果胶对生长猪消化代谢和血糖、血氨的影响
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摘要
为正确评定纤维成分在生长猪的营养价值，本论文以可溶性纤维-果胶为材料，用全收粪法研究了其对生长猪消化代谢的影响，用动静脉插管术研究了其对生长猪血糖、血氨的影响。
消化代谢试验：选用体重为30kg左右、健康杂交去势公猪(杜×长×大)6头，随机分为2组，将其饲养于不锈钢代谢笼内，饲喂半纯合饲粮，试验组添加8％的果胶，对照组不加果胶，自由饮水。测定饲料、粪及尿中的能量含量和氮含量。
插管术试验：选用体重为30kg左右、健康杂交去势公猪(杜×长×大)4头，每头猪的门静脉、颈动脉均安装插管，采用交叉法，随机分为2组，将其饲养于装有有机玻璃的不锈钢代谢笼内，饲喂半纯合饲粮，试验组添加8％的果胶，对照组不加果胶，自由饮水。手术后待猪恢复健康7d时，即从门静脉、颈动脉抽取血液，采血时间为采食前(0h)、采食后1h、2h、3h、4h、5h、6h、7h，每7d采血1次，共计采血3次。每次抽取的血液均测其血糖、血氨含量。
试验结果表明：
①日粮中添加8％果胶，降低了能量表观消化率、表观消化能，影响显著(P＜0.05)；降低了能量表观代谢率、表观代谢能，影响极显著(P＜0.01)。
②日粮中添加8％果胶，降低了氮表观消化率，影响显著(P＜0.05)，降低了氮表观代谢率、氮沉积量和氮生物学价值，但无显著性影响(P＞0.05)。
③门静脉血糖浓度在采食后两组均迅速上升。日粮中添加8％果胶，降低了门静脉血糖浓度，但只在3h时有显著性影响(P＜0.05)，对采食后门静脉血糖平均浓度无显著性影响(P＞0.05)。门静脉血糖浓度峰值，试验组与对照组均在2h。
④颈动脉血糖浓度在采食后两组均上升。日粮中添加8％果胶，降低了颈动脉血糖浓度，但无显著性影响(P＞0.05)，对采食后颈动脉血糖平均浓度无显著性影响(P＞0.05)。颈动脉血糖浓度峰值，试验组在2h、5h，对照组在2h。
⑤动静脉血糖浓度差，在采食前两组均为负值，在采食后均上升。日粮中添加8％果胶，降低了动静脉血糖浓度差，但只在3h(P＜0.05)、4h(P＜0.01)时有显著性影响，对采食后动静脉血糖浓度差平均值无显著性影响(P＞0.05)。动静脉血糖浓度差峰值，试验组与对照组均在2h。
⑥门静脉血氨浓度在采食后两组均迅速上升。日粮中添加8％果胶，降低了门静脉血氨浓度，但只在3h时有显著性影响(P＜0.01)，对采食后门静脉血氨平均浓度无显
著性影响 叩川．05）。门静脉血氨浓度峰值，试验组在抓，对照组在儿。
①颈动脉血氨浓度在采食后两组均上升。日粮中添加 8％果胶，降低了颈动脉血氨
浓度，但无显著性影响（P＞0．05），对采食后颈动脉血氨平均浓度无显著性影响
（P＞0．05）。颈动脉血氨浓度峰值，两组均在 3h。
③动静脉血氨浓度差在采食后两组均上升。日粮中添加 8％果胶，降低了动静脉血
氨浓度差，但只在lh（P（．05）、3h（P＜0．of）、4h（P（．05）时有显著性影响，对采
食后动静脉血氨浓度差平均值无显著性影响（P＞0．05）。动静脉血氨浓度差峰值，试验
组与对照组均在 Zh。
In order to correctly evaluate the nutritional values of the component of fiber in growing pigs. Soluble fiber-pectin was used as experimental material in this thesis. The influence of soluble fiber-pectin on the nutritional digestion , metabolism by means of total collecting feces technique and on the concentrations of plasma glucose, plasma ammonia by means of carotid artery and hepatic portal vein catheter technique were studied with growing pigs.
