住院2型糖尿病患者能量供给量及营养干预研究
|
摘要
目的
1.从能量平衡角度,评价通用系数法作为住院2型糖尿病患者能量供给方法的合理性。
2.从底物水平上研究营养干预对住院2型糖尿病患者物质代谢的影响,为临床营养治疗提供参考依据。
方法
1.住院2型糖尿病患者能量供给量研究
选择我院内分泌科2010.5～2011.3期间住院的2型糖尿病患者,共100例,男女各50例。均符合1999年WHO糖尿病诊断标准。所有患者根据BMI分为三组,正常体重组(18.5kg/m2≤BMI<24kg/m2,A组)、超重组(24 kg/m2≤BMI<28kg/m2,B组)和肥胖组(BMI≤28kg/m2,C组)。住院期间患者能量供给采用通用系数法,即按照单位理想体重计算基本能量供给量,再根据患者的年龄、性别和饮食习惯等进行调整。调整后实际能量供给量仍在20～30 kcal/kg IBW/d。蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的比例分别按15%～20%、20%～30%和55%～60%供给。对所有患者进行间接能量测定获得REE,并分别比较不同组间住院2型糖尿病患者实际能量供给量与REE的差异。
2.住院2型糖尿病患者营养干预研究
选择我院内分泌科2010.9～2011.3期间住院的2型糖尿病患者9例为试验组。选择同期门诊2型糖尿病患者9例为对照组。试验组患者住院后即对其进行营养干预,能量供给采用通用系数法,即按照单位理想体重计算基本能量供给量,再根据患者的年龄、性别和饮食习惯等进行调整。调整后实际能量供给范围在20～30 kcal/kg IBW/d；蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的比例分别按照15%～20%、20%～30%和55%～60%供给；营养干预10～12天。对照组仅给予饮食指导,未进行严格的营养干预。两组患者均接受药物治疗。试验组患者分别于干预前和干预后第10～12天进行两次空腹和餐后2h血糖、人体成分分析和间接能量测定。对照组患者为1个月内进行两次空腹和餐后2h血糖、人体成分分析和间接能量测定。比较两组患者前后两次空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、去脂体重、体脂肪量、内脏脂肪面积、静息能量消耗、呼吸商、非蛋白呼吸商、24 h尿氮、蛋白质氧化率、脂肪氧化率和碳水化合物氧化率的改变情况。
结果
1.住院2型糖尿病患者能量供给量研究
(1)基本资料100例2型糖尿病患者中,81例(81%)均为超重或肥胖。三组年龄、病史、身高等指标比较差异均无统计学意义。
(2)血糖指标三组患者经过住院期间的治疗过程,空腹血糖、早餐后2 h、午餐后2h和晚餐后2h均较前有明显降低,差异均有统计学意义。
(3)营养治疗量三组患者能量供给量差异均无统计学意义。三组患者平均能量供给量为(26.3±3.2)kcal/kg IBW。三组患者蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物供给比例比较差异均无统计学意义。
(4)代谢率指标三组患者REE比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002),两两比较发现,A和B、C组比较差异均有统计学意义(P=0.009,P=0.001),而B和C组比较差异无统计学意义。但采用去脂体重进行校正后,三组间REE差异均无统计学意义。三组患者RQ、npRQ,24 h尿氮,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物底物氧化率比较,差异均无统计学意义。
(5)能量供给量与REE的比较A组患者能量供给量平均水平与REE比较,差异无统计学意义,能量供给量约是REE的1.05倍；B组患者能量供给量平均水平低于REE(P=0.000)约150 kcal,约为REE的0.92倍；C组患者能量供给量平均水平低于REE(P=0.000)约300 kcal,约为REE的0.84倍。
2.住院2型糖尿病患者营养干预研究
(1)基本资料两组患者年龄、性别、身高、体重和BMI比较,差异均无统计学意义。
(2)血糖指标试验组患者干预后空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖均低于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.002,P=0.018)。对照组患者空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖干预后也低于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.037,P=0.010)
(3)人体成分两组患者干预前、后去脂体重、体脂肪量、内脏脂肪面积分别比较,差异均无统计学意义。
(4)代谢率指标干预后两组患者REE和单位去脂体重REE,分别与干预前比较,差异均无统计学意义。两组患者RQ和npRQ,干预前分别比较差异均无统计学意义,干预后分别比较差异均有统计学意义(P=0.044,P=0.038)。试验组干预前后RQ和npRQ分别进行比较,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.034,P=0.020)。对照组前后两次RQ和npRQ分别进行比较,差异均无统计学意义。两组患者蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物氧化率比较,干预后试验组碳水化合物氧化率高于对照组(P=0.042),而蛋白质和脂肪氧化率两组比较差异无统计学意义；试验组干预后碳水化合物氧化率高于干预前(P=0.044),蛋白质和脂肪氧化率前后比较差异无统计学意义。对照组干预前后比较,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物氧化率均无统计学差异。
结论
1.采用通用系数法供给能量,从能量平衡角度来说,可以满足2型糖尿病患者达到理想体重或适宜体重的能量控制要求。
2.采用通用系数法对2型糖尿病患者进行营养干预,可以改善糖尿病患者体内的糖利用障碍,从而在一定程度上纠正糖脂代谢紊乱状态。
Objective
1. To evaluate the rationality of general coefficient method to supply energy for hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes, according to energy balance.
2. To study the effect of nutrition intervention on substance metabolism of hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes, on the level of substrate oxidation, as references for clinical nutrition therapy.
Methods
1. Study on energy supply in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes
All 100(50 men and 50 women) type 2 diabetes patients hospitalized in the Endocrinology between May 2010 and March 2011 were chosen,which were diagnosed according to diabetes diagnostic criteria of WHO in 1999. All the patients were divided into three groups according to BMI, which were normal body weight group (18.5 kg/m2≤BMI< 24 kg/m2, Group A), overweight group (24 kg/m2≤BMI< 28 kg/m2, Group B) and obesity group (BMI≥28 kg/m, Group C). In the duration of hospital stay, energy supply for patients was calculated by general coefficient method, from 20 to 30 kcal/kg ideal body weight, and the proportion of protein, fat and carbohydrate were from 15% to 20%,20% to 30% and 55% to 60%, respectively. REE were measured as soon as patients hospitalized by indirect calorimetry. And to study the differences between energy supply and REE in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes.
