifying agent in the lower10-15DEG, the operation effect is well, the target have reached the oil demulsification and dehydration standardized, which show that the super heavy oil demulsifying agent which this paper developed is a kind of excellent performance demulsifying agent.
引文
[1]陈涛平,胡靖邦.石油工程[M].北京：石油工业出版社,2000：196-254.
[2]于连东.世界稠油资源的分布及其开采技术的现状与展望[J].特种汕气藏,2001,8(2)：95-103.
[3]李佳宁,刘琼.论稠油在21世纪能源中的地位[J].油气田地面工程,2000,19(4)：4-6.
[4]朱原原.含聚原油乳状液生物破乳剂研究[D].大庆：东北石油大学,2012.
[5]Butler R M, Stephens D J. The gravity drainage of steam heated to parallel horizontal wells[J].JCPT, April-June,2009:90-961.
[6]郭晓波,付晓恒,张付生,蔡永生.破乳剂应用急需解决的新问题[J].精细与专用化学品,2013,12(2).
[7]张小波.辽河油区稠油采油工艺技术发展方向[J].特种汕气藏,2005,12(5)：9-13.
[8]樊三林.超稠油破乳剂研究[D].大庆：大庆石油学院,2005.
[9]丁彬；梁金禄；刘玉章；稠油化学破乳技术研究进展[J]化工进展2010,20(5)：55-59.
[10]黄岩.超稠油破乳剂的研制[D].大庆：东北石油大学,2010.
[11]冯涛.低温破乳剂的研制及应用[D].大庆：大庆石油学院,2007.
[12]Barnickel WS.Processfortreatingcrudeoil[P].US 1093098,1914.
[13]仝坤,张以河,宋启辉,等.稠油废水破乳剂的研究进展[J].化工环保,2013,7(1)：22-24.
[14]牟建海.原油破乳机理研究与破乳剂的发展[J].化工科技市场,2002,(4)：26-30.
[15]陈秋芬,王大喜,刘然冰.原油破乳剂研究进展[J].石油钻采工艺,2004,26(2)：45-48.
[16]佟曼丽.油田化学[M].北京：石油工业出版社,2000：167-182.
[17]David Tambe and Mukul M. Sharma, Factors Controlling the Stability of Colloid-Stabilized Emulsions III Measurement of the Rheological Properties of Colloid-laden Interfaces, Journal of Colloid and interface Science,1995,171:456-462
[18]Ajienka J A, Ezeaniekwe B C. Measurement of dielectric constant ofoilfield emulsions and its application to emulsion resolution[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,1993,9 (4): 331-339.
[19]徐宏,卢凤纪.高粘原油破乳剂MSA的研制[J].化工新型材料,1999,27(2)：38-39.
[20]Richard Crace. Commercial Emulsion Breaking. American Chemical Society,1992,314.
[21]胡合贵,戚国荣,高建厂,等.不同分子结构星型降凝剂对油品降凝、降粘性能的影响[J].石油学报(石油加工),2000,16(1)：40-45.
[22]贺丰果,马喜平,李涛.原油破乳剂现状及其选择评价方法[J].上海化工,2006,31(1)：32-34.
[23]沈拥.原油破乳剂制造基础理论及现状研究[J].辽宁化工，2009,38(2)：133-135.
[24]范振中,刘庆旺,尉小明.LTB低温高效稠油破乳剂的研制与评价[J].油气田地面工程,2001,20(1)：29-30
[25]吴宗福,黄宏权,李永长,等.一种新型低温高效破乳剂的研制与应用[J].江汉石油学院学报,2003,25(1)：85-88.
[26]李万捷,沈敬之,赵彦生.甲醛改性高吸水性树脂的合成和性能研究[J].太原工业大学学报,1993,24(4)：64-68.
[27]刘廷栋,许晓秋.淀粉类高吸水性树脂[J].精细化工,1993,10(5)；45-50.
[28]乔建江,詹敏,张一安等.乳化原油的破乳机理研究Ⅰ：油水界面张力对破乳效果的影响[J].石油学报：石油加工,1999,15(2)：1-5.
[29]高庆庆,应珏,郦晨薇.胺型离子液体聚醚复配破乳剂的制备与性能[J].精细化工，2013,30(01)：99-101..
[30]吴鲁宁,由庆,刘慧英.新型低温高效破乳剂的研制与应用[J].精细石油化工进展,2005,6(11)：12-15.
[31]白长琦,贾正舍,李德儒,等.河南油田稠油产出液低温脱水技术研究与应用[J].河南石油,2005,19(3)：56-57,60.
[32]张红静,蒲万芬.聚驱产出乳状液高效破乳剂的研制[J].河南石油2006,12(4)：33-36
[33]鲁红升,黄志宇等.两性型树枝状破乳剂的合成与破乳性能精细石油化工[J].2012,18(6)：23-25
[34]MOHAMMED R A, BAILEY A I, TAYLOR S E,et al. The effect of demulsifiers on the interfaciarheology and emulsion stability of water-in-crude oilemulsions[J]. Colloids and Surface, 1994,91:129-139.
[35]KRAWCZYK M A, WASAN D T, SHETTY C S.Chemical demulsification of petroleum emulsions using oil-soluble demulsifiers[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res,1991,30:367-375.