Experiment of digestion, metabolism Six healthy crossbred barrow(Durocx Landrace* Large Yorshire) with weighing about 30 kg were randomly divided into two groups and placed into stainless steel metabolism cages. Pigs were fed semipurified diets. The treatment diet was added 8% pectin and control diet was not added pectin. Water was provided ad libitum. The concentrations of energy and nitrogen in feeds, feces and urine were determined.
Experiment of catheter technique Four healthy crossbred barrows (Duroc x Landrace x Large Yorshire) with weighing about 30 kg were fitted with catheters in the hepatic portal vein and carotid artery. The experiment was used crossover design .The growing pigs were randomly divided into two groups and placed into stainless steel metabolism cages which were fitted with organic glass. Pigs were fed semipurified diets. The treatment diet was added 8% pectin and the control diet was not added pectin. Water was provided ad libitum. Blood samples were taken from the portal vein and carotid artery cannulas after 7 days when pigs had regained their preoperative health. The time of collecting blood was conducted during the preprandial (Oh) and Ih, 2h, 3h, 4h. 5h, 6h, 7h postprandial period. Blood samples were collected at 7 days intervals. The times of collecting blood samples was three. Plasma glucose and plasma ammonia concentrations of each blood sample were determined.
The results showed that:
(1) 8% pectin-supplemented diet depressed the apparent digestibilities of energy, ADE (PO.05) and also depressed the apparent metabilizabilities of energy, AME (P<0.01).
(2) 8% pectin-supplemented diet depressed the apparent digestibilities of nitrogen (P<0.05). but did not affect the apparent metabilizabilities of nitrogen . quantities of nitrogen deposition and BV (P>0.05).
(3) Portal plasma glucose concentration was rapidly elevated for two groups after feeding.
8% pectin-supplemented diet decreased the portal plasma glucose concentration, but only had significant difference at 3h (P<0.05) postprandial and did not affect the average portal plasma glucose concentration after feeding (P>0.05). Highest portal plasma glucose concentration was measured for treatment group and control group at 2h.
(4)Arterial plasma glucose concentration was elevated for two groups after feeding. 8% pectin-supplemented diet decreased the arterial plasma glucose concentration, but had no significant difference (P>0.05) and did not affect the average portal plasma glucose concentration after feeding (P>0.05). Highest arterial plasma glucose concentrations were measured for treatment group at 2h, 5h and control group at 2h.
(5) The porto-arterial concentration difference of plasma glucose was negative for two groups before feeding and elevated for two groups after feeding. 8% pectin-supplemented diet decreased the porto-arterial concentration difference of plasma glucose, but only had significant difference at 3h (P<0.05) and 4h (P<0.01) postprandial and did not affect the average porto-arterial concentration of plasma glucose after feeding (P>0.05). Highest porto-arterial concentration was measured for treatment group and control group at 2h.
(6) Portal plasma ammonia concentration was rapidly elevated for two groups after feeding. 8% pectin-supplemented diet decreased the portal plasma ammonia concentration, but only had significant difference at 3h (PO.01) postprandial and did not affect the average portal plasma ammonia concentration after feeding (P>0.05). Highest portal plasma concentration was measured for treatment group at 2h and Control group a
