奶牛围产期能量负平衡及其代谢调节机制的研究
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摘要
本研究在集约化牛场开展了奶牛围产期日粮营养水平、生产性能与能量负平衡状况的调查与奶牛围产期能量负平衡及其代谢调节机制的研究两个试验。旨在查明围产期奶牛日粮营养水平、生产性能与能量平衡之间的关系,揭示围产期奶牛能量代谢的变化规律及其调节机制,为今后有效的预防奶牛产后能量负平衡奠定理论基础。
试验一,分别在三个集约化奶牛场(I、II、III)各选取30头(胎次、年龄相近)高产奶牛。在产前21d、14d、7d、分娩当天、产后7d、14d、21d,分别测定奶牛围产期日粮营养水平(能量、蛋白质、脂肪、ADF、NDF、钙和磷)、干物质摄入量、日泌乳量及血液生化指标(Glu、NEFA、BHBA)。结果显示:1)三个牛场试验奶牛围产期日粮营养水平均低于NRC(2001)规定的标准,围产期均呈现不同程度的能量负平衡,其中牛场Ⅰ营养水平最低,能量负平衡发生率最高;2)试验奶牛产后DMI和MY均增加,Glu浓度下降,而血浆NEFA和BHBA浓度升高,其中牛场Ⅰ的MY最高,血浆BHBA水平最高。
试验二,在某一集约化牛场选取30头(胎次、年龄相近)高产奶牛30头,分为血糖较高组(H)和血糖较低组(L),每组各15头。在产前21d、14d、7d、分娩当天、产后7d、14d、21d,分别测定奶牛围产期日粮营养水平(能量、蛋白质、脂肪、ADF、NDF、钙和磷)、干物质摄入量、日泌乳量、血液理化指标(Glu、NEFA、BHBA、INS、Gn、Lepin、Cor)。结果显示:1)H组与L组产后血浆Glu水平均降低,并且伴有血浆NEFA和BHBA升高,L组血浆NEFA和BHBA水平高于H组(P<0.05);2)H组血浆INS与Leptin水平高于L组(P<0.05),血浆Gn与Cor水平低于L组(P<0.05)。
结论:1)日粮营养水平与DMI不能满足泌乳需要是造成围产期奶牛能量负平衡的主要原因。2)围产期奶牛能通过神经内分泌(Gn、Ins、Leptin和Cor)调节作用缓解能量负平衡,但详细的调节机制还有待于进一步研究。
In this study, there are two experiments designed to investigate on state of energy balance, production performances, and dietary nutrition level, and to study the negative energy balance and its energy metabolic mechanism in transition period in the intensive dairy cows. The objectives were to ascertain relationship between the dietary nutrition level, production performances and energy balance, and to reveal the rule and regulation mechanism of dairy cows energy metabolism in transition period. It provide a theoretical foundation for effective prevention of dairy cows negative energy balance(NEB) at postpartum in the future.
In experiment one, thirty High Producing Dairy cows were chosen with similar years, parities in three different intensive dairy farm (I, II, III). At days of 21, 14 ,7 before calving, parturition, 21, 14 ,7 after calving, the nutritional level(energy, protein, fat, ADF, NDF, Ca and P) , dry matter intake, milk yield and metabolic parameters(Glu, NEFA, BHBA) were measured separately. Results indicated that 1) The dietary nutrition level in three dairy farms did not reach to the feeding standards of NRC (2001) , and there were in different extent NEB in three dairy farms. The dietary nutrition level in farmⅠwas the lowest, and NEB was the most severe. 2) Dry matter intake and milk yield always increased after calving in the three dairy farms, and level of plasma Glu deceased, but concentration of plasma NEFA and BHBA increased. Milk yield in dairy farmⅠwas the highest, so was level of plasma BHBA.
In experiment two, thirty high producing dairy cows chosen (similar years and parities) in a dairy farm were divided into higher glucose group (H) and lower glucose group (L) respectively in transition period, fifteen cows per group. At days of 21, 14 ,7 before calving, parturition, 21, 14 ,7 after calving, the nutritional level(energy, protein, fat, ADF, NDF, Ca and P) , dry matter intake, milk yield and metabolic parameters(Glu, NEFA, BHBA, INS, Gn, Lp and Cor) were measured separately. Results indicated that 1) Level of plasma Glu deceased in group H and L, and plasma NEFA and BHBA increased, but level of NEFA and BHBA in group L was higher than that in group H (P <0.05). 2) Level of plasma INS and Leptin in group H was higher than that in group L(P<0.05), and plasma Gn and Cor was lower than that in group L(P<0.05).