2. Nutrition intervention study in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes
Nine type 2 diabetes patients hospitalized in the Endocrinology from September 2010 to March 2011 were chosen as test group. Nine type 2 diabetes outpatients in the same time were chosen as control group. In the test group, the energy supply was calculated by general coefficient method, from 20 to 30 kcal/kg ideal body weight. The proportion of protein, fat, and carbohydrate was 15% to 20%,20% to 30% and 55% to 60%, respectively. The test group was given nutrition intervention for 10 to 14 days, and the control group was given diet instruction, merely. The changes of fasting blood glucose,2-hours postprandial glucose, resting energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, non-protein respiratory quotient, substrate oxidization of protein, fat and carbohydrate of the two groups before and after intervention were compared.
Results
1. Study on energy supply in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes
(1) Basic data Among the 100 type 2 diabetes,81 cases were overweight or fat. The differences of age, gender and height in three groups had no statistically significance.
(2) Blood glucose index Fasting blood glucose,2-hours postprandial glucose were decreased after therapy in all three groups(P all was 0.000).
(3) Nutrition therapy The differences of energy supply in three groups had no statistically significance.
(4) Metabolic rate measurement index The differences of REE in the three type 2 diabetes groups had statistically significance(P=0.002).
(5) Comparison of actual energy supply and REE In the normal weight type 2 diabetes, the actual energy supply is equal to REE; Overweight patients is less than REE (P=0.000) about 150 kcal; Obesity is less than (P=0.000) REE about 300 kcal.
2. Nutrition intervention study in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes
(1) Basic data Comparing the age, sex, body height, weight and BMI between the two groups, the differences had no statistically significance.
(2) Blood glucose Fasting blood glucose,2-hours postprandial glucose were decreased after intervention in both two groups(P all was 0.000).
(3) Metabolic rate measurement index REE had no statistically significance before and after intervention. In the test group, RQ and npRQ both had statistically significance before and after intervention (P=0.034,P=0.020),but not in control group.
Conclusion
(1) The general coefficient method for energy supply of type 2 diabetes is appropriate for weight maintenance.
(2) Nutrition intervention can raise carbohydrate's oxidization rate and respiratory quotient, which is helpful in correcting patients'metabolic disorder.
1.从能量平衡角度,评价通用系数法作为住院2型糖尿病患者能量供给方法的合理性。
2.从底物水平上研究营养干预对住院2型糖尿病患者物质代谢的影响,为临床营养治疗提供参考依据。
方法
1.住院2型糖尿病患者能量供给量研究
选择我院内分泌科2010.5～2011.3期间住院的2型糖尿病患者,共100例,男女各50例。均符合1999年WHO糖尿病诊断标准。所有患者根据BMI分为三组,正常体重组(18.5kg/m2≤BMI<24kg/m2,A组)、超重组(24 kg/m2≤BMI<28kg/m2,B组)和肥胖组(BMI≤28kg/m2,C组)。住院期间患者能量供给采用通用系数法,即按照单位理想体重计算基本能量供给量,再根据患者的年龄、性别和饮食习惯等进行调整。调整后实际能量供给量仍在20～30 kcal/kg IBW/d。蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的比例分别按15%～20%、20%～30%和55%～60%供给。对所有患者进行间接能量测定获得REE,并分别比较不同组间住院2型糖尿病患者实际能量供给量与REE的差异。
2.住院2型糖尿病患者营养干预研究
选择我院内分泌科2010.9～2011.3期间住院的2型糖尿病患者9例为试验组。选择同期门诊2型糖尿病患者9例为对照组。试验组患者住院后即对其进行营养干预,能量供给采用通用系数法,即按照单位理想体重计算基本能量供给量,再根据患者的年龄、性别和饮食习惯等进行调整。调整后实际能量供给范围在20～30 kcal/kg IBW/d；蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的比例分别按照15%～20%、20%～30%和55%～60%供给；营养干预10～12天。对照组仅给予饮食指导,未进行严格的营养干预。两组患者均接受药物治疗。试验组患者分别于干预前和干预后第10～12天进行两次空腹和餐后2h血糖、人体成分分析和间接能量测定。对照组患者为1个月内进行两次空腹和餐后2h血糖、人体成分分析和间接能量测定。比较两组患者前后两次空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、去脂体重、体脂肪量、内脏脂肪面积、静息能量消耗、呼吸商、非蛋白呼吸商、24 h尿氮、蛋白质氧化率、脂肪氧化率和碳水化合物氧化率的改变情况。
结果
1.住院2型糖尿病患者能量供给量研究
(1)基本资料100例2型糖尿病患者中,81例(81%)均为超重或肥胖。三组年龄、病史、身高等指标比较差异均无统计学意义。
(2)血糖指标三组患者经过住院期间的治疗过程,空腹血糖、早餐后2 h、午餐后2h和晚餐后2h均较前有明显降低,差异均有统计学意义。
(3)营养治疗量三组患者能量供给量差异均无统计学意义。三组患者平均能量供给量为(26.3±3.2)kcal/kg IBW。三组患者蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物供给比例比较差异均无统计学意义。
(4)代谢率指标三组患者REE比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002),两两比较发现,A和B、C组比较差异均有统计学意义(P=0.009,P=0.001),而B和C组比较差异无统计学意义。但采用去脂体重进行校正后,三组间REE差异均无统计学意义。三组患者RQ、npRQ,24 h尿氮,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物底物氧化率比较,差异均无统计学意义。
(5)能量供给量与REE的比较A组患者能量供给量平均水平与REE比较,差异无统计学意义,能量供给量约是REE的1.05倍；B组患者能量供给量平均水平低于REE(P=0.000)约150 kcal,约为REE的0.92倍；C组患者能量供给量平均水平低于REE(P=0.000)约300 kcal,约为REE的0.84倍。
2.住院2型糖尿病患者营养干预研究
(1)基本资料两组患者年龄、性别、身高、体重和BMI比较,差异均无统计学意义。
(2)血糖指标试验组患者干预后空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖均低于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.002,P=0.018)。对照组患者空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖干预后也低于干预前,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.037,P=0.010)
(3)人体成分两组患者干预前、后去脂体重、体脂肪量、内脏脂肪面积分别比较,差异均无统计学意义。
(4)代谢率指标干预后两组患者REE和单位去脂体重REE,分别与干预前比较,差异均无统计学意义。两组患者RQ和npRQ,干预前分别比较差异均无统计学意义,干预后分别比较差异均有统计学意义(P=0.044,P=0.038)。试验组干预前后RQ和npRQ分别进行比较,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.034,P=0.020)。对照组前后两次RQ和npRQ分别进行比较,差异均无统计学意义。两组患者蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物氧化率比较,干预后试验组碳水化合物氧化率高于对照组(P=0.042),而蛋白质和脂肪氧化率两组比较差异无统计学意义；试验组干预后碳水化合物氧化率高于干预前(P=0.044),蛋白质和脂肪氧化率前后比较差异无统计学意义。对照组干预前后比较,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物氧化率均无统计学差异。
结论
1.采用通用系数法供给能量,从能量平衡角度来说,可以满足2型糖尿病患者达到理想体重或适宜体重的能量控制要求。
2.采用通用系数法对2型糖尿病患者进行营养干预,可以改善糖尿病患者体内的糖利用障碍,从而在一定程度上纠正糖脂代谢紊乱状态。
Objective
1. To evaluate the rationality of general coefficient method to supply energy for hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes, according to energy balance.