消化代谢试验：选用体重为30kg左右、健康杂交去势公猪(杜×长×大)6头，随机分为2组，将其饲养于不锈钢代谢笼内，饲喂半纯合饲粮，试验组添加8％的果胶，对照组不加果胶，自由饮水。测定饲料、粪及尿中的能量含量和氮含量。
插管术试验：选用体重为30kg左右、健康杂交去势公猪(杜×长×大)4头，每头猪的门静脉、颈动脉均安装插管，采用交叉法，随机分为2组，将其饲养于装有有机玻璃的不锈钢代谢笼内，饲喂半纯合饲粮，试验组添加8％的果胶，对照组不加果胶，自由饮水。手术后待猪恢复健康7d时，即从门静脉、颈动脉抽取血液，采血时间为采食前(0h)、采食后1h、2h、3h、4h、5h、6h、7h，每7d采血1次，共计采血3次。每次抽取的血液均测其血糖、血氨含量。
试验结果表明：
①日粮中添加8％果胶，降低了能量表观消化率、表观消化能，影响显著(P＜0.05)；降低了能量表观代谢率、表观代谢能，影响极显著(P＜0.01)。
②日粮中添加8％果胶，降低了氮表观消化率，影响显著(P＜0.05)，降低了氮表观代谢率、氮沉积量和氮生物学价值，但无显著性影响(P＞0.05)。
③门静脉血糖浓度在采食后两组均迅速上升。日粮中添加8％果胶，降低了门静脉血糖浓度，但只在3h时有显著性影响(P＜0.05)，对采食后门静脉血糖平均浓度无显著性影响(P＞0.05)。门静脉血糖浓度峰值，试验组与对照组均在2h。
④颈动脉血糖浓度在采食后两组均上升。日粮中添加8％果胶，降低了颈动脉血糖浓度，但无显著性影响(P＞0.05)，对采食后颈动脉血糖平均浓度无显著性影响(P＞0.05)。颈动脉血糖浓度峰值，试验组在2h、5h，对照组在2h。
⑤动静脉血糖浓度差，在采食前两组均为负值，在采食后均上升。日粮中添加8％果胶，降低了动静脉血糖浓度差，但只在3h(P＜0.05)、4h(P＜0.01)时有显著性影响，对采食后动静脉血糖浓度差平均值无显著性影响(P＞0.05)。动静脉血糖浓度差峰值，试验组与对照组均在2h。
⑥门静脉血氨浓度在采食后两组均迅速上升。日粮中添加8％果胶，降低了门静脉血氨浓度，但只在3h时有显著性影响(P＜0.01)，对采食后门静脉血氨平均浓度无显
著性影响 叩川．05）。门静脉血氨浓度峰值，试验组在抓，对照组在儿。
①颈动脉血氨浓度在采食后两组均上升。日粮中添加 8％果胶，降低了颈动脉血氨
浓度，但无显著性影响（P＞0．05），对采食后颈动脉血氨平均浓度无显著性影响
（P＞0．05）。颈动脉血氨浓度峰值，两组均在 3h。
③动静脉血氨浓度差在采食后两组均上升。日粮中添加 8％果胶，降低了动静脉血
氨浓度差，但只在lh（P（．05）、3h（P＜0．of）、4h（P（．05）时有显著性影响，对采
食后动静脉血氨浓度差平均值无显著性影响（P＞0．05）。动静脉血氨浓度差峰值，试验
组与对照组均在 Zh。
In order to correctly evaluate the nutritional values of the component of fiber in growing pigs. Soluble fiber-pectin was used as experimental material in this thesis. The influence of soluble fiber-pectin on the nutritional digestion , metabolism by means of total collecting feces technique and on the concentrations of plasma glucose, plasma ammonia by means of carotid artery and hepatic portal vein catheter technique were studied with growing pigs.
Experiment of digestion, metabolism Six healthy crossbred barrow(Durocx Landrace* Large Yorshire) with weighing about 30 kg were randomly divided into two groups and placed into stainless steel metabolism cages. Pigs were fed semipurified diets. The treatment diet was added 8% pectin and control diet was not added pectin. Water was provided ad libitum. The concentrations of energy and nitrogen in feeds, feces and urine were determined.
Experiment of catheter technique Four healthy crossbred barrows (Duroc x Landrace x Large Yorshire) with weighing about 30 kg were fitted with catheters in the hepatic portal vein and carotid artery. The experiment was used crossover design .The growing pigs were randomly divided into two groups and placed into stainless steel metabolism cages which were fitted with organic glass. Pigs were fed semipurified diets. The treatment diet was added 8% pectin and the control diet was not added pectin. Water was provided ad libitum. Blood samples were taken from the portal vein and carotid artery cannulas after 7 days when pigs had regained their preoperative health. The time of collecting blood was conducted during the preprandial (Oh) and Ih, 2h, 3h, 4h. 5h, 6h, 7h postprandial period. Blood samples were collected at 7 days intervals. The times of collecting blood samples was three. Plasma glucose and plasma ammonia concentrations of each blood sample were determined.
The results showed that:
(1) 8% pectin-supplemented diet depressed the apparent digestibilities of energy, ADE (PO.05) and also depressed the apparent metabilizabilities of energy, AME (P<0.01).
(2) 8% pectin-supplemented diet depressed the apparent digestibilities of nitrogen (P<0.05). but did not affect the apparent metabilizabilities of nitrogen . quantities of nitrogen deposition and BV (P>0.05).
(3) Portal plasma glucose concentration was rapidly elevated for two groups after feeding.
