废弃火炸药制造小粒药和民用特种炸药的研究
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摘要
本文研究了废弃军用火炸药的再利用技术。主要内容包括，废弃发射药SF-3和高能炸药RDX制造球形小粒药；废弃单基发射药制备灌注型炸药和粉状低爆速炸药。
废弃发射药SF-3经溶剂溶解后，根据产品性能要求决定是否加入增能物质RDX，再通过球形药的制药工艺加工成小粒药，以满足不同的民用或军用需求；文中研究了球形药制备过程中各种因素对小粒药产品质量的影响，该工艺成功通过工厂生产扩试。
论文对所制备球形药的燃烧机理提出了合理的解释。为提高球形小粒药燃烧的稳定性，创造性地采用了炭黑替代传统的石墨对球形小粒药进行光泽，并对其原理和性能进行了解释和分析。重点测试了文中所制备的小粒药在射钉枪装药中的弹道性能，两种小粒药分别能满足中高和低能量的射钉弹的装药要求。
废弃单基发射药经氧化剂胶液灌注后，制成性能稳定的廉价灌注型炸药。利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶研制出了一种柔性灌注型炸药；筛选出一种新的廉价胶液用于制备刚性灌注型炸药。所研制的两种灌注型炸药均有密度高(1.51～1.61g／cm~3)、抗水、爆速较高等特点。
废弃单基发射药通过特殊工艺制成粉状低爆速炸药。论文对其爆炸机理和震源机理进行了研究，提出了相应的理论计算方法。测试并分析了该低爆速炸药在石油勘探中的应用效果。结果表明，该炸药能够较大幅度地提高地震勘探的分辨率。
This dissertation studies on reclaimable technologies of obsolete military explosives and propellants, focusing on preparation of small size spheric propellants from obsolete propellants (SF-3) and obsolete high energy explosives (RDX), and preparation of perfusion explosives and powdery explosives with low detonation velocity from obsolete single base propellants.
In order to meet the different demands of the civilian and military use, it may be necessary to add various amounts of additional energetic material (RDX) into small size spheric propellants after dissolving obsolete propellants (SF-3) in an appropriate solvent. The pilotscale experiments have been successfully carried out in the factory.
The combustion mechanism of spheric propellants obtained is discussed reasonably. To improve the combustion stability of small size spheric propellants, carbon black is introduced to polish the propellants instead of traditional graphite, and the combustion principle and properties of the polished propellants are discussed as well. The ballistic performance of powder actuated tool bullets, in which charged with 2 kinds of prepared propellants is tested, and the results show that the propellants obtained can fit the charge requirement of both mid-high and low energy actuated tool applications.
By adding oxidants and glue solutions into the obsolete single base propellants, the reliable and low-cost perfusion explosives are prepared. The soft perfusion explosives and the rigid perfusion explosives are prepared by utilizing PAM gel and a new low-cost glue respectively, having the excellent properties of high density(1.51~ 1.61g/cm3), waterproofness, high detonation speeds and etc.
By means of special techniques, the powdery explosives with low detonation speed are prepared from waste single base propellants. Their detonation and hypocenter mechanism are studied in this thesis. Theoretical calculating methods for the
explosives are put forward, and their application to rock oil prospecting is tested and analyzed in this paper as well. The results show that the low detonation velocity hypocenter explosive can greatly improve the resolution of the earth-shock prospecting.
废弃发射药SF-3经溶剂溶解后，根据产品性能要求决定是否加入增能物质RDX，再通过球形药的制药工艺加工成小粒药，以满足不同的民用或军用需求；文中研究了球形药制备过程中各种因素对小粒药产品质量的影响，该工艺成功通过工厂生产扩试。
论文对所制备球形药的燃烧机理提出了合理的解释。为提高球形小粒药燃烧的稳定性，创造性地采用了炭黑替代传统的石墨对球形小粒药进行光泽，并对其原理和性能进行了解释和分析。重点测试了文中所制备的小粒药在射钉枪装药中的弹道性能，两种小粒药分别能满足中高和低能量的射钉弹的装药要求。
废弃单基发射药经氧化剂胶液灌注后，制成性能稳定的廉价灌注型炸药。利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶研制出了一种柔性灌注型炸药；筛选出一种新的廉价胶液用于制备刚性灌注型炸药。所研制的两种灌注型炸药均有密度高(1.51～1.61g／cm~3)、抗水、爆速较高等特点。
废弃单基发射药通过特殊工艺制成粉状低爆速炸药。论文对其爆炸机理和震源机理进行了研究，提出了相应的理论计算方法。测试并分析了该低爆速炸药在石油勘探中的应用效果。结果表明，该炸药能够较大幅度地提高地震勘探的分辨率。
This dissertation studies on reclaimable technologies of obsolete military explosives and propellants, focusing on preparation of small size spheric propellants from obsolete propellants (SF-3) and obsolete high energy explosives (RDX), and preparation of perfusion explosives and powdery explosives with low detonation velocity from obsolete single base propellants.
In order to meet the different demands of the civilian and military use, it may be necessary to add various amounts of additional energetic material (RDX) into small size spheric propellants after dissolving obsolete propellants (SF-3) in an appropriate solvent. The pilotscale experiments have been successfully carried out in the factory.
The combustion mechanism of spheric propellants obtained is discussed reasonably. To improve the combustion stability of small size spheric propellants, carbon black is introduced to polish the propellants instead of traditional graphite, and the combustion principle and properties of the polished propellants are discussed as well. The ballistic performance of powder actuated tool bullets, in which charged with 2 kinds of prepared propellants is tested, and the results show that the propellants obtained can fit the charge requirement of both mid-high and low energy actuated tool applications.
