大鼠抑郁模型中性激素对应激反应的作用及其调节机制
|
摘要
基因-环境相互作用在抑郁症的发病中起着重要作用,其中,应激事件是一个非常关键的非遗传因素。数十年的研究揭示出抑郁症的相关病理生理学机制,大致分为两个方向,一是神经化学和神经内分泌假说,认为抑郁症的基础在于大脑内多种化学物质和体内激素的失衡,例如单胺类递质浓度的降低,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴过度激活等;另一个是神经网络假说,认为神经重构和神经元活性的改变是这一疾病的基础,其相关的分子包括神经营养/生长因子以及神经粘附因子等。性激素很大程度的参与了抑郁症和应激反应,其机制可能在于它可以调节相关的神经内分泌系统和神经网络相关因子。在这里,我们使用了强迫游泳实验和慢性应激模型,对性激素对应激行为反应的调控作用及其相关分子机制进行了一定的探讨。
1.应激过程中3β-diol对行为反应以及CRH转录的类雌激素样作用
促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)和精氨酸加压素(AVP)作为HPA轴上游的两个神经肽,在应激过程中起着重要作用,它们对于应激的反应也受到性激素的调控。3β-diol是雄激素双氢睾酮(DHT)的代谢产物,然而它本身却不具有雄激素的作用,相反,以前的研究发现它在前列腺中起着类雌激素作用。它可以与雌激素受体结合,促进由雌激素反应元件介导的基因转录。我们用体外转染和体内试验研究了它对于应激相关的行为以及CRH和AVP表达的作用。我们的结果显示,在CHO-K1细胞系中,当转染了雌激素受体时,3β-diol能够显著性的促进CRH和AVP的启劫子活性。慢性给予3β-diol能减少强迫游泳实验中大鼠的静止不动时间,也能促进由强迫游泳引起的CRH mRNA的表达,而急性给予不能产生这一作用。这一结果表明,3β-diol在情感相关行为中起着一定的抗抑郁作用,对于CRH的调控,3β-diol表现出了类雌激素作用。
2.慢性应激模型海马和前额叶皮层神经粘附因子的表达:考虑性激素参与
我们研究了假手术和去势后雄性大鼠中慢性温和应激引起的行为学和神经粘附因子(NCAM)表达水平的改变。我们发现,慢性应激能显著性降低大鼠前额叶皮层中的NCAM表达,而海马各亚区中的表达不受影响。实验结果揭示了雄激素参与了应激相关的行为反应。在假手术大鼠中,慢性应激能诱导出一个典型的抑郁症表现,即欣快感缺乏,而对于去势后大鼠的欣快感体验行为不产生影响。去势术对于由应激引起的NCAM表达改变不发生作用。因此我们推测,尽管NCAM在慢性应激过程中起了一定的作用,但是它并不介导性激素对于应激相关行为的影响。
Critical interactions between genetic and environmental factors - among which stress is one of the most potent non-genomic factors - are involved in the development of mood disorders.Two main hypotheses have been proposed to underlie depression.One is called "chemical hypothesis" which emphasizes neurochemical imbalance as the cause of depression,including altered function of monoamine system and hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis.The other one,"network hypothesis" emphasized disturbed neural networks as the cause of this disease,with neurotrophins,growth factors and neural cell adhesion molecules as the molecular mechanism.Sex hormones are involved in depression and stress responses,and this may due to their regulation effect on those neurochemical systems and on those moleculars related to neural network.In the present study,we tested this hypothesis using two animal models(the forced swim test and chronic mild stress model).
1.An estrogenic effect of 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol on the behavioral response to stress and on CRH regulation.
The gender difference in behavioral and hormonal response to stress is well known,but the underlying mechanism remains elusive.Arginine-vasopressin(AVP) and corticotrophin-releasing hormone(CRH)are two major regulatory peptides in the brain involved in stress regulation.Their response to stress has been shown to be modulated by sex hormones.The androgen metabolite,5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3β-diol),has been identified as an estrogenic hormone.It binds to estrogen receptors (ERs)and modulates estrogen response element mediated promoter activities via the ER pathway.The present Study involved in vitro transfection assays to examine whether 3β-dioi can directly modulate CRH and AVP promoter activity.Our results demonstrate that in CHO-K1 cell lines,when ERs were over-expressed,3β-diol could significantly stimulate CRH and AVP promoter activity through an ER pathway.The effect of 3β-diol on the behavioral,the CRH and the AVP response to stress in the rat was also investigated.We found that chronic,but not acute administration of 3β-diol significantly decreased the immobile duration in the forced swim test.In rats exposed to the forced swim test,CRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was enhanced by chronic 3β-diol administration,while the AVP mRNA expression was not affected. These results suggest that 3β-diol may play an anti-depressive role in affective behavior and may have a direct effect on CRH expression.
2.Expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule(NCAM)in the prefrontal cortex(PFC)and hippocampus of rats subjected to chronic mild stress: considering testicular influence.
The effect of chronic mild stress on emotional behavior and on protein levels of NCAM were evaluated in the PFC and hippocampus of intact or castrated male rat brains.Decreased NCAM expression in the prefrontal cortex was found in the rats subjected to stress,while the protein levels in sub-regions of hippocampus remained unchanged.The study explored whether there was a testicular influence on the behavioral response to stress and on the NCAM expression.We found chronic mild stress induced anhedonia in intact,but not castrated male rats.However,castration did not have influence on the stress induced reduction of NCAM expression.These findings indicate that synthesis and expression of NCAM was involved in chronic mild stress,and the effect of castration on stress related behavior was not mediated by the NCAM pathway.
1.应激过程中3β-diol对行为反应以及CRH转录的类雌激素样作用
促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)和精氨酸加压素(AVP)作为HPA轴上游的两个神经肽,在应激过程中起着重要作用,它们对于应激的反应也受到性激素的调控。3β-diol是雄激素双氢睾酮(DHT)的代谢产物,然而它本身却不具有雄激素的作用,相反,以前的研究发现它在前列腺中起着类雌激素作用。它可以与雌激素受体结合,促进由雌激素反应元件介导的基因转录。我们用体外转染和体内试验研究了它对于应激相关的行为以及CRH和AVP表达的作用。我们的结果显示,在CHO-K1细胞系中,当转染了雌激素受体时,3β-diol能够显著性的促进CRH和AVP的启劫子活性。慢性给予3β-diol能减少强迫游泳实验中大鼠的静止不动时间,也能促进由强迫游泳引起的CRH mRNA的表达,而急性给予不能产生这一作用。这一结果表明,3β-diol在情感相关行为中起着一定的抗抑郁作用,对于CRH的调控,3β-diol表现出了类雌激素作用。
2.慢性应激模型海马和前额叶皮层神经粘附因子的表达:考虑性激素参与
我们研究了假手术和去势后雄性大鼠中慢性温和应激引起的行为学和神经粘附因子(NCAM)表达水平的改变。我们发现,慢性应激能显著性降低大鼠前额叶皮层中的NCAM表达,而海马各亚区中的表达不受影响。实验结果揭示了雄激素参与了应激相关的行为反应。在假手术大鼠中,慢性应激能诱导出一个典型的抑郁症表现,即欣快感缺乏,而对于去势后大鼠的欣快感体验行为不产生影响。去势术对于由应激引起的NCAM表达改变不发生作用。因此我们推测,尽管NCAM在慢性应激过程中起了一定的作用,但是它并不介导性激素对于应激相关行为的影响。
Critical interactions between genetic and environmental factors - among which stress is one of the most potent non-genomic factors - are involved in the development of mood disorders.Two main hypotheses have been proposed to underlie depression.One is called "chemical hypothesis" which emphasizes neurochemical imbalance as the cause of depression,including altered function of monoamine system and hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis.The other one,"network hypothesis" emphasized disturbed neural networks as the cause of this disease,with neurotrophins,growth factors and neural cell adhesion molecules as the molecular mechanism.Sex hormones are involved in depression and stress responses,and this may due to their regulation effect on those neurochemical systems and on those moleculars related to neural network.In the present study,we tested this hypothesis using two animal models(the forced swim test and chronic mild stress model).
1.An estrogenic effect of 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol on the behavioral response to stress and on CRH regulation.
The gender difference in behavioral and hormonal response to stress is well known,but the underlying mechanism remains elusive.Arginine-vasopressin(AVP) and corticotrophin-releasing hormone(CRH)are two major regulatory peptides in the brain involved in stress regulation.Their response to stress has been shown to be modulated by sex hormones.The androgen metabolite,5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3β-diol),has been identified as an estrogenic hormone.It binds to estrogen receptors (ERs)and modulates estrogen response element mediated promoter activities via the ER pathway.The present Study involved in vitro transfection assays to examine whether 3β-dioi can directly modulate CRH and AVP promoter activity.Our results demonstrate that in CHO-K1 cell lines,when ERs were over-expressed,3β-diol could significantly stimulate CRH and AVP promoter activity through an ER pathway.The effect of 3β-diol on the behavioral,the CRH and the AVP response to stress in the rat was also investigated.We found that chronic,but not acute administration of 3β-diol significantly decreased the immobile duration in the forced swim test.In rats exposed to the forced swim test,CRH mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was enhanced by chronic 3β-diol administration,while the AVP mRNA expression was not affected. These results suggest that 3β-diol may play an anti-depressive role in affective behavior and may have a direct effect on CRH expression.
2.Expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule(NCAM)in the prefrontal cortex(PFC)and hippocampus of rats subjected to chronic mild stress: considering testicular influence.
The effect of chronic mild stress on emotional behavior and on protein levels of NCAM were evaluated in the PFC and hippocampus of intact or castrated male rat brains.Decreased NCAM expression in the prefrontal cortex was found in the rats subjected to stress,while the protein levels in sub-regions of hippocampus remained unchanged.The study explored whether there was a testicular influence on the behavioral response to stress and on the NCAM expression.We found chronic mild stress induced anhedonia in intact,but not castrated male rats.However,castration did not have influence on the stress induced reduction of NCAM expression.These findings indicate that synthesis and expression of NCAM was involved in chronic mild stress,and the effect of castration on stress related behavior was not mediated by the NCAM pathway.
引文
Abel, E. L., 1991. Behavior and corticosteroid response of Maudsley reactive and nonreactive rats in the open field and forced swimming test. Physiol Behav 50,151-153.
Abel, E. L., 1994. Behavioral and physiological effects of different water depths in the forced swim test. Physiol Behav 56,411-414.
Agid, O., Shapira, B., Zislin, J., Ritsner, M., Hanin, B., Murad, H., Troudart, T., Bloch, M., Heresco-Levy, U., Lerer, B., 1999. Environment and vulnerability to major psychiatric illness: a case control study of early parental loss in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 4, 163-172.
Agren, H., Reibring, L., Hartvig, P., Tedroff, J., Bjurling, P., Hornfeldt, K., Andersson, Y., Lundqvist, H., Langstrom, B., 1991. Low brain uptake of L-[11C]5-hydroxytryptophan in major depression: a positron emission tomography study on patients and healthy volunteers. Acta Psychiatr Scand 83,449-455.
Ajilore, O. A., Sapolsky, R. M., 1999. In vivo characterization of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat hippocampus using glucocorticoid neuroendangerment as an endpoint. Neuroendocrinology 69,138-144.
Akana, S. F., Chu, A., Soriano, L., Dallman, M. F., 2001. Corticosterone exerts site-specific and state-dependent effects in prefrontal cortex and amygdala on regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone, insulin and fat depots. J Neuroendocrinol 13,625-637.
Alfonso, J., Frick, L. R., Silberman, D. M., Palumbo, M. L., Genaro, A. M., Frasch, A. C., 2006. Regulation of hippocampal gene expression is conserved in two species subjected to different stressors and antidepressant treatments. Biol Psychiatry 59,244-251.
Altar, C. A., Whitehead, R. E., Chen, R., Wortwein, G., Madsen, T. M., 2003. Effects of electroconvulsive seizures and antidepressant drugs on brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat brain. Biol Psychiatry 54,703-709.
Alves, S. E., Lopez, V., McEwen, B. S., Weiland, N. G., 1998. Differential colocalization of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) with oxytocin and vasopressin in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the female rat brain: an immunocytochemical study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95,3281-3286.
Antoni, F. A., 1993. Vasopressinergic control of pituitary adrenocorticotropin secretion comes of age. Front Neuroendocrinol 14,76-122.
Asberg, M., Traskman, L., 1981. Studies of CSF 5-HIAA in depression and suicidal behaviour. Adv Exp Med Biol 133,739-752.
Baldwin, D., Rudge, S., 1995. The role of serotonin in depression and anxiety. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 9 Suppl 4,41-45.
Bao, A. M., Fischer, D. F., Wu, Y. H., Hol, E. M., Balesar, R., Unmehopa, U. A., Zhou, J. N., Swaab, D. F., 2006. A direct androgenic involvement in the expression of human corticotropin-releasing hormone. Mol Psychiatry 11,567-576.