8% pectin-supplemented diet decreased the portal plasma glucose concentration, but only had significant difference at 3h (P<0.05) postprandial and did not affect the average portal plasma glucose concentration after feeding (P>0.05). Highest portal plasma glucose concentration was measured for treatment group and control group at 2h.
(4)Arterial plasma glucose concentration was elevated for two groups after feeding. 8% pectin-supplemented diet decreased the arterial plasma glucose concentration, but had no significant difference (P>0.05) and did not affect the average portal plasma glucose concentration after feeding (P>0.05). Highest arterial plasma glucose concentrations were measured for treatment group at 2h, 5h and control group at 2h.
(5) The porto-arterial concentration difference of plasma glucose was negative for two groups before feeding and elevated for two groups after feeding. 8% pectin-supplemented diet decreased the porto-arterial concentration difference of plasma glucose, but only had significant difference at 3h (P<0.05) and 4h (P<0.01) postprandial and did not affect the average porto-arterial concentration of plasma glucose after feeding (P>0.05). Highest porto-arterial concentration was measured for treatment group and control group at 2h.
(6) Portal plasma ammonia concentration was rapidly elevated for two groups after feeding. 8% pectin-supplemented diet decreased the portal plasma ammonia concentration, but only had significant difference at 3h (PO.01) postprandial and did not affect the average portal plasma ammonia concentration after feeding (P>0.05). Highest portal plasma concentration was measured for treatment group at 2h and Control group a
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44. den Hartog L A, Huisman J, Thielen W J G, van Schayk G H A, Boer H, van Weerden E J. The effect of including various structural polysaccharides in pig diets on ileal and fecal digestibility of amino acids and minerals. Livest Prod. Sci. 1988, 18: 157～170
45. Hansen W E. Effect of dietary fiber on proteolytic pancreatic enzymes in vitro, Int. J. Pancreatol. 1986, 1: 341～351
46. Larsen F M, Moughan P J, Wilson M N. Dietary fibre viscosity and endogenous protein excretion at the terminal ileum of growing rats. J. Nutr. 1993,123: 1898～1904
47. Leteme P, Froidmont E, Rossi F ,Thwis A. The high water-holding capacity of pea inner fibres affects the ileal flow of endogenous amino acids in pigs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46: 1927～1934
48．宋育．猪的营养．北京：中国农业出版社，1995
49．卢宗藩．家畜及实验动物生理生化参数．北京：农业出版社，1983
50. Van der Meulen J, Bakker G. C M, Bakker J G M, de Visser H, Jongbloed A W, Everts H. Effect of resistant starch on portal-drained viscera flux of glucose, volatile fatty acids, urea, and ammonia in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 1997,75:2697～2704
51. Mason V C, Just A. Bacterial activity in the hind-gut of pigs. 1. Its influence on the apparent digestibility of dietary energy and fat. Z. Tieypysiol Tierernaehr. Futtermittelkd. 1976, 36: 301～310
52. Rerat A A, Vaissade P, Vaugelade P. Absorption kinetics of some carbohydrates in conscious pigs. 1. Quantitative aspects. Br. J. Nutr. 1984, 51: 505～515
53. Van der Meulen J, Bakker J G M, Smits B, de Visser H. Portal appearance of glucose and amino acids in the pig after feeding maize starch and native pea startch. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1996,55:60A(Abstr.)