[36]URDAHL O, SHOBLOM J. Water-in-crude oil emulsions from the nownegian continental shelf (A) Stabilization and destabilization study[J]. J Dispersion Science and Technology,1995, 16(7):557-574.
[37]StePhensonW.KAlkoxylatedvinylPolylnerdemulsifiersforerude011emulsions[P].US: 4968449,1990
[38]Rivers G. Polyoxy propylene triamine derivs used in demulsification of oil in Ovate r[P]. U S: 5152927,1993
[39]Bock, Hydrophobically functionalized cationic polymers [P].EP:0464957,1992
[40]顾雪蓉,陆云.高分子科学基础[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003：50-59.
[41]赵林,马超,徐玉霞,等.稠油污水处理高效反相破乳剂应用现状[J].环境科学与技术,2005,28(5)：112-116.
[42]赵福麟.乳化原油破乳剂[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版)[J].1994,18(6)：104-113.
[43]杨占奎.交联改性破乳剂的应用研究[J].化学工程师,2013(2)：38-42.
[44]陈锋,杨总.乳状液破乳方法综述[J].石油化工应用,2009,12(02)：45-49.
[45]康万利,单希林,龙安厚,李俊刚.破乳剂对复合驱乳状液的破乳机理研究[J].高等学校化学学报,1999,34(05)：23-28.
[46]Aveyard R, Binks B P, Flectcher P D I, et al. The resolution of water-in-crude oil emulsions by the addition of low molar mass demulsifiers. J Colloid Interface Sci,2009,139 (1):128-138
[47]黄丽立,赵欣,于廷云.辽河稠油破乳剂的合成[J].精细石油化工,2012,(4)：38-42.
[48]李勇.疏水缔合型丙烯酞胺类聚合物的制备及其性能评价田[D].山东大学硕士论文,2006.
[49]姜佳丽,苟社全,达建文,华瑞茂.原油破乳研究进展[J].化工进展,2009,(02)：67-85.
[50]Kim Youngho.Nikolov A D.Dispersion J.Science and Technology.1996.17 (1):33-53
[51]陈峰,盖文山等.高含水稠油脱水用的水溶性破乳剂PR-23.油田化学.1999(3)：246-248.
[52]龚惠娟等.交联聚醚的合成及其在稠油破乳中的应用.精细石油化工.2000(4)：146-148.
[53]郭亚梅,李明远,郭继香,林梅钦,吴肇亮.胜利孤岛注聚原油破乳剂的筛选与性能评价[J].精细化工,2008,(05)：23-28.
[54]黄翔峰,闻岳,杨葆华,陆丽君,刘佳.破乳菌种TR-1的筛选与破乳性能实验研究[J].油田 化学,2006,(02)：67-70.
[55]王芳辉,朱红,王滨.组合设计优化法筛选原油破乳剂[J].北京交通大学学报,2005,(06)：79-81.
[56]蔡奇峰,周继柱,付增华等.聚醚型原油破乳剂结构与破乳性能关系的研究[J].油田化学,应用化工，2013(1)：68-71.
[57]赵福麟.乳化原油破乳剂[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版)[J].1994,18(6)：104-113
[58]KIM Y H,WASAND,BREEN P J. A study of dynamic interfacial mechanisms for demulsification of water2in2oil emulsions [J].Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,1995,95:235-247.
[59]ELSHARKAWY A M, HASSAN S A, HASHIM Y S.New compositional models for calculating the viscosity of crude oils[J]. Ind Eng Chem,2003,42:4132-4142.
[60]纪娜,马英,李玲,等.部分油田化学剂对原油破乳剂脱水效果的影响研究[J].中国石油和化工标准与质量,2013(4)：51-54.
[61]Richard Crace.Commercial Emulsion Breaking. American Chemical Society,1992,314.
[62]金明权,范夏蹇,贺延皓.冀东油田含油污水生化处理技术的应用[J].石油工程建设,2005,31：35-39.
[63]惠晓霞编.油田化学基础[M].石油出版社.1988：137-158.
[64]周祖康等编.胶体化学基础[M].北京大学出版社.1991：67-93.
[65]张玉生.复合破乳剂的性能评价[J].科学技术与工程.2012,24(4)：56-59.
[66]李干佐,郭荣等编著.微乳液理论及其应用[M].北京石油工业出版社1995,360-365.
[67]方洪波,解艳娇,宗华.酚胺树脂聚醚破乳剂的界面活性[J].石油学报(石油加工)，2012,28(03)：451-455.
[68]CAMPOS R E. In2situ reduction of oil viscosity during steam injection process in EOR:US, 5209295 [J].1993205211.
[69]Foyeke O. Opawale and Diane J. Burgess, Influence of Interfacial Properties of Lipophilic Surfactants on Water-in-Oil Emulsion Stability, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,1998, 197:142-150.
[70]Jumaa M., M U ller B.W., Influence of the Non-ionic Surfactant PEG-660- 12- Hydroxy Stearate. on the Surface Properties of Phospholipid Monolayers and Their Effect on Lipid Emulsion Stability, Colloid Polym Sci,1999,277:347-353.
[71]Tambe, Janka Paulis, and Mukul M. Sharma, Factors Controlling the Stability of Colloid-Stabilized Emulsions IV Evaluating the Effectiveness of Demulsifiers, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,1995,171:463-469
[72]方洪波.聚合物驱采出液破乳机理研究[D].东营：胜利油田,2004.