Bao, A. M., Hestiantoro, A., Van Someren, E. J., Swaab, D. F., Zhou, J. N., 2005. Colocalization of corticotropin-releasing hormone and oestrogen receptor-alpha in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in mood disorders. Brain 128,1301-1313.
Barrett-Connor, E., Von Muhlen, D. G., Kritz-Silverstein, D., 1999. Bioavailable testosterone and depressed mood in older men: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84, 573-577.
Bartanusz, V., Aubry, J. M., Pagliusi, S., Jezova, D., Baffi, J., Kiss, J. Z., 1995. Stress-induced changes in messenger RNA levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate and AMPA receptor subunits in selected regions of the rat hippocampus and hypothalamus. Neuroscience 66,247-252.
Bemardi, M., Sandrini, M., Vergoni, A. V., Marrama, D., Tagliavini, S., Bertolini, A., 1990. Influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on castration-induced 'depression' in mice: a behavioral and binding study. Eur J Pharmacol 187,501-506.
Bernardi, M., Vergoni, A. V., Sandrini, M., Tagliavini, S., Bertolini, A., 1989. Influence of ovariectomy, estradiol and progesterone on the behavior of mice in an experimental model of depression. Physiol Behav 45,1067-1068.
Beskow, J., Gottfries, C. G,. Roos, B. E., Winblad, B., 1976. Determination of monoamine and monoamine metabolites in the human brain: post mortem studies in a group of suicides and in a control group. Acta Psychiatr Scand 53, 7-20.
Biegon, A., McEwen, B. S., 1982. Modulation by estradiol of serotonin receptors in brain. J Neurosci 2, 199-205.
Board, F., Wadeson, R., Persky, H., 1957. Depressive affect and endocrine functions; blood levels of adrenal cortex and thyroid hormones in patients suffering from depressive reactions. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 78,612-620.
Bohus, B., Benus, R. F., Fokkema, D. S., Koolhaas, J. M., Nyakas, C., van Oortmerssen, G. A., Prins, A. J., de Ruiter, A. J., Scheurink, A. J., Steffens, A. B., 1987. Neuroendocrine states and behavioral and physiological stress responses. Prog Brain Res 72,57-70.
Bradbury, M. J., Strack, A. M., Dallman, M. F., 1993. Lesions of the hippocampal efferent pathway (fimbria-fornix) do not alter sensitivity of adrenocorticotropin to feedback inhibition by corticosterone in rats. Neuroendocrinology 58,396-407.
Brady, L. S., Whitfield, H. J., Jr., Fox, R. J., Gold, P. W., Herkenham, M., 1991. Long-term antidepressant administration alters corticotropin-releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase, and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression in rat brain. Therapeutic implications. J Clin Invest 87, 831-837.
Brake, W. G, Flores, G, Francis, D., Meaney, M. J., Srivastava, L. K., Gratton, A., 2000. Enhanced nucleus accumbens dopamine and plasma corticosterone stress responses in adult rats with neonatal excitotoxic lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 96,687-695.
Bremner, J. D., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Nazeer, A., Adil, J., Khan, S., Staib, L. H., Charney, D. S., 2002. Reduced volume of orbitofrontal cortex in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 51,273-279.
Brunello, N., Mendlewicz, J., Kasper, S., Leonard, B., Montgomery, S., Nelson, J., Paykel, E., Versiani, M., Racagni, G., 2002. The role of noradrenaline and selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibition in depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 12,461-475.
Brush, F. R., 1991. Genetic determinants of individual differences in avoidance learning: behavioral and endocrine characteristics. Experientia 47,1039-1050.
Budziszewska, B., Siwanowicz, J., Przegalinski, E., 1994. The effect of chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs on the corticosteroid receptor levels in the rat hippocampus. Pol J Pharmacol 46,147-152.
Burgess, L. H., Handa, R. J., 1992. Chronic estrogen-induced alterations in adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone secretion, and glucocorticoid receptor-mediated functions in female rats. Endocrinology 131,1261-1269.
Buzsaki, G., 2004. Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles. Nat Neurosci 7,446-451.
Callado, L. F., Meana, J. J., Grijalba, B., Pazos, A., Sastre, M., Garcia-Sevilla, J. A., 1998. Selective increase of alpha2A-adrenoceptor agonist binding sites in brains of depressed suicide victims. J Neurochem 70,1114-1123.
Cameron, H. A., Gould, E., 1994. Adult neurogenesis is regulated by adrenal steroids in the dentate gyrus. Neuroscience 61,203-209.
Cao, L., Jiao, X., Zuzga, D. S., Liu, Y., Fong, D. M., Young, D., During, M. J., 2004. VEGF links hippocampal activity with neurogenesis, learning and memory. Nat Genet 36, 827-835.
Carlsson, M., Carlsson, A., 1988. A regional study of sex differences in rat brain serotonin. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 12, 53-61.
Castren, E., 2005. Is mood chemistry? Nat Rev Neurosci 6,241-246.
Cerqueira, J. J., Pego, J. M., Taipa, R., Bessa, J. M., Almeida, O. F., Sousa, N., 2005. Morphological correlates of corticosteroid-induced changes in prefrontal cortex-dependent behaviors. J Neurosci 25,7792-7800.
Chamey, D. S., Heninger, G. R., Sternberg, D. E., Redmond, D. E., Leckman, J. F., Maas, J. W., Roth, R. H., 1981. Presynaptic adrenergic receptor sensitivity in depression. The effect of long-term desipramine treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38,1334-1340.
Conrad, C. D., Galea, L. A., Kuroda, Y., McEwen, B. S., 1996. Chronic stress impairs rat spatial memory on the Y maze, and this effect is blocked by tianeptine pretreatment. Behav Neurosci 110, 1321-1334.
Cook, S. C., Wellman, C. L., 2004. Chronic stress alters dendritic morphology in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurobiol 60, 236-248.
Cooper, B. R., Hester, T. J., Maxwell, R. A., 1980. Behavioral and biochemical effects of the antidepressant bupropion (Wellbutrin): evidence for selective blockade of dopamine uptake in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 215,127-134.
Coppen, A., Shaw, D. M., Malleson, A., 1965. Changes in 5-Hydroxytryptophan Metabolism in Depression. Br J Psychiatry 111,105-107.
Cryan, J. F., Markou, A., Lucki, I., 2002. Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: recent developments and future needs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 23,238-245.
Cullinan, W. E., Herman, J. P., Watson, S. J., 1993. Ventral subicular interaction with the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: evidence for a relay in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. J Comp Neurol 332, 1-20.
Cunningham, B. A., Hemperly, J. J., Murray, B. A., Prediger, E. A., Brackenbury, R., Edelman, G. M., 1987. Neural cell adhesion molecule: structure, immunoglobulin-like domains, cell surface modulation, and alternative RNA splicing. Science 236,799-806.
D'Haenen H, A., Bossuyt, A., 1994. Dopamine D2 receptors in depression measured with single photon emission computed tomography. Biol Psychiatry 35,128-132.
Dailly, E., Chenu, F., Renard, C. E., Bourin, M., 2004. Dopamine, depression and antidepressants. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 18,601-607.
Dalla, C, Antoniou, K., Drossopoulou, G., Xagoraris, M., Kokras, N., Sfikakis, A., Papadopoulou-Daifoti, Z., 2005. Chronic mild stress impact: are females more vulnerable? Neuroscience 135,703-714.
Detke, M. J., Lucki, I., 1996. Detection of serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants in the rat forced swimming test: the effects of water depth. Behav Brain Res 73,43-46.
Detke, M. J., Rickels, M., Lucki, I., 1995. Active behaviors in the rat forced swimming test differentially produced by serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 121, 66-72.
Diorio, D., Viau, V., Meaney, M. J., 1993. The role of the medial prefrontal cortex (cingulate gyrus) in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. J Neurosci 13, 3839-3847.
Dirks, A., Fish, E. W., Kikusui, T., van der Gugten, J., Groenink, L., Olivier, B., Miczek, K. A., 2002. Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone on distress vocalizations and locomotion in maternally separated mouse pups. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 72,993-999.
Doherty, P., Fazeli, M. S., Walsh, F. S., 1995. The neural cell adhesion molecule and synaptic plasticity. J Neurobiol 26,437-446.
Dong, H. W., Petrovich, G. D., Watts, A. G., Swanson, L. W., 2001. Basic organization of projections from the oval and fusiform nuclei of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis in adult rat brain. J Comp Neurol 436,430-455.
Drevets, W. C, 2000. Functional anatomical abnormalities in limbic and prefrontal cortical structures in major depression. Prog Brain Res 126,413-431.
Drossopoulou, G., Antoniou, K., Kitraki, E., Papathanasiou, G., Papalexi, E., Dalla, C., Papadopoulou-Daifoti, Z., 2004. Sex differences in behavioral, neurochemical and neuroendocrine effects induced by the forced swim test in rats. Neuroscience 126, 849-857.
Duncko, R., Brtko, J., Kvetnansky, R., Jezova, D., 2001. Altered function of peripheral organ systems in rats exposed to chronic mild stress model of depression. Cell Mol Neurobiol 21, 403-411.
Durlach-Misteli, C., Van Ree, J. M., 1992. Dopamine and melatonin in the nucleus accumbens may be unplicated in the mode of action of antidepressant drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 217, 15-21.
Fadda, P., Pani, L., Porcella, A., Fratta, W., 1995. Chronic imipramine, L-sulpiride and mianserin decrease corticotropin releasing factor levels in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 192, 121-123.
Feldman, S., Weidenfeld, J., 1999. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists in the hippocampus modify the negative feedback following neural stimuli. Brain Res 821,33-37.
Fernandez-Guasti, A., Martinez-Mota, L., 2005. Anxiolytic-like actions of testosterone in the burying behavior test: role of androgen and GABA-benzodiazepine receptors. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, 762-770.
Ferrier, I. N., McKeith, I. G., Cross, A. J., Perry, E. K., Candy, J. M., Perry, R. H., 1986. Postmortem neurochemical studies in depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 487,128-142.
Figueiredo, H. F., Bruestle, A., Bodie, B., Dolgas, C. M., Herman, J. P., 2003. The medial prefrontal cortex differentially regulates stress-induced c-fos expression in the forebrain depending on type of stressor. Eur J Neurosci 18,2357-2364.
Fink, G., Sumner, B. E., Rosie, R., Grace, O., Quinn, J. P., 1996. Estrogen control of central neurotransmission: effect on mood, mental state, and memory. Cell Mol Neurobiol 16, 325-344.
Forsman, L., Lundberg, U., 1982. Consistency in catecholamine and cortisol excretion in males and females. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 17, 555-562.
Frankenhaeuser, M., von Wright, M. R., Collins, A., von Wright, J., Sedvall, G., Swahn, C. G., 1978. Sex differences in psychoneuroendocrine reactions to examination stress. Psychosom Med 40, 334-343.
Friedmann, B., Kindermann, W., 1989. Energy metabolism and regulatory hormones in women and men during endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 59, 1-9.
Frye, C. A., Edinger, K., Sumida, K., 2007. Androgen Administration to Aged Male Mice Increases Anti-Anxiety Behavior and Enhances Cognitive Performance. Neuropsychopharmacology.
Galea, L. A., McEwen, B. S., Tanapat, P., Deak, T., Spencer, R. L., Dhabhar, F. S., 1997. Sex differences in dendritic atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons in response to chronic restraint stress. Neuroscience 81,689-697.4
Gallagher, B. B., Flanigin, H. F., King, D. W., Littleton, W. H., 1987. The effect of electrical stimulation of medial temporal lobe structures in epileptic patients upon ACTH, prolactin, and growth hormone. Neurology 37,299-303.
Gangloff, A., Shi, R., Nahoum, V., Lin, S. X., 2003. Pseudo-symmetry of C19 steroids, alternative binding orientations, and multispecificity in human estrogenic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Faseb J 17,274-276.
Gilmer, W. S., McKinney, W. T., 2003. Early experience and depressive disorders: human and non-human primate studies. J Affect Disord 75, 97-113.
Gould, E., Tanapat, P., 1999. Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis. Biol Psychiatry 46, 1472-1479.
Haleem, D. J., Kennett, G., Curzon, G., 1988. Adaptation of female rats to stress: shift to male pattern by inhibition of corticosterone synthesis. Brain Res 458,339-347.
Harbuz, M. S., Jessop, D. S., Lightman, S. L., Chowdrey, H. S., 1994. The effects of restraint or hypertonic saline stress on corticotrophin-releasing factor, arginine vasopressin, and proenkephalin A mRNAs in the CFY, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar strains of rat. Brain Res 667, 6-12.
Harris, H. J., Kotelevtsev, Y., Mullins, J. J., Seckl, J. R., Holmes, M. C., 2001. Intracellular regeneration of glucocorticoids by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD)-1 plays a key role in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: analysis of 11beta-HSD-1-deficient mice. Endocrinology 142,114-120.