2. To study the effect of nutrition intervention on substance metabolism of hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes, on the level of substrate oxidation, as references for clinical nutrition therapy.
Methods
1. Study on energy supply in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes
All 100(50 men and 50 women) type 2 diabetes patients hospitalized in the Endocrinology between May 2010 and March 2011 were chosen,which were diagnosed according to diabetes diagnostic criteria of WHO in 1999. All the patients were divided into three groups according to BMI, which were normal body weight group (18.5 kg/m2≤BMI< 24 kg/m2, Group A), overweight group (24 kg/m2≤BMI< 28 kg/m2, Group B) and obesity group (BMI≥28 kg/m, Group C). In the duration of hospital stay, energy supply for patients was calculated by general coefficient method, from 20 to 30 kcal/kg ideal body weight, and the proportion of protein, fat and carbohydrate were from 15% to 20%,20% to 30% and 55% to 60%, respectively. REE were measured as soon as patients hospitalized by indirect calorimetry. And to study the differences between energy supply and REE in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes.
2. Nutrition intervention study in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes
Nine type 2 diabetes patients hospitalized in the Endocrinology from September 2010 to March 2011 were chosen as test group. Nine type 2 diabetes outpatients in the same time were chosen as control group. In the test group, the energy supply was calculated by general coefficient method, from 20 to 30 kcal/kg ideal body weight. The proportion of protein, fat, and carbohydrate was 15% to 20%,20% to 30% and 55% to 60%, respectively. The test group was given nutrition intervention for 10 to 14 days, and the control group was given diet instruction, merely. The changes of fasting blood glucose,2-hours postprandial glucose, resting energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, non-protein respiratory quotient, substrate oxidization of protein, fat and carbohydrate of the two groups before and after intervention were compared.
Results
1. Study on energy supply in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes
(1) Basic data Among the 100 type 2 diabetes,81 cases were overweight or fat. The differences of age, gender and height in three groups had no statistically significance.
(2) Blood glucose index Fasting blood glucose,2-hours postprandial glucose were decreased after therapy in all three groups(P all was 0.000).
(3) Nutrition therapy The differences of energy supply in three groups had no statistically significance.
(4) Metabolic rate measurement index The differences of REE in the three type 2 diabetes groups had statistically significance(P=0.002).
(5) Comparison of actual energy supply and REE In the normal weight type 2 diabetes, the actual energy supply is equal to REE; Overweight patients is less than REE (P=0.000) about 150 kcal; Obesity is less than (P=0.000) REE about 300 kcal.
2. Nutrition intervention study in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes
(1) Basic data Comparing the age, sex, body height, weight and BMI between the two groups, the differences had no statistically significance.
(2) Blood glucose Fasting blood glucose,2-hours postprandial glucose were decreased after intervention in both two groups(P all was 0.000).
(3) Metabolic rate measurement index REE had no statistically significance before and after intervention. In the test group, RQ and npRQ both had statistically significance before and after intervention (P=0.034,P=0.020),but not in control group.
Conclusion
(1) The general coefficient method for energy supply of type 2 diabetes is appropriate for weight maintenance.
(2) Nutrition intervention can raise carbohydrate's oxidization rate and respiratory quotient, which is helpful in correcting patients'metabolic disorder.
引文
1. Yang WY, Lu JM, Weng JP, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China [J]. N Engl J Med,2010,362:1090-1101.
2.中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2007年版)[J].中华医学杂志,2008,88(18)：1227.
3. American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes- 2010 [J]. Diabetes Care,2010,33:S11-S61
4. American Diabetes Association. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes [J]. Diabetes Care,2008,31(suppl 1):S61-S78.
5.迟家敏,主编.实用糖尿病学[M].第3版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2009：210.
6. Schoeller DA. Making indirect calorimetry a gold standard for predicting energy requirements for institutionalized patients [J]. J Am Diet Assoc,2007,107(3): 390-392.
7.吴国豪主编.实用临床营养学[M].第1版.上海：复旦大学出版社,2006.
8. Flancbaum 1L, Choban PS, Sambucco S, et al. Comparison of indirect calormietry, the Fick method, and prediction equations in estmiating the energy requirements of critically ill patients [J].Am J Clin Nutr,1999,69(3):461-466.
9. Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW. Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease [J]. Diabetes,2007,56(11):2655-2667.
10. Kreymann G, Adolph M, Mueller MJ.Working group for developing the guidelines for parenteral nutrition of The German Association for Nutritional Medicine.Energy expenditure and energy intake - Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition, Chapter 3[J]. Ger Med Sci,2009,7:s1-s7.
11. Tappy L, Jequier E. The components of energy expenditure in human obesity [J]. Acta Clin Belg Suppl,1992,14:13-17.
12. Tappy L, Schneiter PH. Mesurement of substrate oxidation in man [J].Diabetes&Metabolism,1997,23(5):435.
13. EI-Assaad W, Buteau J, Peyot M, et al. Saturated fatty acids synergize with elevated glucose to cause pancreatic β-cell death [J]. Endocrinology,2003,144(9): 4154-4163.