By adding oxidants and glue solutions into the obsolete single base propellants, the reliable and low-cost perfusion explosives are prepared. The soft perfusion explosives and the rigid perfusion explosives are prepared by utilizing PAM gel and a new low-cost glue respectively, having the excellent properties of high density(1.51~ 1.61g/cm3), waterproofness, high detonation speeds and etc.
By means of special techniques, the powdery explosives with low detonation speed are prepared from waste single base propellants. Their detonation and hypocenter mechanism are studied in this thesis. Theoretical calculating methods for the
explosives are put forward, and their application to rock oil prospecting is tested and analyzed in this paper as well. The results show that the low detonation velocity hypocenter explosive can greatly improve the resolution of the earth-shock prospecting.
引文
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[2]金长荣，任务正，杨红梅等．火炸药理论与实践[M]，北京：中国北方化学工业总公司，2001，4．
[3]王泽山．有关发射药和推进剂发展的一些观点[C]．中国工程科学，1999(4)：92-93
[4]Olsen F. Manufacture of Smokless powders[P]. USP 2206916, 193 6.
[5]王泽山，张丽华，曹欣茂．废弃火炸药的处理与再利用[M]．北京：国防工业出版社，1999，4．
[6]Dosani, M. A.; Taylor, M.L.; Graham. Disposal of liquid propellants[R]. Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1990, 90(21):65pp
[7]Schneider, Roger L.; Donahue, Bernard A. Environmentally benign alternatives to open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) destruction of energetic material (EM) production wastes[J]. Proc. Int. Pyrotech. Semin. 1994(19): 339-51
[8]Bingham, John. Sensitivity and environmental considerations in the life cycle of CDB propellants and rocket motors[J]. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT, 1993(24): 36-1/36-14
[9]Warminger, Paul. Energy-carrying and inert fillers in propellant and explosive charges. Problems in their disposal[J]. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT, 1992(23): 27/1-27/18
[10]Giltner, Scott G.; Mesehberger, John; Worsey, Paul N. Overview of the demilitarization program for class 1.1 warheads and rocket motors using high pressure waterjets at the University of Missouri- Rolla[J]. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT, 1993(24): 34-1/34-6
[11]Scola, Robert; Santos, Joseph S. Fluidized bed incinerator for disposal of propellants and explosives[R]. Gov. Rep. Announce. Index. 1979, 79(12): 216
[12]Nahlovsky, Boris D.; Gilligan, Brian T.; Michalik, Edward S. Desensitization of waste rocket propellants[P]. USP 5211777, 1993
[13]Goldberg, Robert; Wood, James D. PEP and PEP-contaminated waste disposal technology[R]. Proc., Annu. Meet. - Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 72nd(1), 1979
[14]Rosendorfer, T. Environmentally safe disposal of propellants and explosives[J]. Int. Jahrestag.- Inst. Chem. Treib-Explosivst.,1978(2): 349-58.
[15]Bunte, G.; Groebel, V.; Haerdle, T.; Weiser, V. Pressure dependence of toxic emissions in the burning of a double-base solid propellant[J]. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT, 1992(23): 49/1-49/6.
[16]Hermann, H. A safe and environmentally acceptable method for the disposal of propellant and explosive materials by burning[J]. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT, 1992(23): 44/1-44/23.
[17]Jensen, D. D.; Follin, J. F.; Spritzer, M. H.; Krone, J. Comprehensive incineration system for the disposal of explosives, propellants and other munition components[R]. Therm. Treat.
Radioact., Hazard. Chem., Mixed, Munitions, Pharm. Wastes, Proc. Int. Incineration Conf., 13th, 697-702, 1994.
[18] Erickson, Eric D.; Johnson, Joseph H.; Smith, S. Ruven; Cordes, Herman F.; Fine, Dwight A.; Knight, David J. Study of the organic contaminants released to the environment during the disposal of rocket motors by burning[J]. J. Hazard. Mater., 1989, 21(2): 161-76.
[19] Sekula, Robert; Leszczynski, Slawomir; Brzychczyk, Piotr Prediction of HCI and NO emissions from the incineration process of waste material[J]. Metall. Foundry Eng., 1996, 22(2): 43-146
[20] Guest, M. Robert; McCormick, Robert J.; Sullivan, Mark. Air pollution control system upgrade for a waste propellant incinerator[J]. Proc., Annu. Meet. - Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 1993, 86(10), 93/WP/107.01, 11 pp.
[21] Biagioni, Joseph R., Jr. Development of an environmentally acceptable thermal treatment alternative for energetic material[J]. Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater., 1994, 11 (1): 217-26
[22] Holl, G.; Kurtz, A. Effect of the atmosphere in the disposal of propellant powders by combustion[J]. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT, 1991(22): 17/1-17/16.
[23] Biagioni, Joseph R., Jr. Resource recovery system for solid rocket propellants[J]. Int. Annu. Conf. ICT, 1992, (23): 16/1-16/9
[24] Weiss, E.; Buck, H.; Vogelsang. Combustion of ammunition propellant in circulating fluidized-bed[J]. Verbrennung und Feuerungen. 1993, 1090:689-97
[25] Ackermann, Dieter. Controlled combustion process for disposing of explosives, especially propellants and TNT[P]. DE 92-4223415, 1992.
[26] Norwood, V. M.; Craft, D. J.; Breed, C. E. Laboratory tests to determine the chemical and physical characteristics of propellant-solvent-fuel oil mixtures[R]. Gov. Rep. Announce. Index (U. S.) 1990, 90(19).
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