[73]王凤琴.乳状液在多孔介质中渗流规律研究[D].西南：西北大学,2005.
[74]朱步瑶,赵振国,界面化学基础[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1996.
[75]Jun-Liang Chen and Chi-Chuan Hwang, Nonlinear Rupture Theory of a Thin Liquid Film on a Cylinder, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 1996,182:564-569.
[76]王云峰,张春光,侯万国等.表面活性剂在油气田中的应用[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1995.
[77]朱步瑶,赵振国,界面化学基础[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1996.
[78]Mtlller H.G, New Contribution of Analytical Ultracentrifugation to the Investigation of Dispersions, Progr Colloid Polym Sci,1997,107:180-188.
[79]杨小莉,陆婉珍.有关原油乳状液稳定性的研究[J],油田化学,1998,15(1)：88-92.
[80]丁德磐等.原油乳状液的稳定与破乳[J].油田化学,1998,15(1)：82-84.
[81]王明宪.不同引发剂作用下PO-EO嵌段共聚物破乳性能的研究[J].油田地面工程,1993,12(4)：38-42.
[82]Aveyard R, Binks B P, Flectcher P D I, et al. The resolution of water-in-crude oil emulsions by the addition of low molar mass demulsifiers. J Colloid Interface Sci,1990,139(1):128-138
[83]Akira Tsugita, Shizume Takemoto, et.al. Studies on O/W emulsions stabilized with insoluble montmorillonite-organic complexes [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,1983,95 (2): 551-560.
[84]Nuraje N, Chen Wenhai, Chen Wei, et al. Distribution of demulsifiers between crude oil and water phases. J Dispersion Sci Tech,1999,20 (5):1501-1506
[85]李晓南,叶仲斌,陈洪等.聚合物驱残留物对原油破乳的影响[J].精细石油化工进展,2006,18(6)：11-13
[86]Stephenson W K, Land S. Alkoxylated vinyl polymer demulsifiers. US 4968 449,1990.
[87]乔建江等,乳化原油的破乳机理研究.油/水界面张力对破乳效果的影响[J].石油学报(石油加工),1999,15(2)：3-4
[88]王彪,张怀斌,张付生,等.一种新型原油破乳剂的研究[J].石油学报,1998,19(2)：97-102.
[89]牛金刚.大庆油田聚合物驱提高采收率的实践与认识[J].大庆石油地质与开发.2004,23(5)：38-41.
[90]李杰训,李秀兰,赵健森等.大庆萨北油田聚合物驱采出液性质的实验研究[J].油气采收率技术.1995,2(2)：25-28.
[91]顾雪蓉,陆云.高分子科学基础[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003.50-59.
[92]乔建江.乳化原油的破乳机理研究.油/水界面张力对破乳效果的影响[J].石油学报(石油加工),1999,15(2)：3-4.
[93]赵林,马超,徐玉霞,等.稠油污水处理高效反相破乳剂应用现状[J].环境科学与技术,2005,28(5)：112-116.
[94]Hahn A.U,Mittal K.L.Mechanism of demulsification of oil-in-water in the centrifuge[J]. Colloid and Polymer Science,1979,257 (9):959-967.
[95]李勇.疏水缔合型丙烯酞胺类聚合物的制备及其性能评价田[D].山东大学硕士论文,2006.
[96]阳鑫军.稠油开采技术[J].海洋石油,2003,23(2)：57-77.
[97]刘文章.中国稠油热采现状及发展前景[J].世界石油工业,1998,14(5)：15-18.
[98]马义,丁铭.我国稠油开采拥有领先技术[J].中国化工报.2004(4)：21-26.
[99]刘文章.稠油注蒸汽热采工程[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1998.
[100]葛涌涛.原油乳化机理研究及对现场破乳工作的指导作用[J].辽宁化工,2008,37(7)：464-470.
[101]李明远,顾惕人.原油乳状液稳定性研究：II.原油成分对原油乳状液稳定性的影响[J].石油化工,1993,22(9)：580-586.
[102]任朝华,罗跃,陈大钧.非聚醚型破乳剂的破乳效果[J].精细石油化工,2011,10(2)：12-13.
[103]朱晓明,温卫东,宋威.新疆石油科技[J].2011,12(2)：55-57.
[104]王宗明.实用红外光谱学[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1990.
[105]朱军.石油沥青质化学组成与结构特征的研究[D].北京：中国石油大学,2002.
[106]李明远,甄鹏,吴肇亮,纪淑玲.原油乳状液稳定性研究VI.界而膜特性与原油乳状液稳定性[J].石油学报(石油加工),1998,(03)
[107]李淑贤,魏国晟等.稠油破乳剂M 41T的研制与应用.油田化学.1999,12(3)：235-237
[108]EL2GAMAL I M, GHUIBA F M, EL2BATANONEY M H, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of acrylate polymers for improving flow properties of waxy crudes [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1994,52 (1):9-19.
[109]Brown J K, Ladner W R.A study of the hydrogen distribution in coal-like materials by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Ⅱ. A comparision with infra-red measurement and the conversion to carbon structure[J].Fuel,1999,39:87-96.