Hastings, R. S., Parsey, R. V., Oquendo, M. A., Arango, V., Mann, J. J., 2004. Volumetric analysis of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 29,952-959.
Heine, V. M., Zareno, J., Maslam, S., Joels, M., Lucassen, P. J., 2005. Chronic stress in the adult dentate gyms reduces cell proliferation near the vasculature and VEGF and Flk-1 protein expression. Eur J Neurosci 21,1304-1314.
Heinsbroek, R. P., Van Haaren, F., Feenstra, M. G., Endert, E., Van de Poll, N. E., 1991. Sex-and time-dependent changes in neurochemical and hormonal variables induced by predictable and unpredictable footshock. Physiol Behav 49, 1251-1256.
Heinz, A., Schmidt, L. G., Reischies, F. M., 1994. Anhedonia in schizophrenic, depressed, or alcohol-dependent patients--neurobiological correlates. Pharmacopsychiatry 27 Suppl 1,7-10.
Herman, J. P., Cullinan, W. E., Morano, M. I., Akil, H., Watson, S. J., 1995. Contribution of the ventral subiculum to inhibitory regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. J Neuroendocrinol 7, 475-482.
Herman, J. P., Cullinan, W. E., Watson, S. J., 1994. Involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in tonic regulation of paraventricular hypothalamic CRH and AVP mRNA expression. J Neuroendocrinol 6,433-442.
Herman, J. P., Figueiredo, H., Mueller, N. K., Ulrich-Lai, Y., Ostrander, M. M, Choi, D. C, Cullinan, W. E., 2003. Central mechanisms of stress integration: hierarchical circuitry controlling hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responsiveness. Front Neuroendocrinol 24, 151-180.
Herman, J. P., Sherman, T. G, 1993. Acute stress upregulates vasopressin gene expression in parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 689, 546-549.
Hinde, R. A., Leighton-Shapiro, M. E., McGinnis, L., 1978. Effects of various types of separation experience on rhesus monkeys 5 months later. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 19, 199-211.
Holoubek, G., Noldner, M., Treiber, K., Muller, W. E., 2004. Effect of chronic antidepressant treatment on beta-receptor coupled signal transduction cascade. Which effect matters most? Pharmacopsychiatry 37 Suppl 2, S113-119.
Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Stohler, R., Hatzinger, M., 1991. Repeated administration of the combined dexamethasone-human corticotropin releasing hormone stimulation test during treatment of depression. Psychiatry Res 38,163-171.
Holsboer, F., Barden, N., 1996. Antidepressants and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation. Endocr Rev 17, 187-205.
Holsboer, F., von Bardeleben, U., Wiedemann, K., Muller, O. A., Stalla, G. K., 1987. Serial assessment of corticotropin-releasing hormone response after dexamethasone in depression. Implications for pathophysiology of DST nonsuppression. Biol Psychiatry 22,228-234.
Hrabovszky, E., Kallo, I., Hajszan, T., Shughrue, P. J., Merchenthaler, I., Liposits, Z., 1998. Expression of estrogen receptor-beta messenger ribonucleic acid in oxytocin and vasopressin neurons of the rat supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Endocrinology 139,2600-2604.
Hua, J. Y., Smith, S. J., 2004. Neural activity and the dynamics of central nervous system development. Nat Neurosci 7,327-332.
Hurley, K. M., Herbert, H., Moga, M. M., Saper, C. B., 1991. Efferent projections of the infralimbic cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurol 308,249-276.
Jefferys, D., Funder, J., 1994. The effect of water temperature on immobility in the forced swimming test in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 253,91-94.
Jiang, Y. Q., Kawashima, H., Iwasaki, Y., Uchida, K., Sugimoto, K., Itoi, K., 2004. Differential effects of forced swim-stress on the corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin gene transcription in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 358,201-204.
Jin, K., Zhu, Y., Sun, Y., Mao, X. O., Xie, L., Greenberg, D. A., 2002. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, 11946-11950.
Ju, G., Swanson, L. W., 1989. Studies on the cellular architecture of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis in the rat: I. Cytoarchitecture. J Comp Neurol 280,587-602.
Ju, G., Swanson, L. W., Simerly, R. B., 1989. Studies on the cellular architecture of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis in the rat: II. Chemoarchitecture. J Comp Neurol 280, 603-621.
Kant, G. J., Lenox, R. H., Bunnell, B. N., Mougey, E. H., Pennington, L. L., Meyerhoff, J. L., 1983. Comparison of stress response in male and female rats: pituitary cyclic AMP and plasma prolactin, growth hormone and corticosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 8,421-428.
Karten, Y. J., Olariu, A., Cameron, H. A., 2005. Stress in early life inhibits neurogenesis in adulthood. Trends Neurosci 28, 171-172.
Katz, R. J., Schmaltz, K., 1980. Dopaminergic involvement in attention. A novel animal model. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol 4, 585-590.
Kim, J. B., Ju, J. Y., Kim, J. H., Kim, T. Y, Yang, B. H., Lee, Y. S., Son, H., 2004. Dexamethasone inhibits proliferation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Brain Res 1027,1-10.
Kirschbaum, C., Klauer, T., Filipp, S. H., Hellhammer, D. H., 1995a. Sex-specific effects of social support on cortisol and subjective responses to acute psychological stress. Psychosom Med 57,23-31.
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K. M., Hellhammer, D. H., 1995b. Preliminary evidence for reduced cortisol responsivity to psychological stress in women using oral contraceptive medication. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20, 509-514.
Kitay, J. I., 1961. Sex differences in adrenal cortical secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 68, 818-824.
Knigge, K. M., 1961. Adrenocortical response to stress in rats with lesions in hippocampus and amygdala. Proc Soc Exp Bidl Med 108,18-21.
Kolkova, K., Pedersen, N., Berezin, V., Bock, E., 2000. Identification of an amino acid sequence motif in the cytoplasmic domain of the NCAM-140 kDa isoform essential for its neuritogenic activity. J Neurochem 75,1274-1282.
Kornstein, S. G., 1997. Gender differences in depression: implications for treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 58 Suppl 15,12-18.
Kraemer, R. R., Blair, S., Kraemer, G. R., Castracane, V. D., 1989. Effects of treadmill running on plasma beta-endorphin, corticotropin, and cortisol levels in male and female 10K runners. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 58, 845-851.
Krugers, H. J., Koolhaas, J. M., Bohus, B., Korf, J., 1993. A single social stress-experience alters glutamate receptor-binding in rat hippocampal CA3 area. Neurosci Lett 154,73-77.
Kudielka, B. M., Kirschbaum, C., 2005. Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review. Biol Psychol 69,113-132.
Kuiper, G. G., Carlsson, B., Grandien, K., Enmark, E., Haggblad, J., Nilsson, S., Gustafsson, J. A., 1997. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology 138,863-870.
Laasonen-Balk, T., Kuikka, J., Viinamaki, H., Husso-Saastamoinen, M., Lehtonen, J., Tiihonen, J., 1999. Striatal dopamine transporter density in major depression. Psychopharmacology (Ber1) 144,282-285.
Laflamme, N., Nappi, R. E., Drolet, G., Labrie, C., Rivest, S., 1998. Expression and neuropeptidergic characterization of estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta) throughout the rat brain: anatomical evidence of distinct roles of each subtype. J Neurobiol 36,357-378.
Lambert, G., Johansson, M., Agren, H., Friberg, P., 2000. Reduced brain norepinephrine and dopamine release in treatment-refractory depressive illness: evidence in support of the catecholamine hypothesis of mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57, 787-793.
Leonard, B. E., 1997a. Noradrenaline in basic models of depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 7 Suppl 1, S11-16; discussion S71-13.
Leonard, B. E., 1997b. The role of noradrenaline in depression: a review. J Psychopharmacol 11.S39-47.
Li, Y. F., Zhang, Y. Z., Liu, Y. Q., Wang, H. L., Yuan, L., Luo, Z. P., 2004. Moclobemide up-regulates proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells in chronically stressed mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 25, 1408-1412.
Liaw, J. J., He, J. R., Hartman, R. D., Barraclough, C. A., 1992. Changes in tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in medullary A1 and A2 neurons and locus coeruleus following castration and estrogen replacement in rats. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 13,231-238.
Liebsch, G., Linthorst, A. C., Neumann, I. D., Reul, J. M., Holsboer, F., Landgraf, R., 1998. Behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine stress responses and differential sensitivity to diazepam in two Wistar rat lines selectively bred for high- and low-anxiety-related behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 19,381-396.
Linthorst, A. C., Flachskamm, C., Reul, J. M., 2007. Water temperature determines neurochemical and behavioural responses to forced swim stress: An in vivo microdialysis and biotelemetry study in rats. Stress, 1.
Lloyd, K. G., Farley, I. J., Deck, J. H., Hornykiewicz, O., 1974. Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in discrete areas of the brainstem of suicide victims and control patients. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 11,387-397.
Lucki, I., 1997. The forced swimming test as a model for core and component behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs. Behav Pharmacol 8, 523-532.
Luine, V., 2002. Sex differences in chronic stress effects on memory in rats. Stress 5, 205-216.
Lund, T. D., Hinds, L. R., Handa, R. J., 2006. The androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and its metabolite 5alpha-androstan-3beta, 17beta-diol inhibit the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal response to stress by acting through estrogen receptor beta-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus. J Neurosci 26,1448-1456.
Lund, T. D., Munson, D. J., Haldy, M. E., Handa, R. J., 2004. Dihydrotestosterone may inhibit hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity by acting through estrogen receptor in the male mouse. Neurosci Lett 365,43-47.
Ma, X. M., Levy, A., Lightman, S. L., 1997. Rapid changes in heteronuclear RNA for corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in response to acute stress. J Endocrinol 152,81-89.
MacQueen, G. M., Campbell, S., McEwen, B. S., Macdonald, K., Amano, S., Joffe, R. T., Nahmias, C., Young, L. T, 2003. Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Prpc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100, 1387-1392.
Magarinos, A. M., Deslandes, A., McEwen, B. S., 1999. Effects of antidepressants and benzodiazepine treatments on the dendritic structure of CA3 pyramidal neurons after chronic stress. Eur J Pharmacol 371,113-122.
Magarinos, A. M., McEwen, B. S., 1995. Stress-induced atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c neurons: involvement of glucocorticoid secretion and excitatory amino acid receptors. Neuroscience 69,89-98.
Magarinos, A. M., Somoza, G., De Nicola, A. F., 1987. Glucocorticoid negative feedback and glucocorticoid receptors after hippocampectomy in rats. Horm Metab Res 19,105-109.
Magarinos, A. M., Verdugo, J. M., McEwen, B. S., 1997. Chronic stress alters synaptic terminal structure in hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94,14002-14008,
Maier, W., Gansicke, M., Gater, R., Rezaki, M., Tiemens, B., Urzua, R. F., 1999. Gender differences in the prevalence of depression: a survey in primary care. J Affect Disord 53,241-252.
Malberg, J. E., Eisch, A. J., Nestler, E. J., Duman, R. S., 2000. Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 20, 9104-9110.
Mann, J. J., 1998. Neurobiological correlates of the antidepressant action of electroconvulsive therapy. J Ect 14,172-180.
Martini, L., Melcangi, R. C., 1991. Androgen metabolism in the brain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 39, 819-828.
McDonald, A. J., Mascagni, F., Guo, L., 1996. Projections of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortices to the amygdala: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in the rat. Neuroscience 71, 55-75.
McEwen, B. S., Weiss, J. M., Schwartz, L. S., 1968. Selective retention of corticosterone by limbic structures in rat brain. Nature 220,911-912.
McEwen, B. S., Woolley, C. S., 1994. Estradiol and progesterone regulate neuronal structure and synaptic connectivity in adult as well as developing brain. Exp Gerontol 29,431-436.
McKeith, I. G., Marshall, E. F., Ferrier, I. N., Armstrong, M. M., Kennedy, W. N., Perry, R. H., Perry, E. K., Eccleston, D., 1987. 5-HT receptor binding in post-mortem brain from patients with affective disorder. J Affect Disord 13, 67-74.
Meana, J. J., Barturen, F., Garcia-Sevilla, J. A., 1992. Alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the brain of suicide victims: increased receptor density associated with major depression. Biol Psychiatry 31, 471-490.
Mello, A. A., Mello, M. F., Carpenter, L. L., Price, L. H., 2003. Update on stress and depression: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 25, 231-238.
Meng, I. D., Drugan, R. C., 1993. Sex differences in open-field behavior in response to the beta-carboline FG 7142 in rats. Physiol Behav 54,701-705.
Merschdorf, U., Berg, D., Csoti, I., Fornadi, F., Merz, B., Naumann, M., Becker, G., Supprian, T., 2003. Psychopathological symptoms of depression in Parkinson's disease compared to major depression. Psychopathology 36,221-225.