54．张秀明，李健斋，魏明镜等．现代临床生化检验学．北京：人民军医出版社，2001
55．陈卓 译．何时测定血浆氨．国外临床生物化学检验学分册．1998，10(6)：27～29，37
56．湖南医不院第二附属医院检验科编．临床生化检验．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1981
57. Fauconneau G, Michel M C. The role of the gastrointestinal tract in the regulation of metabolism. In: Mammalian Protein Metabolism (Munro H N, ed. Academic Press, New York, NK. 1970, Vol. 4, P 481～522
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59. Younes H, Garleb K, Behr S, Rmsy C, Demign C. Fermentable fibers or oligosaccharides reduce urinary nitrogen excretion by increasing urea disposal in the rat cecum. J. Nutr. 1995,125: 1010～1016
60. Mosenthin R, Saucer W C, de Lange C F M. Tracer studies of urea kinetics in growing pigs:l. The effect of intravenous infusion of urea on urea recycling and the site of urea secretion into the gastrointestinal tract. J. Anim. Sci. 1992a, 70:3458～3466
61. Scipinni R, Marielli G, Marchetti S, Parisini P, Piva A. Nitrogen balance in pigs fed with different amounts of pressed beet pulp silage(PBPs). In: Verstegen M W A, den Hartog L A, van Kempen C J M, Metz. J H M(Ed.). Nitrogen flow in pig production and environmental consequences. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 1993, P 195～199
62. Mosenthin R, Saucer W C, Henkle H, Ahrens F, de Lange C F M. Tracer studies of urea kinetics in growing pigs: 2. The effect of starch infusion at the distal ileum un urea recycling and bacterial nitrogen excretion. J. Anim. Sci. 1992b, 70: 3467～3472
63. Rerat A A, Buraczewska L. Postprandial quantitative kinetics ef urea and ammonia nitrogen exchanges between the digestive tract and the portal blood in conscious pigs receiving a diet with and without ammonia. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 1986, 36: 252～269
64．李继先，宗修锟，关治礼等．门静脉与非门静脉高压患者外周及腹内主要静脉血氨的对比观察．中华外科杂志，1996,34(8)：511
65. Wrong O M, Vince, A. Urea and ammonia me(?)abolism in the, human large intestine. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1984: 43: 77～86
66．彭宏泽．动物实验外科手术学．北京：农业出版社，1992
67．孙海洲，冯宗慈，羿静等．动-静脉血管插管术．内蒙古畜牧科学，1999，4：33～34
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73．王中华，朱连德，李震等．绵羊营养外科模型的建立及应用．山东农业大学学报，1999，30(1)：1～5
74．朱晓华，王志跃，赵万里．禽跖底内侧静脉连续采血-血瘘管技术．中国家禽，2001，23(7)：12～13
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40. Saucer W C, Monsenthin R, Ahrens F, den Hartong L A. The effect of source of fiber on ileal and fecal amino acid digestion and bacterial nitrogen excretion in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 1991, 69: 4070～4077
41. Erects H, Dekker R A, Smits B, Cone J W. The digestion of maize and native pea starch in the small intestine of pigs. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1996, 55: 59A (Abstr.)
42. Dierick N, Vervaaeke I, Decuypere J A, Henderickx H K. Influence de la nature et du niveau des fibres brutes sur la digestilit ileale et fcale apparent de la matire chez les porcs. Rev. Agric. 1983,36:1661～1682
43. Huisman J, den Hartog L A, Boer H, van Weerden E J, Thielen W. J G. The effect of various carbohydrate sources on the ileal and fecal digestibility of protein and amino acids in pigs. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international seminar on digestive physiology in the pigs. 1985, Copenhagen. P 207～210
44. den Hartog L A, Huisman J, Thielen W J G, van Schayk G H A, Boer H, van Weerden E J. The effect of including various structural polysaccharides in pig diets on ileal and fecal digestibility of amino acids and minerals. Livest Prod. Sci. 1988, 18: 157～170
45. Hansen W E. Effect of dietary fiber on proteolytic pancreatic enzymes in vitro, Int. J. Pancreatol. 1986, 1: 341～351
46. Larsen F M, Moughan P J, Wilson M N. Dietary fibre viscosity and endogenous protein excretion at the terminal ileum of growing rats. J. Nutr. 1993,123: 1898～1904
47. Leteme P, Froidmont E, Rossi F ,Thwis A. The high water-holding capacity of pea inner fibres affects the ileal flow of endogenous amino acids in pigs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46: 1927～1934
48．宋育．猪的营养．北京：中国农业出版社，1995
49．卢宗藩．家畜及实验动物生理生化参数．北京：农业出版社，1983
50. Van der Meulen J, Bakker G. C M, Bakker J G M, de Visser H, Jongbloed A W, Everts H. Effect of resistant starch on portal-drained viscera flux of glucose, volatile fatty acids, urea, and ammonia in growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 1997,75:2697～2704
51. Mason V C, Just A. Bacterial activity in the hind-gut of pigs. 1. Its influence on the apparent digestibility of dietary energy and fat. Z. Tieypysiol Tierernaehr. Futtermittelkd. 1976, 36: 301～310
52. Rerat A A, Vaissade P, Vaugelade P. Absorption kinetics of some carbohydrates in conscious pigs. 1. Quantitative aspects. Br. J. Nutr. 1984, 51: 505～515
53. Van der Meulen J, Bakker J G M, Smits B, de Visser H. Portal appearance of glucose and amino acids in the pig after feeding maize starch and native pea startch. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1996,55:60A(Abstr.)