[110]Williams R B.Characterization of hydrocarbons in petroleum by nuclear magnetic resonance.Symposium on composition of Petroleum Oils.ASTM, Spec.Tech.Publ.,224.
[111]Bartle K D,SJA.A highoresolution proton mageticresonance study of refined tars II.High molecular weight fractions[J].Fuel,1967,46:29-46.
[112]Ali L.H. A method for the calculation of M W of aromatic compounds and its application to petroleum fractions[J].Fuel,1971,50:298-307.
[113]Bartle K D,Ladner W R,Martin T G,et al.Structural ananlysis of supercritical-gas extracts of coals[J].Fuel,1979,58:413-422.
[114]Snape C E,Ladner W R,Bartle K D,et al.Structural Characterization of Coal Extracts by NMR.Coal Liquefaction product[M].Mew York:Wiley,1983.
[115]Dickie J P,Yen T F.Macrostructures of the asphaltic fractions by various instrucmentalmethod[J].Anal.Chem.1967,39 (14):1847-1857.
[116]Bansbach.The Zeta potential and surface properties of asphaltenes obtained with different crude oil/n-heptane proportions [J].Fuel,1973,82 (8):869-874.
[117]曲富军.油田原油破乳剂的复配研究[J].化工矿物与加工,2005,(12).55-58.
[118]李平,邓晓宇等.原油乳状液的稳定与破乳机理研究进展.精细化工[J].2001：18(2)：89-93.
[119]魏国晟.原油破乳剂的研究与应用[J].油田化学.1995.12(2)：188-190.
[120]李干佐,郭荣等.微乳液理论及其应用[M].北京石油工业出版社1995,360-365.
[121]刘佐才,崔秀山,高照连,梁亚斌.复配原油破乳剂研究[J].油田化学,2001,(02)
[122]陈文海等.水溶性破乳剂AP221组成与性能研究[J].油田化学.1988(5)：104-112.
[123]朱宗将,冯国立等.高效稠油破乳剂OX-932的研制与应用[J].精细化工.2002,5(1)：12-14
[124]王鹏翔,葛圣才,叶建昌等.高度支化聚合物在原油破乳中的应用[J].化工新型材料,2008,36(8)：43-44.
[125]李岿,刘兆滨,朱建民.清水型特(超)稠油破乳剂结构与性能[J].日用化学品科学,2006,29(9)：22-28.
[126]Jana V K, L L S B S. Application of the hydrohile-lipophile concept to the classification of demulsifiers and bituminous froth and its components[J]. Fuel Processing Technology,2002, 75:9-26.
[127]苑世领,徐桂英.原油破乳剂发展的概况[J].日用化学工业.2000,12(1)：36-39
[128]邓述波,周抚生,余刚.油田采出水的特性及处理技术[J].工业水处理.2000,20(7)35-38.
[129]张天胜.表面活性剂应用技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001：32-34.
[130]王明宪.多支链型与直链型聚醚破乳剂对桑塔木原油破乳的对比试验[J].油气田地面工程,1996,15(1)：41-43.
[131]王姗姗,赵玉婷.树枝型原油破乳剂的合成及性能研究[J].重庆科技学院学报：自然科学版,2009,11(3)：4548.
[132]姜庆利,辛寅昌.原油破乳剂概述(二)[J].精细与专用化学品,1999,24：11-14.
[133]高和军,段明,胡星琪.一种新型阳离子型高分子絮凝剂的合成[J].广州化2007,12(6)：3840|
[134]Akira Tsugita, Shizume Takemoto, et.al. Studies on O/W emulsions stabilized with insoluble montmorillonite-organic complexes [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,1983,95 (2): 551-560.
[135]Nuraje N, Chen Wenhai, Chen Wei, et al. Distribution of demulsifiers between crude oil and water phases. J Dispersion Sci Tech,1999,20 (5):1501-1506
[136]王云峰,张春光,侯万国等.表面活性剂在油气田中的应用[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1995.
[137]邓述波周抚生陈忠喜.聚合物驱含油污水中油珠沉降分离的研究[J].环境科学.2002,23(2)：67-69.
[138]吴伟,韩哲茵,等.二甲基二烯丙基氯化钱一丙烯酞胺的合成及其在含油污水处理中的应用[J].油气田环境保护,1996,6(4)：4-7.
[139]居银栋，袁红萍.高效复合絮凝剂的研制及应用[J].上海化工.2013,(2)：122-126.
[140]S R.Klueker, J.P.Munehet.al.Combined Static and Dynamic Light Seattering Study of Assoeiating Random Block Copolymers in Solution[J]. Macromoleeules,1997,30,3839-3848.
[141]杨云霞,张晓健.我国主要油田污水处理技术现状及问题[J].油气田地面工程,2001,20(1)：4-5.
[142]李俊华,李俊莉,陈强.新型原油破乳剂SYC-201的研制及在天赐湾集输站的应用[J].西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),2011,26(6)：83-87.
[143]Barnickel WS. Process for treating crude oil[P].US1093098,1914.
[144]Aveyyard R. Binks B.P, Fletcher P.D.et al.In:Sjoblom J Ed.Emulsions, A Fundamental and Practical Approach[M].The Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1992.
[145]陈志莉,叶茂平.含油污水处理絮凝剂的选用研究[J].环境保护,2002,1：20-21.