Mizoguchi, K., Kunishita, T., Chui, D. H., Tabira, T., 1992. Stress induces neuronal death in the hippocampus of castrated rats. Neurosci Lett 138,157-160.
Montgomery, S. A., 1997. Reboxetine: additional benefits to the depressed patient. J Psychopharmacol 11, S9-15.
Morissette, M., Di Paolo, T., 1993. Sex and estrous cycle variations of rat striatal dopamine uptake sites. Neuroendocrinology 58,16-22.
Mouri, T., Itoi, K., Takahashi, K., Suda, T., Murakami, O., Yoshinaga, K., Andoh, N., Ohtani, H., Masuda, T., Sasano, N., 1993. Colocalization of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin in the paraventricular nucleus of the human hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 57,34-39.
Muscat, R., Willner, P., 1992. Suppression of sucrose drinking by chronic mild unpredictable stress: a methodological analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 16, 507-517.
Nacher, J., McEwen, B. S., 2006. The role of N-methyl-D-asparate receptors in neurogenesis. Hippocampus 16,267-270.
Nemeroff, C. B., Bissette, G., Akil, H., Fink, M., 1991. Neuropeptide concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy. Corticotrophin-releasing factor, beta-endorphin and somatostatin. Br J Psychiatry 158,59-63.
Nettles, K. W., Pesold, C., Goldman, M. B., 2000. Influence of the ventral hippocampal formation on plasma vasopressin, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and behavioral responses to novel acoustic stress. Brain Res 858,181-190.
Nibuya, M., Morinobu, S., Duman, R. S., 1995. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. J Neurosci 15, 7539-7547.
Okugawa, G., Omori, K., Suzukawa, J., Fujiseki, Y., Kinoshita, T., Inagaki, C., 1999. Long-term treatment with antidepressants increases glucocorticoid receptor binding and gene expression in cultured rat hippocampal neurones. J Neuroendocrinol 11, 887-895.
Ongur, D., Drevets, W. C., Price, J. L., 1998. Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95,13290-13295.
Overmier, J. B., Seligman, M. E., 1967. Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding. J Comp Physiol Psychol 63,28-33.
Pak, T. R., Chung, W. C., Hinds, L. R., Hands, R. J., 2007. Estrogen receptor-beta mediates dihydrotestosterone-induced stimulation of the arginine vasopressin promoter in neuronal cells. Endocrinology 148,3371-3382.
Pariante, C. M., Miller, A. H., 2001. Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: relevance to pathophysiology and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 49,391-404.
Peiffer, A., Veilleux, S., Barden, N., 1991. Antidepressant and other centrally acting drugs regulate glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA levels in rat brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16,505-515.
Penning, T. M., 1997. Molecular endocrinology of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Endocr Rev 18,281-305.
Pepin, M. C., Beaulieu, S., Barden, N., 1989. Antidepressants regulate glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA concentrations in primary neuronal cultures. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 6, 77-83.
Plotsky, P. M., 1991. Pathways to the secretion of adrenocorticotropin: a view from the portal. J Neuroendocrinol 3,1-9.
Porsolt, R. D., Anton, G., Blavet, N., Jalfre, M., 1978. Behavioural despair in rats: a new model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Eur J Pharmacol 47,379-391.
Porsolt, R. D., Le Pichon, M., Jalfre, M., 1977. Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature 266,730-732.
Pozzi, L., Invernizzi, R., Garavaglia, C., Samanin, R., 1999. Fluoxetine increases extracellular dopamine in the prefrontal cortex by a mechanism not dependent on serotonin: a comparison with citalopram. J Neurochem 73, 1051-1057.
Przegalinski, E., Budziszewska, B., 1993. The effect of long-term treatment with antidepressant drugs on the hippocampal mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in rats. Neurosci Lett 161,215-218.
Przegalinski, E., Budziszewska, B., Siwanowicz, J., Jaworska, L., 1993. The effect of repeated combined treatment with nifedipine and antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive shock on the hippocampal corticosteroid receptors in rats. Neuropharmacology 32, 1397-1400.
Raadsheer, F. C., Hoogendijk, W. J., Stam, F. C., Tilders, F. J., Swaab, D. F., 1994. Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology 60,436-444.
Raadsheer, F. C., van Heerikhuize, J. J., Lucassen, P. J., Hoogendijk, W. J., Tilders, F. J., Swaab, D. F., 1995. Corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of patients with Alzheimer's disease and depression. Am J Psychiatry 152,1372-1376.
Radley, J. J., Rocher, A. B., Miller, M., Janssen, W. G., Listen, C., Hof, P. R., McEwen, B. S., Morrison, J. H., 2006. Repeated stress induces dendritic spine loss in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 16,313-320.
Radley, J. J., Sisti, H. M., Hao, J., Rocher, A. B., McCall, T., Hof, P. R., McEwen, B. S., Morrison, J. H., 2004. Chronic behavioral stress induces apical dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 125,1-6.
Rajkowska, G., Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J., Wei, J., Dilley, G., Pittman, S. D., Meltzer, H. Y, Overholser, J. C., Roth, B. L., Stockmeier, C. A., 1999. Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 45, 1085-1098.
Rand, M. N., Breedlove, S. M., 1995. Androgen alters the dendritic arbors of SNB motoneurons by acting upon their target muscles. J Neurosci 15,4408-4416.
Raven, P. W., Taylor, N. F., 1998. 11Beta-HSD and 17beta-HSD as biological markers of depression: sex differences and correlation with symptom severity. Endocr Res 24,659-662.
Renard, G. M., Suarez, M. M., Levin, G. M., Rivarola, M. A., 2005. Sex differences in rats: effects of chronic stress on sympathetic system and anxiety. Physiol Behav 85, 363-369.
Reneric, J. P., Lucki, I., 1998. Antidepressant behavioral effects by dual inhibition of monoamine reuptake in the rat forced swimming test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 136,190-197.
Reul, J. M., de Kloet, E. R., 1985. Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation. Endocrinology 117,2505-2511.
Ronn, L. C., Berezin, V., Bock, E., 2000. The neural cell adhesion molecule in synaptic plasticity and ageing. Int J Dev Neurosci 18, 193-199.
Roy, A., 1985. Early parental separation and adult depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42, 987-991.
Sandi, C, Bisaz, R., 2007. A model for the involvement of neural cell adhesion molecules in stress-related mood disorders. Neuroendocrinology 85, 158-176.
Sandi, C., Davies, H. A., Cordero, M. I., Rodriguez, J. J., Popov, V. I., Stewart, M. G., 2003. Rapid reversal of stress induced loss of synapses in CA3 of rat hippocampus following water maze training. Eur J Neurosci 17,2447-2456.
Sandi, C., Loscertales, ML, 1999. Opposite effects on NCAM expression in the rat frontal cortex induced by acute vs. chronic corticosterone treatments. Brain Res 828, 127-134.
Sapolsky, R. M., Krey, L.C, McEwen, B. S., 1986. The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. Endocr Rev 7,284-301.
Schildkraut, J. J., 1965. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. Am J Psychiatry 122, 509-522.
Schmidt, M. V., Oitzl, M. S., Levine, S., de Kloet, E. R., 2002. The HPA system during the postnatal development of CD1 mice and the effects of maternal deprivation. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 139,39-49.
Schule, C., Romeo, E., Uzunov, D. P., Eser, D., di Michele, F., Baghai, T. C., Pasini, A., Schwarz, M., Kempter, H., Rupprecht, R., 2006. Influence of mirtazapine on plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids in major depression and on 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Mol Psychiatry 11,261-272.
Schuster, T., Krug, M., Hassan, H., Schachner, M., 1998. Increase in proportion of hippocampal spine synapses expressing neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM180 following long-term potentiation. J Neurobiol 37,359-372.
Seckl, J. R., Fink, G., 1992. Antidepressants increase glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in rat hippocampus in vivo. Neuroendocrinology 55, 621-626.
Seligman, M. E., Beagley, G., 1975. Learned helplessness in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 88,534-541.
Sesack, S. R., Deutch, A. Y., Roth, R. H., Bunney, B. S., 1989. Topographical organization of the efferent projections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: an anterograde tract-tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. J Comp Neurol 290,213-242.
Shapiro, R. A., Xu, C., Dorsa, D. M., 2000. Differential transcriptional regulation of rat vasopressin gene expression by estrogen receptor alpha and beta. Endocrinology 141,4056-4064.
Shea, A., Walsh, C., Macmillan, H., Steiner, M., 2005. Child maltreatment and HPA axis dysregulation: relationship to major depressive disorder and post traumatic stress disorder in females. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30,162-178.
Sheline, Y. I., 2000. 3D MRI studies of neuroanatomic changes in unipolar major depression: the role of stress and medical comorbidity. Biol Psychiatry 48, 791-800.
Sheline, Y. I., Gado, M. H., Kraemer, H. C, 2003. Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am J Psychiatry 160,1516-1518.
Sherman, A. D., Sacquitne, J. L., Petty, E, 1982. Specificity of the learned helplessness model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 16,449-454.
Shirayama, Y., Chen, A. C., Nakagawa, S., Russell, D. S., Duman, R. S., 2002. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor produces antidepressant effects in behavioral models of depression. J Neurosci 22,3251-3261.
Simen, B. B., Duman, C. H., Si nen, A. A., Duman, R. S., 2006. TNFalpha signaling in depression and anxiety: behavioral consequences of individual receptor targeting. Biol Psychiatry 59, 775-785.
Siuciak, J. A., Lewis, D. R., Wiegand, S. J., Lindsay, R. M., 1997. Antidepressant-like effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 56, 131-137.
Smith, M. A., Makino, S., Kvetnansky, R., Post, R. M., 1995. Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 15,1768-1777.
Sousa, N., Lukoyanov, N. V., Madeira, M. D., Almeida, O. F., Paula-Barbosa, M. M., 2000. Reorganization of the morphology of hippocampal neurites and synapses after stress-induced damage correlates with behavioral improvement. Neuroscience 97,253-266.
Spyraki, C., Fibiger, H. C., 1980. Functional evidence for subsensitivity of noradrenergic alpha 2 receptors after chronic desipramine treatment. Life Sci 27,1863-1867.
Steckelbroeck, S., Jin, Y., Gopishetty, S., Oyesanmi, B., Penning, T. M., 2004. Human cytosolic 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily display significant 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity: implications for steroid hormone metabolism and action. J Biol Chem 279, 10784-10795.
Stewart, M. G., Davies, H. A., Sandi, C., Kraev, I. V., Rogachevsky, V. V., Peddie, C. J., Rodriguez, J. J., Cordero, M. I., Donohue, H. S., Gabbott, P. L., Popov, V. I., 2005. Stress suppresses and learning induces plasticity in CA3 of rat hippocampus: a three-dimensional ultrastructural study of thorny excrescences and their postsynaptic densities. Neuroscience 131, 43-54.
Stoffel-Wagner, B., 2001, Neurosteroid metabolism in the human brain. Eur J Endocrinol 145, 669-679.
Stoffel-Wagner, B., 2003. Neurosteroid biosynthesis in the human brain and its clinical implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1007,64-78.
Swaab, D. F., Bao, A. M., Lucassen, P. J., 2005. The stress system in the human brain in depression and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 4,141-194.
Tanapat, P., Hastings, N. B., Reeves, A. J., Gould, E., 1999. Estrogen stimulates a transient increase in the number of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the adult female rat. J Neurosci 19, 5792-5801.
Torn, S., Nokelainen, P., Kurkela, R., Pulkka, A., Menjivar, M., Ghosh, S., Coca-Prados, M., Peltoketo, H., Isomaa, V., Vihko, P., 2003. Production, purification, and functional analysis of recombinant human and mouse 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 305,37-45.
Touyarot, K., Sandi, C., 2002. Chronic restraint stress induces an isoform-specific regulation on the neural cell adhesion molecule in the hippocampus. Neural Plast 9,147-159.
Tramu, G., Croix, C., Pillez, A., 1983. Ability of the CRF immunoreactive neurons of the paraventricular nucleus to produce a vasopressin-like material. Immunohistochemical demonstration in adrenalectomized guinea pigs and rats. Neuroendocrinology 37,467-469.
Turner, C. A., Akil, H., Watson, S. J., Evans, S. J., 2006. The fibroblast growth factor system and mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 59,1128-1135.
Vamvakopoulos, N. C., Chrousos, G. P., 1993. Evidence of direct estrogenic regulation of human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression. Potential implications for the sexual dimophism of the stress response and immune/inflammatory reaction. J Clin Invest 92, 1896-1902.
van Praag, H., Schinder, A. K., Christie, B. R., Toni, N., Palmer, T. D., Gage, F. H., 2002.
Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature 415,1030-1034.