14. Hill JO, Peters JC, Reed GW, et al. Nutrient balance in humans:effects of diet composition [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,1991,54 (1):10-17.
15.于康.糖尿病医学营养干预的证据支持[J].临床药物治疗杂志,2010,8(5)：5-8.
16.中国肥胖问题工作组数据汇总分析协作组.我国成人体重指数和腰围对相关疾病危险因素异常的预测价值：适宜体重指数和腰围切点的研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2002,23(1)：5-10.
17.中国肥胖问题工作组.中国成人超重和肥胖症预防与控制指南(节录)[J].营养学报,2004,26(1)：1
18.李茂青,徐国海,严晓青.2型糖尿病患者C肽浓度测定的临床意义探讨[J].西南军医,2008,10(2)：53-54.
19. James P, Williams K, Narayan KM, et al. A population perspective on diabetes prevention [J]. Diabetes Care,2003,26:1999-2004
20.杨雁慧,焦玲,吕莺,等.2型糖尿病患者体重指数与空腹胰岛素水平的关系[J].中国实用医药,2010,5(7)：61-62.
21. Hadaegh F, Zabetian A, Harati H, et al. Waist/height ratio as a better predictor of type 2 diabetes compared to body mass index in Tehranian adult men--a 3.6-year prospective study [J].Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2006,114(6):310-315.
22. Lopatynski J,Mardarowicz G,Szczesniak G.A comparative evaluation of waist circumference,waist to hip ratio,waist to height ratio and body mass index as indicators of impaired glucose tolerance and as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska,2003,58:413-419.
23. Taylor AE, Ebrahim S, Ben-Shlomo Y, et al. Comparison of the associations of body mass index and measures of central adiposity and fat mass with coronary heart disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality:a study using data from 4 UK cohorts [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2010,91(3):547-556.
24.陆晓.体重控制[J].国外医学：物理医学与康复学分册,2000,20(3)：128-130.
25.高燕燕.2型糖尿病与体脂分布的关系[J].辽宁医学杂志,2000,14(6)：284-285.
26. Matsuzawa Y. The metabolic syndrome and adipocytokines [J].FEBS Lett,2006, 580(12):2917-2921.
27. Wu HY, Xu SY, Chen LL, et al.Waist to height ratio as a predictor of abdominal fat distribution in men [J]. Chin J Physiol,2009,52(6):441-445.
28. Gupta R, Rastogi P, Sarna M, et al. Body-mass index, waist-size, waist-hip ratio and cardiovascular risk factors in urban subjects [J]. J Assoc Physicians India, 2007,55:621-627.
29. Hadaegh F,Zabetian A,Harati H,Azizi F.Waist/height ratio as a better predictor of type 2 diabetes compared to body mass index in Tehranian adult men-a 3.6-year prospective study [J].Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2006,114:310-315.
30. Cristo Rodriguez Perez MD, Cabrera De Leon A, Aguirre-Jaime A, et al.The waist to height ratio as an index of cardiovascular risk and diabetes [J]. Med Clin (Barc),2010,134(9):386-391.
31.徐冬连,李群,曾珊.赵婷老年糖尿病患者膳食营养状况对脂质代谢的影响[J].江苏医药,2010,36(16)：1936-1937.
32. Davis N, Forbes B, Wylie-Rosett J.Nutritional strategies in type 2 diabetes [J]. Mount Sinai J Med,2009,76:257-268.
33. MandersRJ, Koopman R, BeelenM. The muscle protein synthetic response to carbohydrate and protein ingestion is not impaired in men with longstanding type 2 diabetes [J]. J Nutr,2008,138:1079-1085.
34. American Association of clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Management of Diabtetes Mellitus Guidelines [J]. Endocr Pract,2007,13(Suppl 1):s1-s68.
35. Iff S, Leuenberger M, Rosch S. Meeting the nutritional requirements of hospitalized patients:an interdisciplinary approach to hospital catering [J]. Clin Nutr,2008,27(6):800-805.
36. Astrup A, Rossner S, Van Gaal L. Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study [J]. Lancet,2009, 374(9701):1606-1616.
37. Bao J, de Jong V, Atkinson F. Food insulin index:physiologic basis for predicting insulin demand evoked by composite meals [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2009, 90(4):986-992.
38. Sievenpiper JL, Carleton AJ, Chatha S. Heterogeneous effects of fructose on blood lipids in individuals with type 2 diabetes:systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental trials in humans [J]. Diabetes Care,2009, 32(10):1930-1937.
39. Gougeon R, Lamarche M, Yale J-F, et al. The prediction of resting energy expenditure in type 2 diabetes mellitus is improved by factoring for glycemia [J]. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord,2002,26 (12):1547-1552.
40.孙学丽,齐玉梅.2型糖尿病患者的营养治疗[J].中国热带医学,2010,10(11)：1424-1425.
41.田景伦,周毛吉,何书经,等.脂代谢紊乱对2型糖尿病患者早期胰岛素分泌和胰岛素抵抗的影响[J].重庆医科大学学报,2007,32(8)：866-876.
42.廖二元,莫昭晖.内分泌学[M].第2版(下册).北京：人民卫生出版社,2007：1360
43. McGarry JD. Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the etiology of type 2 diabetes [J]. Diabetes,2002,51 (1):7-18.
44.孔树佳,付继华.胰岛素抵抗与糖、脂代谢紊乱[J].中国老年学杂志,2009,29(18)：2403-2405.
45.侯志敏.2型糖尿病中葡萄糖代谢异常的研究进展[J].廊坊师范学院学报(自然科学版),2009,9(2)：59-61.
46.郭彩华,蔡慧农,卢珍华.糖尿病的生化机理浅释[J].生物学通报,2003,38(3)：24-25.
47. Coss-Bu JA,Klish WJ,Walding D, et al. Energy metabolism,nitrogen balance and substrate utilization in critically ill children[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2001,74:664-669
48.马爱勤,译Lysen LK,编.临床营养速查手册[M].北京：科学出版社,2008：27-28.
49. Tappy L,Schineiter PH.Measurement of substrate oxidation in man[J].Diabetes&Metabolism,1997,23(5):435-442
50. Boon H, Blaak EE, Saris WH, et al. Substrate source utilisation in long-term diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients at rest, and during exercise and subsequent recovery [J]. Diabetologia,2007,50(l):103.
