图像色外观再现技术研究
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摘要
针对传统色彩再现技术不支持变观察条件下色彩一致再现问题，研究了图像的色外观再现技术。重点研究了色外观再现系统的体系结构，色外观处理模型，以及色度图像、多光谱图像和高动态范围图像的色外观再现等问题。
首先探讨了色外观再现系统的体系结构。分析了现有的基于色度和基于光谱的两类色彩管理模式，针对其仅考虑源和目的观察条件相同的不足，提出了变观察条件下色外观一致再现的思路，并分别针对两种色彩管理，给出了可实现这一思想的色外观再现系统结构。
其次研究了色外观再现的处理模型——色外观模型。从分析一个简单的色彩管理系统入手，说明传统色度匹配不能实现变观察环境下的色外观匹配，进而探讨了色外观表示、观察条件属性以及一些色外观现象，然后重点研究了能够描述、预测色刺激外观的色适应模型以及色外观模型，最后实验对比了现有的色外观模型，并根据项目需求，选择CIECAM02模型作为本文的色外观处理模型。
针对色度图像再现现存问题，提出并实现了两套解决方案。首先针对常用CIELAB空间色调非恒常影响色域匹配效果的问题，研究了色调恒常校正方法，建立了一种新的校正空间tLAB，用其替代CIELAB空间实施色彩管理。实验表明，利用tLAB空间进行色域匹配的效果明显优于传统方法。针对传统色度再现系统只能实现标准观察条件下的色彩再现问题，提出利用色外观模型CIECAM02预测和补偿因观察条件不同产生的色外观变化，通过使用RIT-DuPont、Witt1999、Leeds和BFD-P四种色差评估实验数据集对CIECAM02模型进行优化，构建了均匀的色外观空间，并替代原CIELAB空间进行色彩管理。实验表明，基于优化CIECAM02模型的色彩管理能够实现变观察条件下的图像色外观一致再现，其色域匹配效果明显优于传统方法，由其产生的新的色差评价指标体系亦能更好地反映人眼的感知差别。最后，为与传统ICC色彩管理系统相兼容，采用CMM+Profile软件结构构建了新的色外观管理系统，其通过支持色外观处理的CMM，以及用于设备相关空间和设备无关空间变换的Profile，进行图像色外观管理。
针对多光谱图像再现因观察条件变化引起的再现图像与源图像色外观不一致问题，提出了一种色外观匹配的多光谱图像再现方法。该方法通过增加源端的“色外观变换”和再现端的“色外观反变”，使得源图像和再现图像在观察条件独立空间达到色外观匹配；为了更好地保持源多光谱图像的光谱信息，以源光谱为标准对估计光谱进行光谱调制，使再现光谱与源光谱达到光谱匹配；为借鉴ICC色彩管理的成功经验，采用CMM+Profile软件结构，支持光谱色外观再现。
最后，针对高动态范围图像再现因观察条件变化引起的再现图像与源图像色外观不一致问题，提出一种色外观匹配的高动态范围图像再现算法。算法在结构上将色外观匹配与色调映射过程分离，通过色外观匹配保持源场景的色外观，通过色调映射进行动态范围压缩，以支持将现有的优秀色外观模型与色调映射算子任意混合使用，达到充分借鉴现有的研究成果的目的；在色外观匹配方面，考虑了源场景观察条件通常未知的实际情况，提供了估计方法以提高算法适用性；针对色调映射，提出了一种新的自适应分区色调映射算子，通过给不同区域动态分配显示亮度范围，增强了图像的感知对比度。实验表明，新算法在色外观保持、动态范围压缩和细节表现上均优于传统算法。
Traditional color reproduction technologies cannot achieve the consistent colorreproduction under different viewing conditions. To solve this problem, the image colorappearance reproduction technologies are researched in this dissertation. New schemesare proposed in the color appearance reproduction system framework, color appearancemodels, the color appearance reproduction of colorimetric images, multispectral images,and high dynamic range(HDR) images.
First, the architecture of image color reproduction system is discussed. The twoexisting structure of color management, one is based on colorimetric and another isbased on spectral, which are analyzed, and taking the limitations of demanding theidentical viewing conditions between the reproduced image and its original one intoaccount, the color appearance reproduction under different viewing conditions ispresented. According to the two existing color management, two implementation colorappearance reproduction systems are proposed.
Next, color appearance models are researched. By considering a relatively simplecolor management system, to demonstrate that traditional tristimulus match would havedifferent color appearance in disparate conditions. Next some terminologies of colorappearance are examined. This includes appearance attributes, viewing conditionattributes, and color appearance phenomena. Then methods of predicting colorappearance of color stimulus are researched. This includes chromatic adaptation modelsand color appearance models. Finally some color appearance models are comparedthrough a experiment, and CIECAM02is chosen for this dissertation.