54．张秀明，李健斋，魏明镜等．现代临床生化检验学．北京：人民军医出版社，2001
55．陈卓 译．何时测定血浆氨．国外临床生物化学检验学分册．1998，10(6)：27～29，37
56．湖南医不院第二附属医院检验科编．临床生化检验．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1981
57. Fauconneau G, Michel M C. The role of the gastrointestinal tract in the regulation of metabolism. In: Mammalian Protein Metabolism (Munro H N, ed. Academic Press, New York, NK. 1970, Vol. 4, P 481～522
58．吕明斌，倪文越．肉鸡肠道氨浓度与腹水症死亡的关系．国外畜牧科技，1994，21(5)：44～45
59. Younes H, Garleb K, Behr S, Rmsy C, Demign C. Fermentable fibers or oligosaccharides reduce urinary nitrogen excretion by increasing urea disposal in the rat cecum. J. Nutr. 1995,125: 1010～1016
60. Mosenthin R, Saucer W C, de Lange C F M. Tracer studies of urea kinetics in growing pigs:l. The effect of intravenous infusion of urea on urea recycling and the site of urea secretion into the gastrointestinal tract. J. Anim. Sci. 1992a, 70:3458～3466
61. Scipinni R, Marielli G, Marchetti S, Parisini P, Piva A. Nitrogen balance in pigs fed with different amounts of pressed beet pulp silage(PBPs). In: Verstegen M W A, den Hartog L A, van Kempen C J M, Metz. J H M(Ed.). Nitrogen flow in pig production and environmental consequences. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 1993, P 195～199
62. Mosenthin R, Saucer W C, Henkle H, Ahrens F, de Lange C F M. Tracer studies of urea kinetics in growing pigs: 2. The effect of starch infusion at the distal ileum un urea recycling and bacterial nitrogen excretion. J. Anim. Sci. 1992b, 70: 3467～3472
63. Rerat A A, Buraczewska L. Postprandial quantitative kinetics ef urea and ammonia nitrogen exchanges between the digestive tract and the portal blood in conscious pigs receiving a diet with and without ammonia. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 1986, 36: 252～269
64．李继先，宗修锟，关治礼等．门静脉与非门静脉高压患者外周及腹内主要静脉血氨的对比观察．中华外科杂志，1996,34(8)：511
65. Wrong O M, Vince, A. Urea and ammonia me(?)abolism in the, human large intestine. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1984: 43: 77～86
66．彭宏泽．动物实验外科手术学．北京：农业出版社，1992
67．孙海洲，冯宗慈，羿静等．动-静脉血管插管术．内蒙古畜牧科学，1999，4：33～34
68. Weirich W E, Will J A, Crumpton C W. A technique for prating chronic indwelling catheters in swine. J. Appl. Physiol. 1970, 28: 117～119
69. Rerat A, Vaugelade P, Villiers P. A new method for measuring the absorpting of nutrients in the pig: Critical examination, In: Low A G and Partridge I O (Ed.). Current Conceps of Digestion and Absorption in pigs. National institute for Research in dairying. Reading, England, Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, Scotland, Tech. Bull. 3. 1980, P 177～217
70. Bajjalieh N L, Jensen A H, Frank G R, Brown D E. A technique for monitoring nutrient absorption in the conscious unrestrained pig. J. Anim. Sci. 1981, 52: 101～107
71. Yen J T, Killefer J. A method for chronically quantifying net absorption of nutrients and gut metabolites into hepatic portal vein in conscious swine. J. Anim. Sci. 1987, 64: 923～934
72. Swindle M M. Surgery anesthesia and experimental techniques in swine, Iowa state university press, ames. 1998
73．王中华，朱连德，李震等．绵羊营养外科模型的建立及应用．山东农业大学学报，1999，30(1)：1～5
74．朱晓华，王志跃，赵万里．禽跖底内侧静脉连续采血-血瘘管技术．中国家禽，2001，23(7)：12～13
75．祁克宗，王林安．犬低温体外循环手术及其灌注管理的试验研究．东北农业大学学报，1998，29(2)：144～153