51.朱旅云,胡丽叶,王广宇,等.单纯性肥胖者减重效果与血管内皮功能和胰岛素抵抗的关系[J].现代预防医学,2008,35(19)：3843-3845.
52. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, et al. Longterm effectiveness of weight-loss interventions in adults with pre-diabetes:a review[J]. Am J Prev Med,2005, 28:126-139.
53. Franz MJ, Bantle JP, Beebe CA, et al.Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications[J].Diabetes Care,2002,25:148-198.
54. Klein S, Sheard NF, Pi-Sunyer X, et al. Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes:rationale and strategies:a statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition[J]. DiabetesCare,2004,27:2067-2073.
55.吴秀萍,田旻,严雅更.营养干预对IGT人群糖脂代谢及胰岛素抵抗的临床研究[J].现代生物医学进展,2006,6(3)：20.
56. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med,2003,348:2082-2090.
57. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults:one-year follow-up of a randomized trial [J]. Ann Intern Med,2004,140:778-785.
58. Gardner C, Kiazand A, Alhassan S,et al. Comparison of the Atkins,Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women[J]. JAMA,2007,297:969-977.
59. Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs lowfat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [J]. Arch Intern Med,2006,166:285-293.
60. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes:Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids [M]. Washington, DC: National Academies Press,2002.
61.Haimoto H, Sasakabe T,Wakai K, et al. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on glycemic control in outpatients with severe type 2 diabetes [J]. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009,6:21.
62. Nielsen JV, Joensson EA. Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes:stable improvement of bodyweight and glycemic control during 44 months follow-up[J]. Nutr Metab (Lond),2008,5:14.
63. Dyson PA. A review of low and reduced carbohydrate diets and weight loss in type 2 diabetes [J]. J Hum Nutr Diet,2008,21(6):530-538.
64. Ma Y, Olendzki BC, Hafner AR, et al. Low-carbohydrate and highfat intake among adult patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus [J]. Nutrition, 2006,22(11-12):1129-1136.
65. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study [J]. BMJ,2000,321:405-412.
66. Brand-Miller J, Hayne S, Petocz P, et al. Low glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [J]. Diabetes Care,2003,26:2261-2267.
67. Isharwal S, Misra A, Wasir JS, et al.Diet& insulin resistance:A review& Asian Indian perspective [J]. Indian J Med Res,2009,129:485-499.
1. Villegas R, Shu XO, Yang G, et al. Energy balance and type 2 diabetes:a report from the Shanghai Women's Health Study [J]. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2009, 19(3):190-197.
2. 李惠子,郭长江,薛长勇.静息能量消耗在营养支持中的应用[J].临床药物治疗杂志,2009,7(6)：47-51.
3. Sasaki M, Johtatsu T, Kurihara M,et al. Energy expenditure in Japanese patients with severe or moderate ulcerative colitis[J].J Clin Biochem Nutr,2010, 47(1):32-36.
4. Feferbaum R, Leone C, Siqueira AA, et al. Rest energy expenditure is decreased during the acute as compared to the recovery phase of sepsis in newborns[J].Nutr Metab (Lond),2010,7:63.
5. Wang AY, Sea MM, Tang N, et al. Energy intake and expenditure profile in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients complicated with circulatory congestion [J].Am J Clin Nutr,2009,90(5):1179-1184.
6. Schoeller DA, Hnilicka JM. Reliability of the doubly labeled water method for the measurement of total daily energy expenditure in free-living subjects [J]. J Nutr,1996, 126(suppl):S348-S354.
7. Schoeller DA, Taylor PB, Shay K. Analytic requirements for the doubly labeled water method [J]. Obes Res,1995,3(suppl 1):15-20
8. Savastano DM, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Han JC, et al. Energy intake and energy expenditure among children with polymorphisms of the melanocortin-3 receptor [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2009,90(4):912-920.
9. Flancbaum L, Choban PS, Sambucco S, et al.Comparison of indirect calorimetry, the Fick method, and prediction equations in estimating the energy requirements of critically ill patients [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,1999,69(3):461-466.
10. Nilsson BM, Olsson RM, Oman A, et al. Physical capacity, respiratory quotient and energy expenditure during exercise in male patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls [J]. Eur Psychiatry,2010 [Epub ahead of print]
11. Harris JA, Benedict FG.A biometric study of human basal metabolism [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1918,4(12):370
12. Stucky CC, Moncure M, Hise M, et al. How accurate are resting energy expenditure prediction equations in obese trauma and burn patients [J]? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr,2008,32(4):420-426.
13. Siirala W, Olkkola KT, Noponen T, et al.Predictive equations over-estimate the resting energy expenditure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients who are dependent on invasive ventilation support[J].Nutr Metab (Lond),2010,7:70.
14. Miles JM.Energy expenditure in hospitalized patients:implications for nutritional support [J]. Mayo Clin Proc,2006,81(6):809-816.
15. Rigalleau V, Lasseur C, Pecheur S, et al. Resting energy expenditure in uremic, diabetic, and uremic diabetic subjects[J].J Diabetes Complications,2004, 18(4):237-241.
16. Bogardus C, Taskinen MR, Zawadzki J, et al.Increased resting metabolic rates in obese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the effect of sulfonylurea therapy[J].Diabetes,1986,35(1):1-5.
17. Fontvieille AM, Lillioja S, Ferraro RT, et al. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure in Pima Indians with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus[J]. Diabetologia,1992,35(8):753-759.
18. Weyer C, Bogardus C, Pratley RE. Metabolic factors contributing to increased resting metabolic rate and decreased insulin-induced thermogenesis during the development of type 2 diabetes [J]. Diabetes,1999,48:1607-1614.
19. Bitz C, Toubro S, Larsen TM, et al. Increased 24-h energy expenditure in type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes Care,2004,27:2416-2421.
20. Huang KC, Kormas N, Steinbeck K, et al. Resting metabolic rate in severely obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects [J]. Obesity Research,2004,12 (5): 840-845.
21. Reid CL. Nutritional requirements of surgical and critically-ill patients:do we really know what they need [J]? Proc Nutr Soc,2004,63(3):467-472.
22. Schoeller DA. Making indirect calorimetry a gold standard for predicting energy requirements for institutionalized patients [J]. J Am Diet Assoc,2007,107(3): 390-392.