[146]刘岩.聚合物驱含油污水絮凝剂研究[D].吉林大学硕士论文,2004.
[2]于连东.世界稠油资源的分布及其开采技术的现状与展望[J].特种汕气藏,2001,8(2)：95-103.
[3]李佳宁,刘琼.论稠油在21世纪能源中的地位[J].油气田地面工程,2000,19(4)：4-6.
[4]朱原原.含聚原油乳状液生物破乳剂研究[D].大庆：东北石油大学,2012.
[5]Butler R M, Stephens D J. The gravity drainage of steam heated to parallel horizontal wells[J].JCPT, April-June,2009:90-961.
[6]郭晓波,付晓恒,张付生,蔡永生.破乳剂应用急需解决的新问题[J].精细与专用化学品,2013,12(2).
[7]张小波.辽河油区稠油采油工艺技术发展方向[J].特种汕气藏,2005,12(5)：9-13.
[8]樊三林.超稠油破乳剂研究[D].大庆：大庆石油学院,2005.
[9]丁彬；梁金禄；刘玉章；稠油化学破乳技术研究进展[J]化工进展2010,20(5)：55-59.
[10]黄岩.超稠油破乳剂的研制[D].大庆：东北石油大学,2010.
[11]冯涛.低温破乳剂的研制及应用[D].大庆：大庆石油学院,2007.
[12]Barnickel WS.Processfortreatingcrudeoil[P].US 1093098,1914.
[13]仝坤,张以河,宋启辉,等.稠油废水破乳剂的研究进展[J].化工环保,2013,7(1)：22-24.
[14]牟建海.原油破乳机理研究与破乳剂的发展[J].化工科技市场,2002,(4)：26-30.
[15]陈秋芬,王大喜,刘然冰.原油破乳剂研究进展[J].石油钻采工艺,2004,26(2)：45-48.
[16]佟曼丽.油田化学[M].北京：石油工业出版社,2000：167-182.
[17]David Tambe and Mukul M. Sharma, Factors Controlling the Stability of Colloid-Stabilized Emulsions III Measurement of the Rheological Properties of Colloid-laden Interfaces, Journal of Colloid and interface Science,1995,171:456-462
[18]Ajienka J A, Ezeaniekwe B C. Measurement of dielectric constant ofoilfield emulsions and its application to emulsion resolution[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,1993,9 (4): 331-339.
[19]徐宏,卢凤纪.高粘原油破乳剂MSA的研制[J].化工新型材料,1999,27(2)：38-39.
[20]Richard Crace. Commercial Emulsion Breaking. American Chemical Society,1992,314.
[21]胡合贵,戚国荣,高建厂,等.不同分子结构星型降凝剂对油品降凝、降粘性能的影响[J].石油学报(石油加工),2000,16(1)：40-45.
[22]贺丰果,马喜平,李涛.原油破乳剂现状及其选择评价方法[J].上海化工,2006,31(1)：32-34.
[23]沈拥.原油破乳剂制造基础理论及现状研究[J].辽宁化工，2009,38(2)：133-135.
[24]范振中,刘庆旺,尉小明.LTB低温高效稠油破乳剂的研制与评价[J].油气田地面工程,2001,20(1)：29-30
[25]吴宗福,黄宏权,李永长,等.一种新型低温高效破乳剂的研制与应用[J].江汉石油学院学报,2003,25(1)：85-88.
[26]李万捷,沈敬之,赵彦生.甲醛改性高吸水性树脂的合成和性能研究[J].太原工业大学学报,1993,24(4)：64-68.
[27]刘廷栋,许晓秋.淀粉类高吸水性树脂[J].精细化工,1993,10(5)；45-50.
[28]乔建江,詹敏,张一安等.乳化原油的破乳机理研究Ⅰ：油水界面张力对破乳效果的影响[J].石油学报：石油加工,1999,15(2)：1-5.
[29]高庆庆,应珏,郦晨薇.胺型离子液体聚醚复配破乳剂的制备与性能[J].精细化工，2013,30(01)：99-101..
[30]吴鲁宁,由庆,刘慧英.新型低温高效破乳剂的研制与应用[J].精细石油化工进展,2005,6(11)：12-15.
[31]白长琦,贾正舍,李德儒,等.河南油田稠油产出液低温脱水技术研究与应用[J].河南石油,2005,19(3)：56-57,60.
[32]张红静,蒲万芬.聚驱产出乳状液高效破乳剂的研制[J].河南石油2006,12(4)：33-36
[33]鲁红升,黄志宇等.两性型树枝状破乳剂的合成与破乳性能精细石油化工[J].2012,18(6)：23-25
[34]MOHAMMED R A, BAILEY A I, TAYLOR S E,et al. The effect of demulsifiers on the interfaciarheology and emulsion stability of water-in-crude oilemulsions[J]. Colloids and Surface, 1994,91:129-139.
[35]KRAWCZYK M A, WASAN D T, SHETTY C S.Chemical demulsification of petroleum emulsions using oil-soluble demulsifiers[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res,1991,30:367-375.
[36]URDAHL O, SHOBLOM J. Water-in-crude oil emulsions from the nownegian continental shelf (A) Stabilization and destabilization study[J]. J Dispersion Science and Technology,1995, 16(7):557-574.