Conclusions obtained that 1) A main cause of dairy cows NEB may due to the lower dietary nutrient levels and the decease of dry matter intake in transition, which can not meet demand of lactation requirement. 2) The cows may improve the Negative Energy Balance by the Neuroendocrine(Gn、Ins、Leptin and Cor)in transtion period, but the mechanism remains unclear in some Aspects, further study is needed in the future.
试验一,分别在三个集约化奶牛场(I、II、III)各选取30头(胎次、年龄相近)高产奶牛。在产前21d、14d、7d、分娩当天、产后7d、14d、21d,分别测定奶牛围产期日粮营养水平(能量、蛋白质、脂肪、ADF、NDF、钙和磷)、干物质摄入量、日泌乳量及血液生化指标(Glu、NEFA、BHBA)。结果显示:1)三个牛场试验奶牛围产期日粮营养水平均低于NRC(2001)规定的标准,围产期均呈现不同程度的能量负平衡,其中牛场Ⅰ营养水平最低,能量负平衡发生率最高;2)试验奶牛产后DMI和MY均增加,Glu浓度下降,而血浆NEFA和BHBA浓度升高,其中牛场Ⅰ的MY最高,血浆BHBA水平最高。
试验二,在某一集约化牛场选取30头(胎次、年龄相近)高产奶牛30头,分为血糖较高组(H)和血糖较低组(L),每组各15头。在产前21d、14d、7d、分娩当天、产后7d、14d、21d,分别测定奶牛围产期日粮营养水平(能量、蛋白质、脂肪、ADF、NDF、钙和磷)、干物质摄入量、日泌乳量、血液理化指标(Glu、NEFA、BHBA、INS、Gn、Lepin、Cor)。结果显示:1)H组与L组产后血浆Glu水平均降低,并且伴有血浆NEFA和BHBA升高,L组血浆NEFA和BHBA水平高于H组(P<0.05);2)H组血浆INS与Leptin水平高于L组(P<0.05),血浆Gn与Cor水平低于L组(P<0.05)。
结论:1)日粮营养水平与DMI不能满足泌乳需要是造成围产期奶牛能量负平衡的主要原因。2)围产期奶牛能通过神经内分泌(Gn、Ins、Leptin和Cor)调节作用缓解能量负平衡,但详细的调节机制还有待于进一步研究。
In this study, there are two experiments designed to investigate on state of energy balance, production performances, and dietary nutrition level, and to study the negative energy balance and its energy metabolic mechanism in transition period in the intensive dairy cows. The objectives were to ascertain relationship between the dietary nutrition level, production performances and energy balance, and to reveal the rule and regulation mechanism of dairy cows energy metabolism in transition period. It provide a theoretical foundation for effective prevention of dairy cows negative energy balance(NEB) at postpartum in the future.
In experiment one, thirty High Producing Dairy cows were chosen with similar years, parities in three different intensive dairy farm (I, II, III). At days of 21, 14 ,7 before calving, parturition, 21, 14 ,7 after calving, the nutritional level(energy, protein, fat, ADF, NDF, Ca and P) , dry matter intake, milk yield and metabolic parameters(Glu, NEFA, BHBA) were measured separately. Results indicated that 1) The dietary nutrition level in three dairy farms did not reach to the feeding standards of NRC (2001) , and there were in different extent NEB in three dairy farms. The dietary nutrition level in farmⅠwas the lowest, and NEB was the most severe. 2) Dry matter intake and milk yield always increased after calving in the three dairy farms, and level of plasma Glu deceased, but concentration of plasma NEFA and BHBA increased. Milk yield in dairy farmⅠwas the highest, so was level of plasma BHBA.
In experiment two, thirty high producing dairy cows chosen (similar years and parities) in a dairy farm were divided into higher glucose group (H) and lower glucose group (L) respectively in transition period, fifteen cows per group. At days of 21, 14 ,7 before calving, parturition, 21, 14 ,7 after calving, the nutritional level(energy, protein, fat, ADF, NDF, Ca and P) , dry matter intake, milk yield and metabolic parameters(Glu, NEFA, BHBA, INS, Gn, Lp and Cor) were measured separately. Results indicated that 1) Level of plasma Glu deceased in group H and L, and plasma NEFA and BHBA increased, but level of NEFA and BHBA in group L was higher than that in group H (P <0.05). 2) Level of plasma INS and Leptin in group H was higher than that in group L(P<0.05), and plasma Gn and Cor was lower than that in group L(P<0.05).
Conclusions obtained that 1) A main cause of dairy cows NEB may due to the lower dietary nutrient levels and the decease of dry matter intake in transition, which can not meet demand of lactation requirement. 2) The cows may improve the Negative Energy Balance by the Neuroendocrine(Gn、Ins、Leptin and Cor)in transtion period, but the mechanism remains unclear in some Aspects, further study is needed in the future.
引文
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