Vaugeois, J. M., Pouhe, D., Zuccaro, F., Costentin, J., 1996. Indirect dopamine agonists effects on despair test: dissociation from hyperactivity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54,235-239.
Vawter, M. P., Cannon-Spoor, H. E., Hemperly, J. J., Hyde, T. M., VanderPutten, D. M., Kleinman, J. E., Freed, W. J., 1998. Abnormal expression of cell recognition molecules in schizophrenia. Exp Neurol 149,424-432.
Venero, C., Tilling, T., Hermans-Borgmeyer, I., Schmidt, R., Schachner, M., Sandi, C., 2002. Chronic stress induces opposite changes in the mRNA expression of the cell adhesion molecules NCAM and L1.Neuroscience 115,1211-1219.
Viau, V., Lee, P., Sampson, J., Wu, J., 2003. A testicular influence on restraint-induced activation of medial parvocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus in the male rat. Endocrinology 144,3067-3075.
Vollmayr, B., Henn, F. A., 2003. Stress models of depression. Clin Neurosci Res 3,245-251.
von Bardeleben, U., Holsboer, F., 1991. Effect of age on the cortisol response to human corticotropin-releasing hormone in depressed patients pretreated with dexamethasone. Biol Psychiatry 29,1042-1050.
von Bardeleben, U., Steiger, A., Gerken, A., Holsboer, F., 1989. Effects of fluoxetine upon pharmacoendocrine and sleep-EEG parameters in normal controls. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 4 Suppl 1,1-5.
Walf, A. A., Frye, C. A., 2005. Antianxiety and antidepressive behavior produced by physiological estradiol regimen may be modulated by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Neuropsychopharmacology 30,1288-1301.
Warner-Schmidt, J. L., Duman, R. S., 2006. Hippocampal neurogenesis: opposing effects of stress and antidepressant treatment. Hippocampus 16,239-249.
Watanabe, Y., Gould, E., Cameron, H. A., Daniels, D. C., McEwen, B. S., 1992a. Phenytoin prevents stress- and corticosterone-induced atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Hippocampus 2, 431-435.
Watanabe, Y., Gould, E., McEwen, B. S., 1992b. Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 588,341-345.
Webster, J. I., Sternberg, E. M., 2004. Role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptors in toxic sequelae of exposure to bacterial and viral products. J Endocrinol 181,207-221.
Weihua, Z., Andersson, S., Cheng, G., Simpson, E. R., Warner, M., Gustafsson, J. A., 2003. Update on estrogen signaling. FEBS Lett 546,17-24.
Weihua, Z., Lathe, R., Warner, M., Gustafsson, J. A., 2002. An endocrine pathway in the prostate, ERbeta, AR, 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol, and CYP7B1, regulates prostate growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99,13589-13594.
Weihua, Z., Makela, S., Andersson, L. C., Salmi, S., Saji, S., Webster, J. I., Jensen, E. V., Nilsson, S., Warner, M., Gustafsson, J. A., 2001. A role for estrogen receptor beta in the regulation of growth of the ventral prostate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98,6330-6335.
Whitnall, M. H., 1993. Regulation of the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone neurosecretory system. Prog Neurobiol 40,573-629.
Willner, P., 1997. Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression: a 10-year review and evaluation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 134,319-329.
Willner, P., Muscat, R., Papp, M., 1992. Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia: a realistic animal model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 16, 525-534.
Willner, P., Towell, A., Sampson, D., Sophokleous, S., Muscat, R., 1987. Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mild stress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 93,358-364.
Yankova, M., Hart, S. A., Woolley, C. S., 2001. Estrogen increases synaptic connectivity between single presynaptic inputs and multiple postsynaptic CA1 pyramidal cells: a serial electron-microscopic study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 3525-3530.
Yasin, S. A., Costa, A., Besser, G. M., Hucks, D., Grossman, A., Forsling, M. L., 1993. Melatonin and its analogs inhibit the basal and stimulated release of hypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin in vitro. Endocrinology 132,1329-1336.
Yau, J. L., Noble, J., Kenyon, C. J., Hibberd, C., Kotelevtsev, Y., Mullins, J. J., Seckl, J. R., 2001. Lack of tissue glucocorticoid reactivation in 11beta -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice ameliorates age-related learning impairments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 4716-4721.
Yonkers, K. A., Kando, J. C., Cole, J. O., Blumenthal, S., 1992. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropic medication. Am J Psychiatry 149, 587-595.
Yoshimura, S., Sakamoto, S., Kudo, H., Sassa, S., Kumai, A., Okamoto, R., 2003. Sex-differences in adrenocortical responsiveness during development in rats. Steroids 68, 439-445.
Young, E. A., Altemus, M., Parkison, V., Shastry, S., 2001. Effects of estrogen antagonists and agonists on the ACTH response to restraint stress in female rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 25,881-891.
Zhang, J., Inazu, M., Tsuji, K., Yamada, E., Takeda, H., Matsumiya, T., 1999. Neurochemical characteristics and behavioral responses to psychological stress in ovariectomized rats. Pharmacol Res 39,455-461.
Abel, E. L., 1994. Behavioral and physiological effects of different water depths in the forced swim test. Physiol Behav 56,411-414.
Agid, O., Shapira, B., Zislin, J., Ritsner, M., Hanin, B., Murad, H., Troudart, T., Bloch, M., Heresco-Levy, U., Lerer, B., 1999. Environment and vulnerability to major psychiatric illness: a case control study of early parental loss in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 4, 163-172.
Agren, H., Reibring, L., Hartvig, P., Tedroff, J., Bjurling, P., Hornfeldt, K., Andersson, Y., Lundqvist, H., Langstrom, B., 1991. Low brain uptake of L-[11C]5-hydroxytryptophan in major depression: a positron emission tomography study on patients and healthy volunteers. Acta Psychiatr Scand 83,449-455.
Ajilore, O. A., Sapolsky, R. M., 1999. In vivo characterization of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat hippocampus using glucocorticoid neuroendangerment as an endpoint. Neuroendocrinology 69,138-144.
Akana, S. F., Chu, A., Soriano, L., Dallman, M. F., 2001. Corticosterone exerts site-specific and state-dependent effects in prefrontal cortex and amygdala on regulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone, insulin and fat depots. J Neuroendocrinol 13,625-637.
Alfonso, J., Frick, L. R., Silberman, D. M., Palumbo, M. L., Genaro, A. M., Frasch, A. C., 2006. Regulation of hippocampal gene expression is conserved in two species subjected to different stressors and antidepressant treatments. Biol Psychiatry 59,244-251.
Altar, C. A., Whitehead, R. E., Chen, R., Wortwein, G., Madsen, T. M., 2003. Effects of electroconvulsive seizures and antidepressant drugs on brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat brain. Biol Psychiatry 54,703-709.
Alves, S. E., Lopez, V., McEwen, B. S., Weiland, N. G., 1998. Differential colocalization of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) with oxytocin and vasopressin in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the female rat brain: an immunocytochemical study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95,3281-3286.
Antoni, F. A., 1993. Vasopressinergic control of pituitary adrenocorticotropin secretion comes of age. Front Neuroendocrinol 14,76-122.
Asberg, M., Traskman, L., 1981. Studies of CSF 5-HIAA in depression and suicidal behaviour. Adv Exp Med Biol 133,739-752.
Baldwin, D., Rudge, S., 1995. The role of serotonin in depression and anxiety. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 9 Suppl 4,41-45.
Bao, A. M., Fischer, D. F., Wu, Y. H., Hol, E. M., Balesar, R., Unmehopa, U. A., Zhou, J. N., Swaab, D. F., 2006. A direct androgenic involvement in the expression of human corticotropin-releasing hormone. Mol Psychiatry 11,567-576.
Bao, A. M., Hestiantoro, A., Van Someren, E. J., Swaab, D. F., Zhou, J. N., 2005. Colocalization of corticotropin-releasing hormone and oestrogen receptor-alpha in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in mood disorders. Brain 128,1301-1313.
Barrett-Connor, E., Von Muhlen, D. G., Kritz-Silverstein, D., 1999. Bioavailable testosterone and depressed mood in older men: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84, 573-577.
Bartanusz, V., Aubry, J. M., Pagliusi, S., Jezova, D., Baffi, J., Kiss, J. Z., 1995. Stress-induced changes in messenger RNA levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate and AMPA receptor subunits in selected regions of the rat hippocampus and hypothalamus. Neuroscience 66,247-252.
Bemardi, M., Sandrini, M., Vergoni, A. V., Marrama, D., Tagliavini, S., Bertolini, A., 1990. Influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on castration-induced 'depression' in mice: a behavioral and binding study. Eur J Pharmacol 187,501-506.
Bernardi, M., Vergoni, A. V., Sandrini, M., Tagliavini, S., Bertolini, A., 1989. Influence of ovariectomy, estradiol and progesterone on the behavior of mice in an experimental model of depression. Physiol Behav 45,1067-1068.
Beskow, J., Gottfries, C. G,. Roos, B. E., Winblad, B., 1976. Determination of monoamine and monoamine metabolites in the human brain: post mortem studies in a group of suicides and in a control group. Acta Psychiatr Scand 53, 7-20.
Biegon, A., McEwen, B. S., 1982. Modulation by estradiol of serotonin receptors in brain. J Neurosci 2, 199-205.
Board, F., Wadeson, R., Persky, H., 1957. Depressive affect and endocrine functions; blood levels of adrenal cortex and thyroid hormones in patients suffering from depressive reactions. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 78,612-620.
Bohus, B., Benus, R. F., Fokkema, D. S., Koolhaas, J. M., Nyakas, C., van Oortmerssen, G. A., Prins, A. J., de Ruiter, A. J., Scheurink, A. J., Steffens, A. B., 1987. Neuroendocrine states and behavioral and physiological stress responses. Prog Brain Res 72,57-70.
Bradbury, M. J., Strack, A. M., Dallman, M. F., 1993. Lesions of the hippocampal efferent pathway (fimbria-fornix) do not alter sensitivity of adrenocorticotropin to feedback inhibition by corticosterone in rats. Neuroendocrinology 58,396-407.
Brady, L. S., Whitfield, H. J., Jr., Fox, R. J., Gold, P. W., Herkenham, M., 1991. Long-term antidepressant administration alters corticotropin-releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase, and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression in rat brain. Therapeutic implications. J Clin Invest 87, 831-837.
Brake, W. G, Flores, G, Francis, D., Meaney, M. J., Srivastava, L. K., Gratton, A., 2000. Enhanced nucleus accumbens dopamine and plasma corticosterone stress responses in adult rats with neonatal excitotoxic lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 96,687-695.
Bremner, J. D., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Nazeer, A., Adil, J., Khan, S., Staib, L. H., Charney, D. S., 2002. Reduced volume of orbitofrontal cortex in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 51,273-279.
Brunello, N., Mendlewicz, J., Kasper, S., Leonard, B., Montgomery, S., Nelson, J., Paykel, E., Versiani, M., Racagni, G., 2002. The role of noradrenaline and selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibition in depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 12,461-475.
Brush, F. R., 1991. Genetic determinants of individual differences in avoidance learning: behavioral and endocrine characteristics. Experientia 47,1039-1050.
Budziszewska, B., Siwanowicz, J., Przegalinski, E., 1994. The effect of chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs on the corticosteroid receptor levels in the rat hippocampus. Pol J Pharmacol 46,147-152.
Burgess, L. H., Handa, R. J., 1992. Chronic estrogen-induced alterations in adrenocorticotropin and corticosterone secretion, and glucocorticoid receptor-mediated functions in female rats. Endocrinology 131,1261-1269.
Buzsaki, G., 2004. Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles. Nat Neurosci 7,446-451.
Callado, L. F., Meana, J. J., Grijalba, B., Pazos, A., Sastre, M., Garcia-Sevilla, J. A., 1998. Selective increase of alpha2A-adrenoceptor agonist binding sites in brains of depressed suicide victims. J Neurochem 70,1114-1123.
Cameron, H. A., Gould, E., 1994. Adult neurogenesis is regulated by adrenal steroids in the dentate gyrus. Neuroscience 61,203-209.
Cao, L., Jiao, X., Zuzga, D. S., Liu, Y., Fong, D. M., Young, D., During, M. J., 2004. VEGF links hippocampal activity with neurogenesis, learning and memory. Nat Genet 36, 827-835.
Carlsson, M., Carlsson, A., 1988. A regional study of sex differences in rat brain serotonin. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 12, 53-61.
Castren, E., 2005. Is mood chemistry? Nat Rev Neurosci 6,241-246.
Cerqueira, J. J., Pego, J. M., Taipa, R., Bessa, J. M., Almeida, O. F., Sousa, N., 2005. Morphological correlates of corticosteroid-induced changes in prefrontal cortex-dependent behaviors. J Neurosci 25,7792-7800.