Then aiming at the issue of the color appearance reproduction of colorimetricimages, two solutions are proposed and implemented. To solve the problem that huenonconstancy of CIELAB color space affects the result of gamut mapping, ahue-constancy corrected method is proposed and a new color space tLAB is constructed,which was used to replace CIELAB during color management. Experiments show thatthe results of gamut mapping in the new tLAB space gain an advantage over thetraditional ones. Aiming at the problem that the traditional color reproduction cannotconsider disparate conditions, CIECAM02is used to supply the necessary adjustmentswhen the viewing conditions are different. By optimizing CIECAM02through fourcolor-difference datasets which includes RIT-DuPont, Witt1999, Leeds, and BFD-P, anew uniform color appearance space is constructed, which is used to replace CIELAB during color management. Experiments show that color management based on theoptimized CIECAM02can solve consistent color reproduction under disaparate viewingconditions, the results of gamut mapping gain an advantage over the traditional ones,and the new color difference evaluation can provide a quantitative measure that moreclosely corresponds to the color difference perceived by human visual system. Lastly, acolor appearance management system is constructed according to the studies above. Itutilizes the CMM+Profile mode and is compatible with the traditional colorimetric colormanagement system. The CMM supports the color appearance processing, and theProfile records the relationship between device dependent color spaces and deviceindependent color spaces.
Aiming at the issue of the color appearance reproduction of multi-spectral images,a new algorithm based on color appearance mapping for multi-spectral imagereproduction is presented. Firstly, through introducing color appearance transformationand inverse transformation, color appearance matching is achieved between thereprodueced image and its original one. Secondly, to improve spectral precision of thereproduced image, based on the source spectra, the estimated spectra was corrected.Lastly, to reference the success experience of ICC color management, the CMM+Profilemode is also utilized for multispectral image color appearance reproduction.
Finally, to solve the problem that different viewing conditions results in differentcolor appearance between a reproduced image and its original one during HDR imagereproduction, a new algorithm based on color appearance mapping for HDR imagereproduction is presented. It separates procedures of color appearance mapping and tonemapping in the structure, the former maintaines a perceptual match between the realworld and the displayed image, and the latter compresses the dynamic range. Thismethod can support mix-and-match color appearance models with tone reproductionoperators to suit any specific task. In color appearance mapping, considering theoriginal viewing condition is usually unknown, the estimation is supplied to improve theapplicability of the algorithm. In tone mapping, a tone reproduction operator based onadaptive regionalization is presented, through allocating the range of display luminancefor different regions, which raised perceptual contrast of the image. Experiments showthat the proposed algorithm gains advantages over the traditional ones in colorappearance maintaining, dynamic range compressing, and the performance of details.
首先探讨了色外观再现系统的体系结构。分析了现有的基于色度和基于光谱的两类色彩管理模式，针对其仅考虑源和目的观察条件相同的不足，提出了变观察条件下色外观一致再现的思路，并分别针对两种色彩管理，给出了可实现这一思想的色外观再现系统结构。
其次研究了色外观再现的处理模型——色外观模型。从分析一个简单的色彩管理系统入手，说明传统色度匹配不能实现变观察环境下的色外观匹配，进而探讨了色外观表示、观察条件属性以及一些色外观现象，然后重点研究了能够描述、预测色刺激外观的色适应模型以及色外观模型，最后实验对比了现有的色外观模型，并根据项目需求，选择CIECAM02模型作为本文的色外观处理模型。
针对色度图像再现现存问题，提出并实现了两套解决方案。首先针对常用CIELAB空间色调非恒常影响色域匹配效果的问题，研究了色调恒常校正方法，建立了一种新的校正空间tLAB，用其替代CIELAB空间实施色彩管理。实验表明，利用tLAB空间进行色域匹配的效果明显优于传统方法。针对传统色度再现系统只能实现标准观察条件下的色彩再现问题，提出利用色外观模型CIECAM02预测和补偿因观察条件不同产生的色外观变化，通过使用RIT-DuPont、Witt1999、Leeds和BFD-P四种色差评估实验数据集对CIECAM02模型进行优化，构建了均匀的色外观空间，并替代原CIELAB空间进行色彩管理。实验表明，基于优化CIECAM02模型的色彩管理能够实现变观察条件下的图像色外观一致再现，其色域匹配效果明显优于传统方法，由其产生的新的色差评价指标体系亦能更好地反映人眼的感知差别。最后，为与传统ICC色彩管理系统相兼容，采用CMM+Profile软件结构构建了新的色外观管理系统，其通过支持色外观处理的CMM，以及用于设备相关空间和设备无关空间变换的Profile，进行图像色外观管理。
针对多光谱图像再现因观察条件变化引起的再现图像与源图像色外观不一致问题，提出了一种色外观匹配的多光谱图像再现方法。该方法通过增加源端的“色外观变换”和再现端的“色外观反变”，使得源图像和再现图像在观察条件独立空间达到色外观匹配；为了更好地保持源多光谱图像的光谱信息，以源光谱为标准对估计光谱进行光谱调制，使再现光谱与源光谱达到光谱匹配；为借鉴ICC色彩管理的成功经验，采用CMM+Profile软件结构，支持光谱色外观再现。
最后，针对高动态范围图像再现因观察条件变化引起的再现图像与源图像色外观不一致问题，提出一种色外观匹配的高动态范围图像再现算法。算法在结构上将色外观匹配与色调映射过程分离，通过色外观匹配保持源场景的色外观，通过色调映射进行动态范围压缩，以支持将现有的优秀色外观模型与色调映射算子任意混合使用，达到充分借鉴现有的研究成果的目的；在色外观匹配方面，考虑了源场景观察条件通常未知的实际情况，提供了估计方法以提高算法适用性；针对色调映射，提出了一种新的自适应分区色调映射算子，通过给不同区域动态分配显示亮度范围，增强了图像的感知对比度。实验表明，新算法在色外观保持、动态范围压缩和细节表现上均优于传统算法。
Traditional color reproduction technologies cannot achieve the consistent colorreproduction under different viewing conditions. To solve this problem, the image colorappearance reproduction technologies are researched in this dissertation. New schemesare proposed in the color appearance reproduction system framework, color appearancemodels, the color appearance reproduction of colorimetric images, multispectral images,and high dynamic range(HDR) images.