[37]StePhensonW.KAlkoxylatedvinylPolylnerdemulsifiersforerude011emulsions[P].US: 4968449,1990
[38]Rivers G. Polyoxy propylene triamine derivs used in demulsification of oil in Ovate r[P]. U S: 5152927,1993
[39]Bock, Hydrophobically functionalized cationic polymers [P].EP:0464957,1992
[40]顾雪蓉,陆云.高分子科学基础[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003：50-59.
[41]赵林,马超,徐玉霞,等.稠油污水处理高效反相破乳剂应用现状[J].环境科学与技术,2005,28(5)：112-116.
[42]赵福麟.乳化原油破乳剂[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版)[J].1994,18(6)：104-113.
[43]杨占奎.交联改性破乳剂的应用研究[J].化学工程师,2013(2)：38-42.
[44]陈锋,杨总.乳状液破乳方法综述[J].石油化工应用,2009,12(02)：45-49.
[45]康万利,单希林,龙安厚,李俊刚.破乳剂对复合驱乳状液的破乳机理研究[J].高等学校化学学报,1999,34(05)：23-28.
[46]Aveyard R, Binks B P, Flectcher P D I, et al. The resolution of water-in-crude oil emulsions by the addition of low molar mass demulsifiers. J Colloid Interface Sci,2009,139 (1):128-138
[47]黄丽立,赵欣,于廷云.辽河稠油破乳剂的合成[J].精细石油化工,2012,(4)：38-42.
[48]李勇.疏水缔合型丙烯酞胺类聚合物的制备及其性能评价田[D].山东大学硕士论文,2006.
[49]姜佳丽,苟社全,达建文,华瑞茂.原油破乳研究进展[J].化工进展,2009,(02)：67-85.
[50]Kim Youngho.Nikolov A D.Dispersion J.Science and Technology.1996.17 (1):33-53
[51]陈峰,盖文山等.高含水稠油脱水用的水溶性破乳剂PR-23.油田化学.1999(3)：246-248.
[52]龚惠娟等.交联聚醚的合成及其在稠油破乳中的应用.精细石油化工.2000(4)：146-148.
[53]郭亚梅,李明远,郭继香,林梅钦,吴肇亮.胜利孤岛注聚原油破乳剂的筛选与性能评价[J].精细化工,2008,(05)：23-28.
[54]黄翔峰,闻岳,杨葆华,陆丽君,刘佳.破乳菌种TR-1的筛选与破乳性能实验研究[J].油田 化学,2006,(02)：67-70.
[55]王芳辉,朱红,王滨.组合设计优化法筛选原油破乳剂[J].北京交通大学学报,2005,(06)：79-81.
[56]蔡奇峰,周继柱,付增华等.聚醚型原油破乳剂结构与破乳性能关系的研究[J].油田化学,应用化工，2013(1)：68-71.
[57]赵福麟.乳化原油破乳剂[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版)[J].1994,18(6)：104-113
[58]KIM Y H,WASAND,BREEN P J. A study of dynamic interfacial mechanisms for demulsification of water2in2oil emulsions [J].Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,1995,95:235-247.
[59]ELSHARKAWY A M, HASSAN S A, HASHIM Y S.New compositional models for calculating the viscosity of crude oils[J]. Ind Eng Chem,2003,42:4132-4142.
[60]纪娜,马英,李玲,等.部分油田化学剂对原油破乳剂脱水效果的影响研究[J].中国石油和化工标准与质量,2013(4)：51-54.
[61]Richard Crace.Commercial Emulsion Breaking. American Chemical Society,1992,314.
[62]金明权,范夏蹇,贺延皓.冀东油田含油污水生化处理技术的应用[J].石油工程建设,2005,31：35-39.
[63]惠晓霞编.油田化学基础[M].石油出版社.1988：137-158.
[64]周祖康等编.胶体化学基础[M].北京大学出版社.1991：67-93.
[65]张玉生.复合破乳剂的性能评价[J].科学技术与工程.2012,24(4)：56-59.
[66]李干佐,郭荣等编著.微乳液理论及其应用[M].北京石油工业出版社1995,360-365.
[67]方洪波,解艳娇,宗华.酚胺树脂聚醚破乳剂的界面活性[J].石油学报(石油加工)，2012,28(03)：451-455.
[68]CAMPOS R E. In2situ reduction of oil viscosity during steam injection process in EOR:US, 5209295 [J].1993205211.
[69]Foyeke O. Opawale and Diane J. Burgess, Influence of Interfacial Properties of Lipophilic Surfactants on Water-in-Oil Emulsion Stability, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,1998, 197:142-150.
[70]Jumaa M., M U ller B.W., Influence of the Non-ionic Surfactant PEG-660- 12- Hydroxy Stearate. on the Surface Properties of Phospholipid Monolayers and Their Effect on Lipid Emulsion Stability, Colloid Polym Sci,1999,277:347-353.
[71]Tambe, Janka Paulis, and Mukul M. Sharma, Factors Controlling the Stability of Colloid-Stabilized Emulsions IV Evaluating the Effectiveness of Demulsifiers, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,1995,171:463-469
[72]方洪波.聚合物驱采出液破乳机理研究[D].东营：胜利油田,2004.
[73]王凤琴.乳状液在多孔介质中渗流规律研究[D].西南：西北大学,2005.