Chamey, D. S., Heninger, G. R., Sternberg, D. E., Redmond, D. E., Leckman, J. F., Maas, J. W., Roth, R. H., 1981. Presynaptic adrenergic receptor sensitivity in depression. The effect of long-term desipramine treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38,1334-1340.
Conrad, C. D., Galea, L. A., Kuroda, Y., McEwen, B. S., 1996. Chronic stress impairs rat spatial memory on the Y maze, and this effect is blocked by tianeptine pretreatment. Behav Neurosci 110, 1321-1334.
Cook, S. C., Wellman, C. L., 2004. Chronic stress alters dendritic morphology in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurobiol 60, 236-248.
Cooper, B. R., Hester, T. J., Maxwell, R. A., 1980. Behavioral and biochemical effects of the antidepressant bupropion (Wellbutrin): evidence for selective blockade of dopamine uptake in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 215,127-134.
Coppen, A., Shaw, D. M., Malleson, A., 1965. Changes in 5-Hydroxytryptophan Metabolism in Depression. Br J Psychiatry 111,105-107.
Cryan, J. F., Markou, A., Lucki, I., 2002. Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: recent developments and future needs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 23,238-245.
Cullinan, W. E., Herman, J. P., Watson, S. J., 1993. Ventral subicular interaction with the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: evidence for a relay in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. J Comp Neurol 332, 1-20.
Cunningham, B. A., Hemperly, J. J., Murray, B. A., Prediger, E. A., Brackenbury, R., Edelman, G. M., 1987. Neural cell adhesion molecule: structure, immunoglobulin-like domains, cell surface modulation, and alternative RNA splicing. Science 236,799-806.
D'Haenen H, A., Bossuyt, A., 1994. Dopamine D2 receptors in depression measured with single photon emission computed tomography. Biol Psychiatry 35,128-132.
Dailly, E., Chenu, F., Renard, C. E., Bourin, M., 2004. Dopamine, depression and antidepressants. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 18,601-607.
Dalla, C, Antoniou, K., Drossopoulou, G., Xagoraris, M., Kokras, N., Sfikakis, A., Papadopoulou-Daifoti, Z., 2005. Chronic mild stress impact: are females more vulnerable? Neuroscience 135,703-714.
Detke, M. J., Lucki, I., 1996. Detection of serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants in the rat forced swimming test: the effects of water depth. Behav Brain Res 73,43-46.
Detke, M. J., Rickels, M., Lucki, I., 1995. Active behaviors in the rat forced swimming test differentially produced by serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 121, 66-72.
Diorio, D., Viau, V., Meaney, M. J., 1993. The role of the medial prefrontal cortex (cingulate gyrus) in the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. J Neurosci 13, 3839-3847.
Dirks, A., Fish, E. W., Kikusui, T., van der Gugten, J., Groenink, L., Olivier, B., Miczek, K. A., 2002. Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone on distress vocalizations and locomotion in maternally separated mouse pups. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 72,993-999.
Doherty, P., Fazeli, M. S., Walsh, F. S., 1995. The neural cell adhesion molecule and synaptic plasticity. J Neurobiol 26,437-446.
Dong, H. W., Petrovich, G. D., Watts, A. G., Swanson, L. W., 2001. Basic organization of projections from the oval and fusiform nuclei of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis in adult rat brain. J Comp Neurol 436,430-455.
Drevets, W. C, 2000. Functional anatomical abnormalities in limbic and prefrontal cortical structures in major depression. Prog Brain Res 126,413-431.
Drossopoulou, G., Antoniou, K., Kitraki, E., Papathanasiou, G., Papalexi, E., Dalla, C., Papadopoulou-Daifoti, Z., 2004. Sex differences in behavioral, neurochemical and neuroendocrine effects induced by the forced swim test in rats. Neuroscience 126, 849-857.
Duncko, R., Brtko, J., Kvetnansky, R., Jezova, D., 2001. Altered function of peripheral organ systems in rats exposed to chronic mild stress model of depression. Cell Mol Neurobiol 21, 403-411.
Durlach-Misteli, C., Van Ree, J. M., 1992. Dopamine and melatonin in the nucleus accumbens may be unplicated in the mode of action of antidepressant drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 217, 15-21.
Fadda, P., Pani, L., Porcella, A., Fratta, W., 1995. Chronic imipramine, L-sulpiride and mianserin decrease corticotropin releasing factor levels in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 192, 121-123.
Feldman, S., Weidenfeld, J., 1999. Glucocorticoid receptor antagonists in the hippocampus modify the negative feedback following neural stimuli. Brain Res 821,33-37.
Fernandez-Guasti, A., Martinez-Mota, L., 2005. Anxiolytic-like actions of testosterone in the burying behavior test: role of androgen and GABA-benzodiazepine receptors. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30, 762-770.
Ferrier, I. N., McKeith, I. G., Cross, A. J., Perry, E. K., Candy, J. M., Perry, R. H., 1986. Postmortem neurochemical studies in depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 487,128-142.
Figueiredo, H. F., Bruestle, A., Bodie, B., Dolgas, C. M., Herman, J. P., 2003. The medial prefrontal cortex differentially regulates stress-induced c-fos expression in the forebrain depending on type of stressor. Eur J Neurosci 18,2357-2364.
Fink, G., Sumner, B. E., Rosie, R., Grace, O., Quinn, J. P., 1996. Estrogen control of central neurotransmission: effect on mood, mental state, and memory. Cell Mol Neurobiol 16, 325-344.
Forsman, L., Lundberg, U., 1982. Consistency in catecholamine and cortisol excretion in males and females. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 17, 555-562.
Frankenhaeuser, M., von Wright, M. R., Collins, A., von Wright, J., Sedvall, G., Swahn, C. G., 1978. Sex differences in psychoneuroendocrine reactions to examination stress. Psychosom Med 40, 334-343.
Friedmann, B., Kindermann, W., 1989. Energy metabolism and regulatory hormones in women and men during endurance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 59, 1-9.
Frye, C. A., Edinger, K., Sumida, K., 2007. Androgen Administration to Aged Male Mice Increases Anti-Anxiety Behavior and Enhances Cognitive Performance. Neuropsychopharmacology.
Galea, L. A., McEwen, B. S., Tanapat, P., Deak, T., Spencer, R. L., Dhabhar, F. S., 1997. Sex differences in dendritic atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons in response to chronic restraint stress. Neuroscience 81,689-697.4
Gallagher, B. B., Flanigin, H. F., King, D. W., Littleton, W. H., 1987. The effect of electrical stimulation of medial temporal lobe structures in epileptic patients upon ACTH, prolactin, and growth hormone. Neurology 37,299-303.
Gangloff, A., Shi, R., Nahoum, V., Lin, S. X., 2003. Pseudo-symmetry of C19 steroids, alternative binding orientations, and multispecificity in human estrogenic 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Faseb J 17,274-276.
Gilmer, W. S., McKinney, W. T., 2003. Early experience and depressive disorders: human and non-human primate studies. J Affect Disord 75, 97-113.
Gould, E., Tanapat, P., 1999. Stress and hippocampal neurogenesis. Biol Psychiatry 46, 1472-1479.
Haleem, D. J., Kennett, G., Curzon, G., 1988. Adaptation of female rats to stress: shift to male pattern by inhibition of corticosterone synthesis. Brain Res 458,339-347.
Harbuz, M. S., Jessop, D. S., Lightman, S. L., Chowdrey, H. S., 1994. The effects of restraint or hypertonic saline stress on corticotrophin-releasing factor, arginine vasopressin, and proenkephalin A mRNAs in the CFY, Sprague-Dawley and Wistar strains of rat. Brain Res 667, 6-12.
Harris, H. J., Kotelevtsev, Y., Mullins, J. J., Seckl, J. R., Holmes, M. C., 2001. Intracellular regeneration of glucocorticoids by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD)-1 plays a key role in regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: analysis of 11beta-HSD-1-deficient mice. Endocrinology 142,114-120.
Hastings, R. S., Parsey, R. V., Oquendo, M. A., Arango, V., Mann, J. J., 2004. Volumetric analysis of the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 29,952-959.
Heine, V. M., Zareno, J., Maslam, S., Joels, M., Lucassen, P. J., 2005. Chronic stress in the adult dentate gyms reduces cell proliferation near the vasculature and VEGF and Flk-1 protein expression. Eur J Neurosci 21,1304-1314.
Heinsbroek, R. P., Van Haaren, F., Feenstra, M. G., Endert, E., Van de Poll, N. E., 1991. Sex-and time-dependent changes in neurochemical and hormonal variables induced by predictable and unpredictable footshock. Physiol Behav 49, 1251-1256.
Heinz, A., Schmidt, L. G., Reischies, F. M., 1994. Anhedonia in schizophrenic, depressed, or alcohol-dependent patients--neurobiological correlates. Pharmacopsychiatry 27 Suppl 1,7-10.
Herman, J. P., Cullinan, W. E., Morano, M. I., Akil, H., Watson, S. J., 1995. Contribution of the ventral subiculum to inhibitory regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. J Neuroendocrinol 7, 475-482.
Herman, J. P., Cullinan, W. E., Watson, S. J., 1994. Involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in tonic regulation of paraventricular hypothalamic CRH and AVP mRNA expression. J Neuroendocrinol 6,433-442.
Herman, J. P., Figueiredo, H., Mueller, N. K., Ulrich-Lai, Y., Ostrander, M. M, Choi, D. C, Cullinan, W. E., 2003. Central mechanisms of stress integration: hierarchical circuitry controlling hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responsiveness. Front Neuroendocrinol 24, 151-180.
Herman, J. P., Sherman, T. G, 1993. Acute stress upregulates vasopressin gene expression in parvocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 689, 546-549.
Hinde, R. A., Leighton-Shapiro, M. E., McGinnis, L., 1978. Effects of various types of separation experience on rhesus monkeys 5 months later. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 19, 199-211.
Holoubek, G., Noldner, M., Treiber, K., Muller, W. E., 2004. Effect of chronic antidepressant treatment on beta-receptor coupled signal transduction cascade. Which effect matters most? Pharmacopsychiatry 37 Suppl 2, S113-119.
Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Stohler, R., Hatzinger, M., 1991. Repeated administration of the combined dexamethasone-human corticotropin releasing hormone stimulation test during treatment of depression. Psychiatry Res 38,163-171.
Holsboer, F., Barden, N., 1996. Antidepressants and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical regulation. Endocr Rev 17, 187-205.
Holsboer, F., von Bardeleben, U., Wiedemann, K., Muller, O. A., Stalla, G. K., 1987. Serial assessment of corticotropin-releasing hormone response after dexamethasone in depression. Implications for pathophysiology of DST nonsuppression. Biol Psychiatry 22,228-234.
Hrabovszky, E., Kallo, I., Hajszan, T., Shughrue, P. J., Merchenthaler, I., Liposits, Z., 1998. Expression of estrogen receptor-beta messenger ribonucleic acid in oxytocin and vasopressin neurons of the rat supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. Endocrinology 139,2600-2604.
Hua, J. Y., Smith, S. J., 2004. Neural activity and the dynamics of central nervous system development. Nat Neurosci 7,327-332.
Hurley, K. M., Herbert, H., Moga, M. M., Saper, C. B., 1991. Efferent projections of the infralimbic cortex of the rat. J Comp Neurol 308,249-276.
Jefferys, D., Funder, J., 1994. The effect of water temperature on immobility in the forced swimming test in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 253,91-94.
Jiang, Y. Q., Kawashima, H., Iwasaki, Y., Uchida, K., Sugimoto, K., Itoi, K., 2004. Differential effects of forced swim-stress on the corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin gene transcription in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 358,201-204.
Jin, K., Zhu, Y., Sun, Y., Mao, X. O., Xie, L., Greenberg, D. A., 2002. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99, 11946-11950.
Ju, G., Swanson, L. W., 1989. Studies on the cellular architecture of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis in the rat: I. Cytoarchitecture. J Comp Neurol 280,587-602.
Ju, G., Swanson, L. W., Simerly, R. B., 1989. Studies on the cellular architecture of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis in the rat: II. Chemoarchitecture. J Comp Neurol 280, 603-621.
Kant, G. J., Lenox, R. H., Bunnell, B. N., Mougey, E. H., Pennington, L. L., Meyerhoff, J. L., 1983. Comparison of stress response in male and female rats: pituitary cyclic AMP and plasma prolactin, growth hormone and corticosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 8,421-428.
Karten, Y. J., Olariu, A., Cameron, H. A., 2005. Stress in early life inhibits neurogenesis in adulthood. Trends Neurosci 28, 171-172.
Katz, R. J., Schmaltz, K., 1980. Dopaminergic involvement in attention. A novel animal model. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol 4, 585-590.
Kim, J. B., Ju, J. Y., Kim, J. H., Kim, T. Y, Yang, B. H., Lee, Y. S., Son, H., 2004. Dexamethasone inhibits proliferation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Brain Res 1027,1-10.