23. Huang KC, Lin WY, Lee LT, et al. Four anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan [J]. Int J ObesRelat Metab Disord,2002, 26:1060-1068.
24. Horgan GW, Stubbs J. Predicting basal metabolic rate in the obese is difficult[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr,2003,57:335-340.
25. Nawata K, Sohmiya M, Kawaguchi M, et al.Increased resting metabolic rate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied by advanced diabetic nephropathy[J]. Metabolism,2004,53(11):1395-1398.
26. Gougeon R, Lamarche M, Yale JF, et al. The prediction of resting energy expenditure in type 2 diabetes mellitus is improved by factoring for glycemia[J]. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord,2002,26(12):1547-1552.
27. Hunter GR, Weinsier RL, Gower BA, et al. Age-related decrease in resting energy expenditure in sedentary white women:effects of regional differences in lean and fat mass[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2001,73(2):333-337.
28. Martin K, Wallace P, Rust PF, et al.Estimation of resting energy expenditure considering effects of race and diabetes status[J].Diabetes Care,2004, 27(6):1405-1411.
29. Jennings AE, Alberga A, Sigal RJ,et al.The effect of exercise training on resting metabolic rate in type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc,2009, 41(8):1558-1565.
30.顾景范,杜寿玢,郭长江.现代临床营养学[M].北京：科学出版社,2009：2-5.
31. Viskunova AA, Kaganov BS, Sharafetdinov KhKh,et al.Definite of nutritional status in patients with metabolic syndrome with the use of modern methods of nutrimetabolomica[J]. Vopr Pitan,2010,79(3):30-35.
32. Nakajima Y, Sato K, Sudo M, et al. Practical dietary calorie management, body weight control and energy expenditure of diabetic patients in short-term hospitalization[J]. J Atheroscler Thromb,2010,17(6):558-567.
33. Hochstenbach-Waelen A, Veldhorst MA, Nieuwenhuizen AG, et al. Comparison of 2 diets with either 25% or 10% of energy as casein on energy expenditure, substrate balance, and appetite profile [J].Am J Clin Nutr,2009,89(3):831-838.
2.中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2007年版)[J].中华医学杂志,2008,88(18)：1227.
3. American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes- 2010 [J]. Diabetes Care,2010,33:S11-S61
4. American Diabetes Association. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes [J]. Diabetes Care,2008,31(suppl 1):S61-S78.
5.迟家敏,主编.实用糖尿病学[M].第3版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2009：210.
6. Schoeller DA. Making indirect calorimetry a gold standard for predicting energy requirements for institutionalized patients [J]. J Am Diet Assoc,2007,107(3): 390-392.
7.吴国豪主编.实用临床营养学[M].第1版.上海：复旦大学出版社,2006.
8. Flancbaum 1L, Choban PS, Sambucco S, et al. Comparison of indirect calormietry, the Fick method, and prediction equations in estmiating the energy requirements of critically ill patients [J].Am J Clin Nutr,1999,69(3):461-466.
9. Hamilton MT, Hamilton DG, Zderic TW. Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease [J]. Diabetes,2007,56(11):2655-2667.
10. Kreymann G, Adolph M, Mueller MJ.Working group for developing the guidelines for parenteral nutrition of The German Association for Nutritional Medicine.Energy expenditure and energy intake - Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition, Chapter 3[J]. Ger Med Sci,2009,7:s1-s7.
11. Tappy L, Jequier E. The components of energy expenditure in human obesity [J]. Acta Clin Belg Suppl,1992,14:13-17.
12. Tappy L, Schneiter PH. Mesurement of substrate oxidation in man [J].Diabetes&Metabolism,1997,23(5):435.
13. EI-Assaad W, Buteau J, Peyot M, et al. Saturated fatty acids synergize with elevated glucose to cause pancreatic β-cell death [J]. Endocrinology,2003,144(9): 4154-4163.
14. Hill JO, Peters JC, Reed GW, et al. Nutrient balance in humans:effects of diet composition [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,1991,54 (1):10-17.
15.于康.糖尿病医学营养干预的证据支持[J].临床药物治疗杂志,2010,8(5)：5-8.
16.中国肥胖问题工作组数据汇总分析协作组.我国成人体重指数和腰围对相关疾病危险因素异常的预测价值：适宜体重指数和腰围切点的研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2002,23(1)：5-10.
17.中国肥胖问题工作组.中国成人超重和肥胖症预防与控制指南(节录)[J].营养学报,2004,26(1)：1
18.李茂青,徐国海,严晓青.2型糖尿病患者C肽浓度测定的临床意义探讨[J].西南军医,2008,10(2)：53-54.
19. James P, Williams K, Narayan KM, et al. A population perspective on diabetes prevention [J]. Diabetes Care,2003,26:1999-2004
20.杨雁慧,焦玲,吕莺,等.2型糖尿病患者体重指数与空腹胰岛素水平的关系[J].中国实用医药,2010,5(7)：61-62.
21. Hadaegh F, Zabetian A, Harati H, et al. Waist/height ratio as a better predictor of type 2 diabetes compared to body mass index in Tehranian adult men--a 3.6-year prospective study [J].Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2006,114(6):310-315.
22. Lopatynski J,Mardarowicz G,Szczesniak G.A comparative evaluation of waist circumference,waist to hip ratio,waist to height ratio and body mass index as indicators of impaired glucose tolerance and as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska,2003,58:413-419.
23. Taylor AE, Ebrahim S, Ben-Shlomo Y, et al. Comparison of the associations of body mass index and measures of central adiposity and fat mass with coronary heart disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality:a study using data from 4 UK cohorts [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2010,91(3):547-556.
24.陆晓.体重控制[J].国外医学：物理医学与康复学分册,2000,20(3)：128-130.
25.高燕燕.2型糖尿病与体脂分布的关系[J].辽宁医学杂志,2000,14(6)：284-285.
26. Matsuzawa Y. The metabolic syndrome and adipocytokines [J].FEBS Lett,2006, 580(12):2917-2921.
27. Wu HY, Xu SY, Chen LL, et al.Waist to height ratio as a predictor of abdominal fat distribution in men [J]. Chin J Physiol,2009,52(6):441-445.
28. Gupta R, Rastogi P, Sarna M, et al. Body-mass index, waist-size, waist-hip ratio and cardiovascular risk factors in urban subjects [J]. J Assoc Physicians India, 2007,55:621-627.