First, the architecture of image color reproduction system is discussed. The twoexisting structure of color management, one is based on colorimetric and another isbased on spectral, which are analyzed, and taking the limitations of demanding theidentical viewing conditions between the reproduced image and its original one intoaccount, the color appearance reproduction under different viewing conditions ispresented. According to the two existing color management, two implementation colorappearance reproduction systems are proposed.
Next, color appearance models are researched. By considering a relatively simplecolor management system, to demonstrate that traditional tristimulus match would havedifferent color appearance in disparate conditions. Next some terminologies of colorappearance are examined. This includes appearance attributes, viewing conditionattributes, and color appearance phenomena. Then methods of predicting colorappearance of color stimulus are researched. This includes chromatic adaptation modelsand color appearance models. Finally some color appearance models are comparedthrough a experiment, and CIECAM02is chosen for this dissertation.
Then aiming at the issue of the color appearance reproduction of colorimetricimages, two solutions are proposed and implemented. To solve the problem that huenonconstancy of CIELAB color space affects the result of gamut mapping, ahue-constancy corrected method is proposed and a new color space tLAB is constructed,which was used to replace CIELAB during color management. Experiments show thatthe results of gamut mapping in the new tLAB space gain an advantage over thetraditional ones. Aiming at the problem that the traditional color reproduction cannotconsider disparate conditions, CIECAM02is used to supply the necessary adjustmentswhen the viewing conditions are different. By optimizing CIECAM02through fourcolor-difference datasets which includes RIT-DuPont, Witt1999, Leeds, and BFD-P, anew uniform color appearance space is constructed, which is used to replace CIELAB during color management. Experiments show that color management based on theoptimized CIECAM02can solve consistent color reproduction under disaparate viewingconditions, the results of gamut mapping gain an advantage over the traditional ones,and the new color difference evaluation can provide a quantitative measure that moreclosely corresponds to the color difference perceived by human visual system. Lastly, acolor appearance management system is constructed according to the studies above. Itutilizes the CMM+Profile mode and is compatible with the traditional colorimetric colormanagement system. The CMM supports the color appearance processing, and theProfile records the relationship between device dependent color spaces and deviceindependent color spaces.
Aiming at the issue of the color appearance reproduction of multi-spectral images,a new algorithm based on color appearance mapping for multi-spectral imagereproduction is presented. Firstly, through introducing color appearance transformationand inverse transformation, color appearance matching is achieved between thereprodueced image and its original one. Secondly, to improve spectral precision of thereproduced image, based on the source spectra, the estimated spectra was corrected.Lastly, to reference the success experience of ICC color management, the CMM+Profilemode is also utilized for multispectral image color appearance reproduction.
Finally, to solve the problem that different viewing conditions results in differentcolor appearance between a reproduced image and its original one during HDR imagereproduction, a new algorithm based on color appearance mapping for HDR imagereproduction is presented. It separates procedures of color appearance mapping and tonemapping in the structure, the former maintaines a perceptual match between the realworld and the displayed image, and the latter compresses the dynamic range. Thismethod can support mix-and-match color appearance models with tone reproductionoperators to suit any specific task. In color appearance mapping, considering theoriginal viewing condition is usually unknown, the estimation is supplied to improve theapplicability of the algorithm. In tone mapping, a tone reproduction operator based onadaptive regionalization is presented, through allocating the range of display luminancefor different regions, which raised perceptual contrast of the image. Experiments showthat the proposed algorithm gains advantages over the traditional ones in colorappearance maintaining, dynamic range compressing, and the performance of details.
引文
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