[74]朱步瑶,赵振国,界面化学基础[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1996.
[75]Jun-Liang Chen and Chi-Chuan Hwang, Nonlinear Rupture Theory of a Thin Liquid Film on a Cylinder, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 1996,182:564-569.
[76]王云峰,张春光,侯万国等.表面活性剂在油气田中的应用[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1995.
[77]朱步瑶,赵振国,界面化学基础[M].北京：化学工业出版社,1996.
[78]Mtlller H.G, New Contribution of Analytical Ultracentrifugation to the Investigation of Dispersions, Progr Colloid Polym Sci,1997,107:180-188.
[79]杨小莉,陆婉珍.有关原油乳状液稳定性的研究[J],油田化学,1998,15(1)：88-92.
[80]丁德磐等.原油乳状液的稳定与破乳[J].油田化学,1998,15(1)：82-84.
[81]王明宪.不同引发剂作用下PO-EO嵌段共聚物破乳性能的研究[J].油田地面工程,1993,12(4)：38-42.
[82]Aveyard R, Binks B P, Flectcher P D I, et al. The resolution of water-in-crude oil emulsions by the addition of low molar mass demulsifiers. J Colloid Interface Sci,1990,139(1):128-138
[83]Akira Tsugita, Shizume Takemoto, et.al. Studies on O/W emulsions stabilized with insoluble montmorillonite-organic complexes [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,1983,95 (2): 551-560.
[84]Nuraje N, Chen Wenhai, Chen Wei, et al. Distribution of demulsifiers between crude oil and water phases. J Dispersion Sci Tech,1999,20 (5):1501-1506
[85]李晓南,叶仲斌,陈洪等.聚合物驱残留物对原油破乳的影响[J].精细石油化工进展,2006,18(6)：11-13
[86]Stephenson W K, Land S. Alkoxylated vinyl polymer demulsifiers. US 4968 449,1990.
[87]乔建江等,乳化原油的破乳机理研究.油/水界面张力对破乳效果的影响[J].石油学报(石油加工),1999,15(2)：3-4
[88]王彪,张怀斌,张付生,等.一种新型原油破乳剂的研究[J].石油学报,1998,19(2)：97-102.
[89]牛金刚.大庆油田聚合物驱提高采收率的实践与认识[J].大庆石油地质与开发.2004,23(5)：38-41.
[90]李杰训,李秀兰,赵健森等.大庆萨北油田聚合物驱采出液性质的实验研究[J].油气采收率技术.1995,2(2)：25-28.
[91]顾雪蓉,陆云.高分子科学基础[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003.50-59.
[92]乔建江.乳化原油的破乳机理研究.油/水界面张力对破乳效果的影响[J].石油学报(石油加工),1999,15(2)：3-4.
[93]赵林,马超,徐玉霞,等.稠油污水处理高效反相破乳剂应用现状[J].环境科学与技术,2005,28(5)：112-116.
[94]Hahn A.U,Mittal K.L.Mechanism of demulsification of oil-in-water in the centrifuge[J]. Colloid and Polymer Science,1979,257 (9):959-967.
[95]李勇.疏水缔合型丙烯酞胺类聚合物的制备及其性能评价田[D].山东大学硕士论文,2006.
[96]阳鑫军.稠油开采技术[J].海洋石油,2003,23(2)：57-77.
[97]刘文章.中国稠油热采现状及发展前景[J].世界石油工业,1998,14(5)：15-18.
[98]马义,丁铭.我国稠油开采拥有领先技术[J].中国化工报.2004(4)：21-26.
[99]刘文章.稠油注蒸汽热采工程[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1998.
[100]葛涌涛.原油乳化机理研究及对现场破乳工作的指导作用[J].辽宁化工,2008,37(7)：464-470.
[101]李明远,顾惕人.原油乳状液稳定性研究：II.原油成分对原油乳状液稳定性的影响[J].石油化工,1993,22(9)：580-586.
[102]任朝华,罗跃,陈大钧.非聚醚型破乳剂的破乳效果[J].精细石油化工,2011,10(2)：12-13.
[103]朱晓明,温卫东,宋威.新疆石油科技[J].2011,12(2)：55-57.
[104]王宗明.实用红外光谱学[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1990.
[105]朱军.石油沥青质化学组成与结构特征的研究[D].北京：中国石油大学,2002.
[106]李明远,甄鹏,吴肇亮,纪淑玲.原油乳状液稳定性研究VI.界而膜特性与原油乳状液稳定性[J].石油学报(石油加工),1998,(03)
[107]李淑贤,魏国晟等.稠油破乳剂M 41T的研制与应用.油田化学.1999,12(3)：235-237
[108]EL2GAMAL I M, GHUIBA F M, EL2BATANONEY M H, et al. Synthesis and evaluation of acrylate polymers for improving flow properties of waxy crudes [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science,1994,52 (1):9-19.
[109]Brown J K, Ladner W R.A study of the hydrogen distribution in coal-like materials by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Ⅱ. A comparision with infra-red measurement and the conversion to carbon structure[J].Fuel,1999,39:87-96.
[110]Williams R B.Characterization of hydrocarbons in petroleum by nuclear magnetic resonance.Symposium on composition of Petroleum Oils.ASTM, Spec.Tech.Publ.,224.