29. Hadaegh F,Zabetian A,Harati H,Azizi F.Waist/height ratio as a better predictor of type 2 diabetes compared to body mass index in Tehranian adult men-a 3.6-year prospective study [J].Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2006,114:310-315.
30. Cristo Rodriguez Perez MD, Cabrera De Leon A, Aguirre-Jaime A, et al.The waist to height ratio as an index of cardiovascular risk and diabetes [J]. Med Clin (Barc),2010,134(9):386-391.
31.徐冬连,李群,曾珊.赵婷老年糖尿病患者膳食营养状况对脂质代谢的影响[J].江苏医药,2010,36(16)：1936-1937.
32. Davis N, Forbes B, Wylie-Rosett J.Nutritional strategies in type 2 diabetes [J]. Mount Sinai J Med,2009,76:257-268.
33. MandersRJ, Koopman R, BeelenM. The muscle protein synthetic response to carbohydrate and protein ingestion is not impaired in men with longstanding type 2 diabetes [J]. J Nutr,2008,138:1079-1085.
34. American Association of clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Management of Diabtetes Mellitus Guidelines [J]. Endocr Pract,2007,13(Suppl 1):s1-s68.
35. Iff S, Leuenberger M, Rosch S. Meeting the nutritional requirements of hospitalized patients:an interdisciplinary approach to hospital catering [J]. Clin Nutr,2008,27(6):800-805.
36. Astrup A, Rossner S, Van Gaal L. Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study [J]. Lancet,2009, 374(9701):1606-1616.
37. Bao J, de Jong V, Atkinson F. Food insulin index:physiologic basis for predicting insulin demand evoked by composite meals [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2009, 90(4):986-992.
38. Sievenpiper JL, Carleton AJ, Chatha S. Heterogeneous effects of fructose on blood lipids in individuals with type 2 diabetes:systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental trials in humans [J]. Diabetes Care,2009, 32(10):1930-1937.
39. Gougeon R, Lamarche M, Yale J-F, et al. The prediction of resting energy expenditure in type 2 diabetes mellitus is improved by factoring for glycemia [J]. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord,2002,26 (12):1547-1552.
40.孙学丽,齐玉梅.2型糖尿病患者的营养治疗[J].中国热带医学,2010,10(11)：1424-1425.
41.田景伦,周毛吉,何书经,等.脂代谢紊乱对2型糖尿病患者早期胰岛素分泌和胰岛素抵抗的影响[J].重庆医科大学学报,2007,32(8)：866-876.
42.廖二元,莫昭晖.内分泌学[M].第2版(下册).北京：人民卫生出版社,2007：1360
43. McGarry JD. Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the etiology of type 2 diabetes [J]. Diabetes,2002,51 (1):7-18.
44.孔树佳,付继华.胰岛素抵抗与糖、脂代谢紊乱[J].中国老年学杂志,2009,29(18)：2403-2405.
45.侯志敏.2型糖尿病中葡萄糖代谢异常的研究进展[J].廊坊师范学院学报(自然科学版),2009,9(2)：59-61.
46.郭彩华,蔡慧农,卢珍华.糖尿病的生化机理浅释[J].生物学通报,2003,38(3)：24-25.
47. Coss-Bu JA,Klish WJ,Walding D, et al. Energy metabolism,nitrogen balance and substrate utilization in critically ill children[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2001,74:664-669
48.马爱勤,译Lysen LK,编.临床营养速查手册[M].北京：科学出版社,2008：27-28.
49. Tappy L,Schineiter PH.Measurement of substrate oxidation in man[J].Diabetes&Metabolism,1997,23(5):435-442
50. Boon H, Blaak EE, Saris WH, et al. Substrate source utilisation in long-term diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients at rest, and during exercise and subsequent recovery [J]. Diabetologia,2007,50(l):103.
51.朱旅云,胡丽叶,王广宇,等.单纯性肥胖者减重效果与血管内皮功能和胰岛素抵抗的关系[J].现代预防医学,2008,35(19)：3843-3845.
52. Norris SL, Zhang X, Avenell A, et al. Longterm effectiveness of weight-loss interventions in adults with pre-diabetes:a review[J]. Am J Prev Med,2005, 28:126-139.
53. Franz MJ, Bantle JP, Beebe CA, et al.Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications[J].Diabetes Care,2002,25:148-198.
54. Klein S, Sheard NF, Pi-Sunyer X, et al. Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes:rationale and strategies:a statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition[J]. DiabetesCare,2004,27:2067-2073.
55.吴秀萍,田旻,严雅更.营养干预对IGT人群糖脂代谢及胰岛素抵抗的临床研究[J].现代生物医学进展,2006,6(3)：20.
56. Foster GD, Wyatt HR, Hill JO, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N Engl J Med,2003,348:2082-2090.
57. Stern L, Iqbal N, Seshadri P, et al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults:one-year follow-up of a randomized trial [J]. Ann Intern Med,2004,140:778-785.
58. Gardner C, Kiazand A, Alhassan S,et al. Comparison of the Atkins,Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women[J]. JAMA,2007,297:969-977.
59. Nordmann AJ, Nordmann A, Briel M, et al. Effects of low-carbohydrate vs lowfat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [J]. Arch Intern Med,2006,166:285-293.
60. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes:Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids [M]. Washington, DC: National Academies Press,2002.
61.Haimoto H, Sasakabe T,Wakai K, et al. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on glycemic control in outpatients with severe type 2 diabetes [J]. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009,6:21.
62. Nielsen JV, Joensson EA. Low-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes:stable improvement of bodyweight and glycemic control during 44 months follow-up[J]. Nutr Metab (Lond),2008,5:14.
63. Dyson PA. A review of low and reduced carbohydrate diets and weight loss in type 2 diabetes [J]. J Hum Nutr Diet,2008,21(6):530-538.
64. Ma Y, Olendzki BC, Hafner AR, et al. Low-carbohydrate and highfat intake among adult patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus [J]. Nutrition, 2006,22(11-12):1129-1136.
65. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study [J]. BMJ,2000,321:405-412.
66. Brand-Miller J, Hayne S, Petocz P, et al. Low glycemic index diets in the management of diabetes. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [J]. Diabetes Care,2003,26:2261-2267.