Kirschbaum, C., Klauer, T., Filipp, S. H., Hellhammer, D. H., 1995a. Sex-specific effects of social support on cortisol and subjective responses to acute psychological stress. Psychosom Med 57,23-31.
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K. M., Hellhammer, D. H., 1995b. Preliminary evidence for reduced cortisol responsivity to psychological stress in women using oral contraceptive medication. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20, 509-514.
Kitay, J. I., 1961. Sex differences in adrenal cortical secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 68, 818-824.
Knigge, K. M., 1961. Adrenocortical response to stress in rats with lesions in hippocampus and amygdala. Proc Soc Exp Bidl Med 108,18-21.
Kolkova, K., Pedersen, N., Berezin, V., Bock, E., 2000. Identification of an amino acid sequence motif in the cytoplasmic domain of the NCAM-140 kDa isoform essential for its neuritogenic activity. J Neurochem 75,1274-1282.
Kornstein, S. G., 1997. Gender differences in depression: implications for treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 58 Suppl 15,12-18.
Kraemer, R. R., Blair, S., Kraemer, G. R., Castracane, V. D., 1989. Effects of treadmill running on plasma beta-endorphin, corticotropin, and cortisol levels in male and female 10K runners. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 58, 845-851.
Krugers, H. J., Koolhaas, J. M., Bohus, B., Korf, J., 1993. A single social stress-experience alters glutamate receptor-binding in rat hippocampal CA3 area. Neurosci Lett 154,73-77.
Kudielka, B. M., Kirschbaum, C., 2005. Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review. Biol Psychol 69,113-132.
Kuiper, G. G., Carlsson, B., Grandien, K., Enmark, E., Haggblad, J., Nilsson, S., Gustafsson, J. A., 1997. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology 138,863-870.
Laasonen-Balk, T., Kuikka, J., Viinamaki, H., Husso-Saastamoinen, M., Lehtonen, J., Tiihonen, J., 1999. Striatal dopamine transporter density in major depression. Psychopharmacology (Ber1) 144,282-285.
Laflamme, N., Nappi, R. E., Drolet, G., Labrie, C., Rivest, S., 1998. Expression and neuropeptidergic characterization of estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta) throughout the rat brain: anatomical evidence of distinct roles of each subtype. J Neurobiol 36,357-378.
Lambert, G., Johansson, M., Agren, H., Friberg, P., 2000. Reduced brain norepinephrine and dopamine release in treatment-refractory depressive illness: evidence in support of the catecholamine hypothesis of mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57, 787-793.
Leonard, B. E., 1997a. Noradrenaline in basic models of depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 7 Suppl 1, S11-16; discussion S71-13.
Leonard, B. E., 1997b. The role of noradrenaline in depression: a review. J Psychopharmacol 11.S39-47.
Li, Y. F., Zhang, Y. Z., Liu, Y. Q., Wang, H. L., Yuan, L., Luo, Z. P., 2004. Moclobemide up-regulates proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells in chronically stressed mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 25, 1408-1412.
Liaw, J. J., He, J. R., Hartman, R. D., Barraclough, C. A., 1992. Changes in tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in medullary A1 and A2 neurons and locus coeruleus following castration and estrogen replacement in rats. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 13,231-238.
Liebsch, G., Linthorst, A. C., Neumann, I. D., Reul, J. M., Holsboer, F., Landgraf, R., 1998. Behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine stress responses and differential sensitivity to diazepam in two Wistar rat lines selectively bred for high- and low-anxiety-related behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 19,381-396.
Linthorst, A. C., Flachskamm, C., Reul, J. M., 2007. Water temperature determines neurochemical and behavioural responses to forced swim stress: An in vivo microdialysis and biotelemetry study in rats. Stress, 1.
Lloyd, K. G., Farley, I. J., Deck, J. H., Hornykiewicz, O., 1974. Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in discrete areas of the brainstem of suicide victims and control patients. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 11,387-397.
Lucki, I., 1997. The forced swimming test as a model for core and component behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs. Behav Pharmacol 8, 523-532.
Luine, V., 2002. Sex differences in chronic stress effects on memory in rats. Stress 5, 205-216.
Lund, T. D., Hinds, L. R., Handa, R. J., 2006. The androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and its metabolite 5alpha-androstan-3beta, 17beta-diol inhibit the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal response to stress by acting through estrogen receptor beta-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus. J Neurosci 26,1448-1456.
Lund, T. D., Munson, D. J., Haldy, M. E., Handa, R. J., 2004. Dihydrotestosterone may inhibit hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity by acting through estrogen receptor in the male mouse. Neurosci Lett 365,43-47.
Ma, X. M., Levy, A., Lightman, S. L., 1997. Rapid changes in heteronuclear RNA for corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in response to acute stress. J Endocrinol 152,81-89.
MacQueen, G. M., Campbell, S., McEwen, B. S., Macdonald, K., Amano, S., Joffe, R. T., Nahmias, C., Young, L. T, 2003. Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Prpc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100, 1387-1392.
Magarinos, A. M., Deslandes, A., McEwen, B. S., 1999. Effects of antidepressants and benzodiazepine treatments on the dendritic structure of CA3 pyramidal neurons after chronic stress. Eur J Pharmacol 371,113-122.
Magarinos, A. M., McEwen, B. S., 1995. Stress-induced atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c neurons: involvement of glucocorticoid secretion and excitatory amino acid receptors. Neuroscience 69,89-98.
Magarinos, A. M., Somoza, G., De Nicola, A. F., 1987. Glucocorticoid negative feedback and glucocorticoid receptors after hippocampectomy in rats. Horm Metab Res 19,105-109.
Magarinos, A. M., Verdugo, J. M., McEwen, B. S., 1997. Chronic stress alters synaptic terminal structure in hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94,14002-14008,
Maier, W., Gansicke, M., Gater, R., Rezaki, M., Tiemens, B., Urzua, R. F., 1999. Gender differences in the prevalence of depression: a survey in primary care. J Affect Disord 53,241-252.
Malberg, J. E., Eisch, A. J., Nestler, E. J., Duman, R. S., 2000. Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 20, 9104-9110.
Mann, J. J., 1998. Neurobiological correlates of the antidepressant action of electroconvulsive therapy. J Ect 14,172-180.
Martini, L., Melcangi, R. C., 1991. Androgen metabolism in the brain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 39, 819-828.
McDonald, A. J., Mascagni, F., Guo, L., 1996. Projections of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortices to the amygdala: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in the rat. Neuroscience 71, 55-75.
McEwen, B. S., Weiss, J. M., Schwartz, L. S., 1968. Selective retention of corticosterone by limbic structures in rat brain. Nature 220,911-912.
McEwen, B. S., Woolley, C. S., 1994. Estradiol and progesterone regulate neuronal structure and synaptic connectivity in adult as well as developing brain. Exp Gerontol 29,431-436.
McKeith, I. G., Marshall, E. F., Ferrier, I. N., Armstrong, M. M., Kennedy, W. N., Perry, R. H., Perry, E. K., Eccleston, D., 1987. 5-HT receptor binding in post-mortem brain from patients with affective disorder. J Affect Disord 13, 67-74.
Meana, J. J., Barturen, F., Garcia-Sevilla, J. A., 1992. Alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the brain of suicide victims: increased receptor density associated with major depression. Biol Psychiatry 31, 471-490.
Mello, A. A., Mello, M. F., Carpenter, L. L., Price, L. H., 2003. Update on stress and depression: the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 25, 231-238.
Meng, I. D., Drugan, R. C., 1993. Sex differences in open-field behavior in response to the beta-carboline FG 7142 in rats. Physiol Behav 54,701-705.
Merschdorf, U., Berg, D., Csoti, I., Fornadi, F., Merz, B., Naumann, M., Becker, G., Supprian, T., 2003. Psychopathological symptoms of depression in Parkinson's disease compared to major depression. Psychopathology 36,221-225.
Mizoguchi, K., Kunishita, T., Chui, D. H., Tabira, T., 1992. Stress induces neuronal death in the hippocampus of castrated rats. Neurosci Lett 138,157-160.
Montgomery, S. A., 1997. Reboxetine: additional benefits to the depressed patient. J Psychopharmacol 11, S9-15.
Morissette, M., Di Paolo, T., 1993. Sex and estrous cycle variations of rat striatal dopamine uptake sites. Neuroendocrinology 58,16-22.
Mouri, T., Itoi, K., Takahashi, K., Suda, T., Murakami, O., Yoshinaga, K., Andoh, N., Ohtani, H., Masuda, T., Sasano, N., 1993. Colocalization of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin in the paraventricular nucleus of the human hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 57,34-39.
Muscat, R., Willner, P., 1992. Suppression of sucrose drinking by chronic mild unpredictable stress: a methodological analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 16, 507-517.
Nacher, J., McEwen, B. S., 2006. The role of N-methyl-D-asparate receptors in neurogenesis. Hippocampus 16,267-270.
Nemeroff, C. B., Bissette, G., Akil, H., Fink, M., 1991. Neuropeptide concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy. Corticotrophin-releasing factor, beta-endorphin and somatostatin. Br J Psychiatry 158,59-63.
Nettles, K. W., Pesold, C., Goldman, M. B., 2000. Influence of the ventral hippocampal formation on plasma vasopressin, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and behavioral responses to novel acoustic stress. Brain Res 858,181-190.
Nibuya, M., Morinobu, S., Duman, R. S., 1995. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments. J Neurosci 15, 7539-7547.
Okugawa, G., Omori, K., Suzukawa, J., Fujiseki, Y., Kinoshita, T., Inagaki, C., 1999. Long-term treatment with antidepressants increases glucocorticoid receptor binding and gene expression in cultured rat hippocampal neurones. J Neuroendocrinol 11, 887-895.
Ongur, D., Drevets, W. C., Price, J. L., 1998. Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95,13290-13295.
Overmier, J. B., Seligman, M. E., 1967. Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding. J Comp Physiol Psychol 63,28-33.
Pak, T. R., Chung, W. C., Hinds, L. R., Hands, R. J., 2007. Estrogen receptor-beta mediates dihydrotestosterone-induced stimulation of the arginine vasopressin promoter in neuronal cells. Endocrinology 148,3371-3382.
Pariante, C. M., Miller, A. H., 2001. Glucocorticoid receptors in major depression: relevance to pathophysiology and treatment. Biol Psychiatry 49,391-404.
Peiffer, A., Veilleux, S., Barden, N., 1991. Antidepressant and other centrally acting drugs regulate glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA levels in rat brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16,505-515.
Penning, T. M., 1997. Molecular endocrinology of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Endocr Rev 18,281-305.
Pepin, M. C., Beaulieu, S., Barden, N., 1989. Antidepressants regulate glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA concentrations in primary neuronal cultures. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 6, 77-83.
Plotsky, P. M., 1991. Pathways to the secretion of adrenocorticotropin: a view from the portal. J Neuroendocrinol 3,1-9.
Porsolt, R. D., Anton, G., Blavet, N., Jalfre, M., 1978. Behavioural despair in rats: a new model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Eur J Pharmacol 47,379-391.
Porsolt, R. D., Le Pichon, M., Jalfre, M., 1977. Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature 266,730-732.
Pozzi, L., Invernizzi, R., Garavaglia, C., Samanin, R., 1999. Fluoxetine increases extracellular dopamine in the prefrontal cortex by a mechanism not dependent on serotonin: a comparison with citalopram. J Neurochem 73, 1051-1057.
Przegalinski, E., Budziszewska, B., 1993. The effect of long-term treatment with antidepressant drugs on the hippocampal mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in rats. Neurosci Lett 161,215-218.
Przegalinski, E., Budziszewska, B., Siwanowicz, J., Jaworska, L., 1993. The effect of repeated combined treatment with nifedipine and antidepressant drugs or electroconvulsive shock on the hippocampal corticosteroid receptors in rats. Neuropharmacology 32, 1397-1400.
Raadsheer, F. C., Hoogendijk, W. J., Stam, F. C., Tilders, F. J., Swaab, D. F., 1994. Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Neuroendocrinology 60,436-444.
Raadsheer, F. C., van Heerikhuize, J. J., Lucassen, P. J., Hoogendijk, W. J., Tilders, F. J., Swaab, D. F., 1995. Corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of patients with Alzheimer's disease and depression. Am J Psychiatry 152,1372-1376.
Radley, J. J., Rocher, A. B., Miller, M., Janssen, W. G., Listen, C., Hof, P. R., McEwen, B. S., Morrison, J. H., 2006. Repeated stress induces dendritic spine loss in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 16,313-320.
Radley, J. J., Sisti, H. M., Hao, J., Rocher, A. B., McCall, T., Hof, P. R., McEwen, B. S., Morrison, J. H., 2004. Chronic behavioral stress induces apical dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 125,1-6.