[111]Bartle K D,SJA.A highoresolution proton mageticresonance study of refined tars II.High molecular weight fractions[J].Fuel,1967,46:29-46.
[112]Ali L.H. A method for the calculation of M W of aromatic compounds and its application to petroleum fractions[J].Fuel,1971,50:298-307.
[113]Bartle K D,Ladner W R,Martin T G,et al.Structural ananlysis of supercritical-gas extracts of coals[J].Fuel,1979,58:413-422.
[114]Snape C E,Ladner W R,Bartle K D,et al.Structural Characterization of Coal Extracts by NMR.Coal Liquefaction product[M].Mew York:Wiley,1983.
[115]Dickie J P,Yen T F.Macrostructures of the asphaltic fractions by various instrucmentalmethod[J].Anal.Chem.1967,39 (14):1847-1857.
[116]Bansbach.The Zeta potential and surface properties of asphaltenes obtained with different crude oil/n-heptane proportions [J].Fuel,1973,82 (8):869-874.
[117]曲富军.油田原油破乳剂的复配研究[J].化工矿物与加工,2005,(12).55-58.
[118]李平,邓晓宇等.原油乳状液的稳定与破乳机理研究进展.精细化工[J].2001：18(2)：89-93.
[119]魏国晟.原油破乳剂的研究与应用[J].油田化学.1995.12(2)：188-190.
[120]李干佐,郭荣等.微乳液理论及其应用[M].北京石油工业出版社1995,360-365.
[121]刘佐才,崔秀山,高照连,梁亚斌.复配原油破乳剂研究[J].油田化学,2001,(02)
[122]陈文海等.水溶性破乳剂AP221组成与性能研究[J].油田化学.1988(5)：104-112.
[123]朱宗将,冯国立等.高效稠油破乳剂OX-932的研制与应用[J].精细化工.2002,5(1)：12-14
[124]王鹏翔,葛圣才,叶建昌等.高度支化聚合物在原油破乳中的应用[J].化工新型材料,2008,36(8)：43-44.
[125]李岿,刘兆滨,朱建民.清水型特(超)稠油破乳剂结构与性能[J].日用化学品科学,2006,29(9)：22-28.
[126]Jana V K, L L S B S. Application of the hydrohile-lipophile concept to the classification of demulsifiers and bituminous froth and its components[J]. Fuel Processing Technology,2002, 75:9-26.
[127]苑世领,徐桂英.原油破乳剂发展的概况[J].日用化学工业.2000,12(1)：36-39
[128]邓述波,周抚生,余刚.油田采出水的特性及处理技术[J].工业水处理.2000,20(7)35-38.
[129]张天胜.表面活性剂应用技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2001：32-34.
[130]王明宪.多支链型与直链型聚醚破乳剂对桑塔木原油破乳的对比试验[J].油气田地面工程,1996,15(1)：41-43.
[131]王姗姗,赵玉婷.树枝型原油破乳剂的合成及性能研究[J].重庆科技学院学报：自然科学版,2009,11(3)：4548.
[132]姜庆利,辛寅昌.原油破乳剂概述(二)[J].精细与专用化学品,1999,24：11-14.
[133]高和军,段明,胡星琪.一种新型阳离子型高分子絮凝剂的合成[J].广州化2007,12(6)：3840|
[134]Akira Tsugita, Shizume Takemoto, et.al. Studies on O/W emulsions stabilized with insoluble montmorillonite-organic complexes [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,1983,95 (2): 551-560.
[135]Nuraje N, Chen Wenhai, Chen Wei, et al. Distribution of demulsifiers between crude oil and water phases. J Dispersion Sci Tech,1999,20 (5):1501-1506
[136]王云峰,张春光,侯万国等.表面活性剂在油气田中的应用[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1995.
[137]邓述波周抚生陈忠喜.聚合物驱含油污水中油珠沉降分离的研究[J].环境科学.2002,23(2)：67-69.
[138]吴伟,韩哲茵,等.二甲基二烯丙基氯化钱一丙烯酞胺的合成及其在含油污水处理中的应用[J].油气田环境保护,1996,6(4)：4-7.
[139]居银栋，袁红萍.高效复合絮凝剂的研制及应用[J].上海化工.2013,(2)：122-126.
[140]S R.Klueker, J.P.Munehet.al.Combined Static and Dynamic Light Seattering Study of Assoeiating Random Block Copolymers in Solution[J]. Macromoleeules,1997,30,3839-3848.
[141]杨云霞,张晓健.我国主要油田污水处理技术现状及问题[J].油气田地面工程,2001,20(1)：4-5.
[142]李俊华,李俊莉,陈强.新型原油破乳剂SYC-201的研制及在天赐湾集输站的应用[J].西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),2011,26(6)：83-87.
[143]Barnickel WS. Process for treating crude oil[P].US1093098,1914.
[144]Aveyyard R. Binks B.P, Fletcher P.D.et al.In:Sjoblom J Ed.Emulsions, A Fundamental and Practical Approach[M].The Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publisher,1992.
[145]陈志莉,叶茂平.含油污水处理絮凝剂的选用研究[J].环境保护,2002,1：20-21.
[146]刘岩.聚合物驱含油污水絮凝剂研究[D].吉林大学硕士论文,2004.