67. Isharwal S, Misra A, Wasir JS, et al.Diet& insulin resistance:A review& Asian Indian perspective [J]. Indian J Med Res,2009,129:485-499.
1. Villegas R, Shu XO, Yang G, et al. Energy balance and type 2 diabetes:a report from the Shanghai Women's Health Study [J]. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2009, 19(3):190-197.
2. 李惠子,郭长江,薛长勇.静息能量消耗在营养支持中的应用[J].临床药物治疗杂志,2009,7(6)：47-51.
3. Sasaki M, Johtatsu T, Kurihara M,et al. Energy expenditure in Japanese patients with severe or moderate ulcerative colitis[J].J Clin Biochem Nutr,2010, 47(1):32-36.
4. Feferbaum R, Leone C, Siqueira AA, et al. Rest energy expenditure is decreased during the acute as compared to the recovery phase of sepsis in newborns[J].Nutr Metab (Lond),2010,7:63.
5. Wang AY, Sea MM, Tang N, et al. Energy intake and expenditure profile in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients complicated with circulatory congestion [J].Am J Clin Nutr,2009,90(5):1179-1184.
6. Schoeller DA, Hnilicka JM. Reliability of the doubly labeled water method for the measurement of total daily energy expenditure in free-living subjects [J]. J Nutr,1996, 126(suppl):S348-S354.
7. Schoeller DA, Taylor PB, Shay K. Analytic requirements for the doubly labeled water method [J]. Obes Res,1995,3(suppl 1):15-20
8. Savastano DM, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Han JC, et al. Energy intake and energy expenditure among children with polymorphisms of the melanocortin-3 receptor [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2009,90(4):912-920.
9. Flancbaum L, Choban PS, Sambucco S, et al.Comparison of indirect calorimetry, the Fick method, and prediction equations in estimating the energy requirements of critically ill patients [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,1999,69(3):461-466.
10. Nilsson BM, Olsson RM, Oman A, et al. Physical capacity, respiratory quotient and energy expenditure during exercise in male patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls [J]. Eur Psychiatry,2010 [Epub ahead of print]
11. Harris JA, Benedict FG.A biometric study of human basal metabolism [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1918,4(12):370
12. Stucky CC, Moncure M, Hise M, et al. How accurate are resting energy expenditure prediction equations in obese trauma and burn patients [J]? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr,2008,32(4):420-426.
13. Siirala W, Olkkola KT, Noponen T, et al.Predictive equations over-estimate the resting energy expenditure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients who are dependent on invasive ventilation support[J].Nutr Metab (Lond),2010,7:70.
14. Miles JM.Energy expenditure in hospitalized patients:implications for nutritional support [J]. Mayo Clin Proc,2006,81(6):809-816.
15. Rigalleau V, Lasseur C, Pecheur S, et al. Resting energy expenditure in uremic, diabetic, and uremic diabetic subjects[J].J Diabetes Complications,2004, 18(4):237-241.
16. Bogardus C, Taskinen MR, Zawadzki J, et al.Increased resting metabolic rates in obese subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the effect of sulfonylurea therapy[J].Diabetes,1986,35(1):1-5.
17. Fontvieille AM, Lillioja S, Ferraro RT, et al. Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure in Pima Indians with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus[J]. Diabetologia,1992,35(8):753-759.
18. Weyer C, Bogardus C, Pratley RE. Metabolic factors contributing to increased resting metabolic rate and decreased insulin-induced thermogenesis during the development of type 2 diabetes [J]. Diabetes,1999,48:1607-1614.
19. Bitz C, Toubro S, Larsen TM, et al. Increased 24-h energy expenditure in type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes Care,2004,27:2416-2421.
20. Huang KC, Kormas N, Steinbeck K, et al. Resting metabolic rate in severely obese diabetic and nondiabetic subjects [J]. Obesity Research,2004,12 (5): 840-845.
21. Reid CL. Nutritional requirements of surgical and critically-ill patients:do we really know what they need [J]? Proc Nutr Soc,2004,63(3):467-472.
22. Schoeller DA. Making indirect calorimetry a gold standard for predicting energy requirements for institutionalized patients [J]. J Am Diet Assoc,2007,107(3): 390-392.
23. Huang KC, Lin WY, Lee LT, et al. Four anthropometric indices and cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan [J]. Int J ObesRelat Metab Disord,2002, 26:1060-1068.
24. Horgan GW, Stubbs J. Predicting basal metabolic rate in the obese is difficult[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr,2003,57:335-340.
25. Nawata K, Sohmiya M, Kawaguchi M, et al.Increased resting metabolic rate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus accompanied by advanced diabetic nephropathy[J]. Metabolism,2004,53(11):1395-1398.
26. Gougeon R, Lamarche M, Yale JF, et al. The prediction of resting energy expenditure in type 2 diabetes mellitus is improved by factoring for glycemia[J]. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord,2002,26(12):1547-1552.
27. Hunter GR, Weinsier RL, Gower BA, et al. Age-related decrease in resting energy expenditure in sedentary white women:effects of regional differences in lean and fat mass[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2001,73(2):333-337.
28. Martin K, Wallace P, Rust PF, et al.Estimation of resting energy expenditure considering effects of race and diabetes status[J].Diabetes Care,2004, 27(6):1405-1411.
29. Jennings AE, Alberga A, Sigal RJ,et al.The effect of exercise training on resting metabolic rate in type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc,2009, 41(8):1558-1565.
30.顾景范,杜寿玢,郭长江.现代临床营养学[M].北京：科学出版社,2009：2-5.
31. Viskunova AA, Kaganov BS, Sharafetdinov KhKh,et al.Definite of nutritional status in patients with metabolic syndrome with the use of modern methods of nutrimetabolomica[J]. Vopr Pitan,2010,79(3):30-35.
32. Nakajima Y, Sato K, Sudo M, et al. Practical dietary calorie management, body weight control and energy expenditure of diabetic patients in short-term hospitalization[J]. J Atheroscler Thromb,2010,17(6):558-567.
33. Hochstenbach-Waelen A, Veldhorst MA, Nieuwenhuizen AG, et al. Comparison of 2 diets with either 25% or 10% of energy as casein on energy expenditure, substrate balance, and appetite profile [J].Am J Clin Nutr,2009,89(3):831-838.