Rajkowska, G., Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J., Wei, J., Dilley, G., Pittman, S. D., Meltzer, H. Y, Overholser, J. C., Roth, B. L., Stockmeier, C. A., 1999. Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 45, 1085-1098.
Rand, M. N., Breedlove, S. M., 1995. Androgen alters the dendritic arbors of SNB motoneurons by acting upon their target muscles. J Neurosci 15,4408-4416.
Raven, P. W., Taylor, N. F., 1998. 11Beta-HSD and 17beta-HSD as biological markers of depression: sex differences and correlation with symptom severity. Endocr Res 24,659-662.
Renard, G. M., Suarez, M. M., Levin, G. M., Rivarola, M. A., 2005. Sex differences in rats: effects of chronic stress on sympathetic system and anxiety. Physiol Behav 85, 363-369.
Reneric, J. P., Lucki, I., 1998. Antidepressant behavioral effects by dual inhibition of monoamine reuptake in the rat forced swimming test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 136,190-197.
Reul, J. M., de Kloet, E. R., 1985. Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation. Endocrinology 117,2505-2511.
Ronn, L. C., Berezin, V., Bock, E., 2000. The neural cell adhesion molecule in synaptic plasticity and ageing. Int J Dev Neurosci 18, 193-199.
Roy, A., 1985. Early parental separation and adult depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42, 987-991.
Sandi, C, Bisaz, R., 2007. A model for the involvement of neural cell adhesion molecules in stress-related mood disorders. Neuroendocrinology 85, 158-176.
Sandi, C., Davies, H. A., Cordero, M. I., Rodriguez, J. J., Popov, V. I., Stewart, M. G., 2003. Rapid reversal of stress induced loss of synapses in CA3 of rat hippocampus following water maze training. Eur J Neurosci 17,2447-2456.
Sandi, C., Loscertales, ML, 1999. Opposite effects on NCAM expression in the rat frontal cortex induced by acute vs. chronic corticosterone treatments. Brain Res 828, 127-134.
Sapolsky, R. M., Krey, L.C, McEwen, B. S., 1986. The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: the glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. Endocr Rev 7,284-301.
Schildkraut, J. J., 1965. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. Am J Psychiatry 122, 509-522.
Schmidt, M. V., Oitzl, M. S., Levine, S., de Kloet, E. R., 2002. The HPA system during the postnatal development of CD1 mice and the effects of maternal deprivation. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 139,39-49.
Schule, C., Romeo, E., Uzunov, D. P., Eser, D., di Michele, F., Baghai, T. C., Pasini, A., Schwarz, M., Kempter, H., Rupprecht, R., 2006. Influence of mirtazapine on plasma concentrations of neuroactive steroids in major depression and on 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Mol Psychiatry 11,261-272.
Schuster, T., Krug, M., Hassan, H., Schachner, M., 1998. Increase in proportion of hippocampal spine synapses expressing neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM180 following long-term potentiation. J Neurobiol 37,359-372.
Seckl, J. R., Fink, G., 1992. Antidepressants increase glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in rat hippocampus in vivo. Neuroendocrinology 55, 621-626.
Seligman, M. E., Beagley, G., 1975. Learned helplessness in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 88,534-541.
Sesack, S. R., Deutch, A. Y., Roth, R. H., Bunney, B. S., 1989. Topographical organization of the efferent projections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: an anterograde tract-tracing study with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. J Comp Neurol 290,213-242.
Shapiro, R. A., Xu, C., Dorsa, D. M., 2000. Differential transcriptional regulation of rat vasopressin gene expression by estrogen receptor alpha and beta. Endocrinology 141,4056-4064.
Shea, A., Walsh, C., Macmillan, H., Steiner, M., 2005. Child maltreatment and HPA axis dysregulation: relationship to major depressive disorder and post traumatic stress disorder in females. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30,162-178.
Sheline, Y. I., 2000. 3D MRI studies of neuroanatomic changes in unipolar major depression: the role of stress and medical comorbidity. Biol Psychiatry 48, 791-800.
Sheline, Y. I., Gado, M. H., Kraemer, H. C, 2003. Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am J Psychiatry 160,1516-1518.
Sherman, A. D., Sacquitne, J. L., Petty, E, 1982. Specificity of the learned helplessness model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 16,449-454.
Shirayama, Y., Chen, A. C., Nakagawa, S., Russell, D. S., Duman, R. S., 2002. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor produces antidepressant effects in behavioral models of depression. J Neurosci 22,3251-3261.
Simen, B. B., Duman, C. H., Si nen, A. A., Duman, R. S., 2006. TNFalpha signaling in depression and anxiety: behavioral consequences of individual receptor targeting. Biol Psychiatry 59, 775-785.
Siuciak, J. A., Lewis, D. R., Wiegand, S. J., Lindsay, R. M., 1997. Antidepressant-like effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 56, 131-137.
Smith, M. A., Makino, S., Kvetnansky, R., Post, R. M., 1995. Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 15,1768-1777.
Sousa, N., Lukoyanov, N. V., Madeira, M. D., Almeida, O. F., Paula-Barbosa, M. M., 2000. Reorganization of the morphology of hippocampal neurites and synapses after stress-induced damage correlates with behavioral improvement. Neuroscience 97,253-266.
Spyraki, C., Fibiger, H. C., 1980. Functional evidence for subsensitivity of noradrenergic alpha 2 receptors after chronic desipramine treatment. Life Sci 27,1863-1867.
Steckelbroeck, S., Jin, Y., Gopishetty, S., Oyesanmi, B., Penning, T. M., 2004. Human cytosolic 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily display significant 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity: implications for steroid hormone metabolism and action. J Biol Chem 279, 10784-10795.
Stewart, M. G., Davies, H. A., Sandi, C., Kraev, I. V., Rogachevsky, V. V., Peddie, C. J., Rodriguez, J. J., Cordero, M. I., Donohue, H. S., Gabbott, P. L., Popov, V. I., 2005. Stress suppresses and learning induces plasticity in CA3 of rat hippocampus: a three-dimensional ultrastructural study of thorny excrescences and their postsynaptic densities. Neuroscience 131, 43-54.
Stoffel-Wagner, B., 2001, Neurosteroid metabolism in the human brain. Eur J Endocrinol 145, 669-679.
Stoffel-Wagner, B., 2003. Neurosteroid biosynthesis in the human brain and its clinical implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1007,64-78.
Swaab, D. F., Bao, A. M., Lucassen, P. J., 2005. The stress system in the human brain in depression and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 4,141-194.
Tanapat, P., Hastings, N. B., Reeves, A. J., Gould, E., 1999. Estrogen stimulates a transient increase in the number of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the adult female rat. J Neurosci 19, 5792-5801.
Torn, S., Nokelainen, P., Kurkela, R., Pulkka, A., Menjivar, M., Ghosh, S., Coca-Prados, M., Peltoketo, H., Isomaa, V., Vihko, P., 2003. Production, purification, and functional analysis of recombinant human and mouse 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 305,37-45.
Touyarot, K., Sandi, C., 2002. Chronic restraint stress induces an isoform-specific regulation on the neural cell adhesion molecule in the hippocampus. Neural Plast 9,147-159.
Tramu, G., Croix, C., Pillez, A., 1983. Ability of the CRF immunoreactive neurons of the paraventricular nucleus to produce a vasopressin-like material. Immunohistochemical demonstration in adrenalectomized guinea pigs and rats. Neuroendocrinology 37,467-469.
Turner, C. A., Akil, H., Watson, S. J., Evans, S. J., 2006. The fibroblast growth factor system and mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry 59,1128-1135.
Vamvakopoulos, N. C., Chrousos, G. P., 1993. Evidence of direct estrogenic regulation of human corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression. Potential implications for the sexual dimophism of the stress response and immune/inflammatory reaction. J Clin Invest 92, 1896-1902.
van Praag, H., Schinder, A. K., Christie, B. R., Toni, N., Palmer, T. D., Gage, F. H., 2002.
Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature 415,1030-1034.
Vaugeois, J. M., Pouhe, D., Zuccaro, F., Costentin, J., 1996. Indirect dopamine agonists effects on despair test: dissociation from hyperactivity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54,235-239.
Vawter, M. P., Cannon-Spoor, H. E., Hemperly, J. J., Hyde, T. M., VanderPutten, D. M., Kleinman, J. E., Freed, W. J., 1998. Abnormal expression of cell recognition molecules in schizophrenia. Exp Neurol 149,424-432.
Venero, C., Tilling, T., Hermans-Borgmeyer, I., Schmidt, R., Schachner, M., Sandi, C., 2002. Chronic stress induces opposite changes in the mRNA expression of the cell adhesion molecules NCAM and L1.Neuroscience 115,1211-1219.
Viau, V., Lee, P., Sampson, J., Wu, J., 2003. A testicular influence on restraint-induced activation of medial parvocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus in the male rat. Endocrinology 144,3067-3075.
Vollmayr, B., Henn, F. A., 2003. Stress models of depression. Clin Neurosci Res 3,245-251.
von Bardeleben, U., Holsboer, F., 1991. Effect of age on the cortisol response to human corticotropin-releasing hormone in depressed patients pretreated with dexamethasone. Biol Psychiatry 29,1042-1050.
von Bardeleben, U., Steiger, A., Gerken, A., Holsboer, F., 1989. Effects of fluoxetine upon pharmacoendocrine and sleep-EEG parameters in normal controls. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 4 Suppl 1,1-5.
Walf, A. A., Frye, C. A., 2005. Antianxiety and antidepressive behavior produced by physiological estradiol regimen may be modulated by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Neuropsychopharmacology 30,1288-1301.
Warner-Schmidt, J. L., Duman, R. S., 2006. Hippocampal neurogenesis: opposing effects of stress and antidepressant treatment. Hippocampus 16,239-249.
Watanabe, Y., Gould, E., Cameron, H. A., Daniels, D. C., McEwen, B. S., 1992a. Phenytoin prevents stress- and corticosterone-induced atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Hippocampus 2, 431-435.
Watanabe, Y., Gould, E., McEwen, B. S., 1992b. Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 588,341-345.
Webster, J. I., Sternberg, E. M., 2004. Role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptors in toxic sequelae of exposure to bacterial and viral products. J Endocrinol 181,207-221.
Weihua, Z., Andersson, S., Cheng, G., Simpson, E. R., Warner, M., Gustafsson, J. A., 2003. Update on estrogen signaling. FEBS Lett 546,17-24.
Weihua, Z., Lathe, R., Warner, M., Gustafsson, J. A., 2002. An endocrine pathway in the prostate, ERbeta, AR, 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol, and CYP7B1, regulates prostate growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99,13589-13594.
Weihua, Z., Makela, S., Andersson, L. C., Salmi, S., Saji, S., Webster, J. I., Jensen, E. V., Nilsson, S., Warner, M., Gustafsson, J. A., 2001. A role for estrogen receptor beta in the regulation of growth of the ventral prostate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98,6330-6335.
Whitnall, M. H., 1993. Regulation of the hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone neurosecretory system. Prog Neurobiol 40,573-629.
Willner, P., 1997. Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression: a 10-year review and evaluation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 134,319-329.
Willner, P., Muscat, R., Papp, M., 1992. Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia: a realistic animal model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 16, 525-534.
Willner, P., Towell, A., Sampson, D., Sophokleous, S., Muscat, R., 1987. Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic unpredictable mild stress, and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 93,358-364.
Yankova, M., Hart, S. A., Woolley, C. S., 2001. Estrogen increases synaptic connectivity between single presynaptic inputs and multiple postsynaptic CA1 pyramidal cells: a serial electron-microscopic study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 3525-3530.
Yasin, S. A., Costa, A., Besser, G. M., Hucks, D., Grossman, A., Forsling, M. L., 1993. Melatonin and its analogs inhibit the basal and stimulated release of hypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin in vitro. Endocrinology 132,1329-1336.
Yau, J. L., Noble, J., Kenyon, C. J., Hibberd, C., Kotelevtsev, Y., Mullins, J. J., Seckl, J. R., 2001. Lack of tissue glucocorticoid reactivation in 11beta -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice ameliorates age-related learning impairments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 4716-4721.
Yonkers, K. A., Kando, J. C., Cole, J. O., Blumenthal, S., 1992. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of psychotropic medication. Am J Psychiatry 149, 587-595.
Yoshimura, S., Sakamoto, S., Kudo, H., Sassa, S., Kumai, A., Okamoto, R., 2003. Sex-differences in adrenocortical responsiveness during development in rats. Steroids 68, 439-445.
Young, E. A., Altemus, M., Parkison, V., Shastry, S., 2001. Effects of estrogen antagonists and agonists on the ACTH response to restraint stress in female rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 25,881-891.
Zhang, J., Inazu, M., Tsuji, K., Yamada, E., Takeda, H., Matsumiya, T., 1999. Neurochemical characteristics and behavioral responses to psychological stress in ovariectomized rats. Pharmacol Res 39,455-461.