基于循环经济的企业运行机制、模式及评价研究
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摘要
循环经济是倡导与自然环境相和谐的经济发展模式,以实现资源利用的最大化,废物排放的最小化为目标。循环型经济发展模式被认为是从根本上消解长期以来环境与发展之间的尖锐冲突、实现人与自然和谐发展的途径。企业作为经济活动的微观主体,在循环经济中占据着重要的不可替代的地位,是全社会发展循环经济的基础。发展循环经济离不开企业,企业循环经济的发展决定了全社会循环经济建设的成败。因此,研究企业发展循环经济具有重要的理论与现实意义
本文首先讨论了循环经济的理论基础,主要包括:可持续发展理论、工业生态学理论、系统科学、企业演化论、生产责任延伸制等,这些理论为深入研究企业发展循环经济,构建循环型企业的模式提供了理论支撑。传统体制下企业行为与循环经济下企业行为有着很大的差异:经营目标从追求自身利润最大化转变为经济效益与生态效益相结合,循环经济下企业要自觉地把环境资源价值纳入到生产核算体系中去,作为制定企业决策和衡量企业效益的重要依据,循环经济下企业必须更多地应用减量技术、再利用技术、资源化技术等循环经济的技术,环境质量的改善与循环型企业经济效益的提高是可以同时实现的。循环经济下,资源环境因素被内生化到企业生产函数中,计算资源成本和环境成本条件下的企业行为最优化与传统企业有很大的不同。
企业发展循环经济具有正的外部性,也面临一些难题:成本上升、技术限制、价格障碍等。发展循环经济,必须充分发挥市场的基础调节作用,政府的引导和监督作用,把各方利益当作连接各主体的重要纽带,建立相应的利益协调机制。本文分析了企业发展循环经济的动力机制,构建了政府、消费者和企业多主体博弈模型。通过分析可以得到以下结论:外部主体的行为选择(政府和消费者的策略)决定企业生产行为的选择;由于消费者对绿色产品和伪绿色产品存在着逆向选择,因此政府必须对消费市场进行干预,政府还可以采取补贴和有效的激励、监督等手段推动企业发展循环经济。
国外已经形成了企业循环经济成功模式,如杜邦模式和卡伦堡模式,对推动循环型企业的发展具有一定借鉴及指导意义。企业循环经济模式的共同点在于:清洁生产是核心,循环技术是关键,资源循环利用是目标,产业链是纽带。在发展循环经济的过程中,一些企业针对行业特点和企业自身的具体情况,成功地运用清洁生产技术,建立了产业系统中不同工艺流程和不同行业之间横向共生的循环经济模式。根据企业循环产业链形成的动力源、组合方式、联系纽带的不同,循环型企业的发展模式可分为矿产资源导向型、外向辐射主导型、技术创新推动型、企业自我延伸型、再生资源加工型企业五种模式,不同模式发展的侧重点各不相同,论文结合实际案例进行了具体分析。
企业发展循环经济的核心是推行清洁生产,本文分析了清洁生产理论基础。企业推行清洁生产的动力在于市场竞争的压力、企业相关行为主体的激励与约束,企业推行清洁生产的阻力在于需要高固定资本投入、信息不对称、投资对清洁生产的监督不足,企业推行清洁生产的收益表现在:提高生产力、提升技术、增加出口、提升竞争力。本文还分别对资源节约、产品生态设计、清洁生产与ISO14000管理一体化战略进行了探讨。
建立一套科学的评价指标体系有利于对企业发展循环经济进行客观的评价,对企业循环经济的发展提供指导,本文深入研究和总结国内外已有的相关评价指标的基础上,构建了企业循环经济的综合评价模型,同时设计出企业综合能力的评价等级,以对企业实行循环经济的状况作出真实、客观、公正的综合评价。最后在对全文进行总结基础上提出企业发展循环经济的发展对策。
Circular economy which promotes to be in harmony with the natural environment is an economic development mode. The goal of this kind of economic development mode is to achieve the maximization of resource utilization and minimize the waste discharge. Circular mode of economic development is considered to be fundamental resolution on the sharp conflict between environment and development for a long time, and it can realize harmonious development between human and nature. As a micro-object in economic activities, enterprise plays an important role, which can not be replaced, in circular economy. Enterprise is the basis of the whole society developing circular economy. Developing circular economy can not be separated from enterprises while the development of circular economy in enterprises determines the result of circular economic constructions on the whole society. Therefore, the research on the development of circular economy in enterprises has important theoretical and practical significance.
Firstly, the dissertation discusses the theoretical basis for circular economy, including sustainable development theory, theory of industrial ecology, system science, business evolution theory, extension of the production responsibility system and so on. These theories study the development of circular economy for enterprises, and provide a theoretical support for building a circular business mode. There is a great contrast on business behavior between under the traditional system and under the circular economy: the pursuit of business objectives is from maximizing their own profits into combining economic benefits with ecological benefits. Under the condition of circular economy, enterprises should consciously put the value of environmental resources into the system of production accounting. Circular economy is the important basis of establishing decision-making and measuring the benefit of enterprises. Under this kind of economic mode, enterprises must apply such circular economic technologies as reducing technology, reuse technology, resource technology. The improvement of environmental quality and economic efficiency of circular enterprises can be achieved at the same time. Under the circular economy, the factors of resources and environment are put into the production function of enterprises. The behaviors of enterprises are optimized under the condition of computing the cost of resources and environment, so it is quite different from the traditional enterprises.
The development of circular economy for enterprises not only has positive external characteristics but also face some challenges: rising costs, technical limitations, price barriers and so on. To develop circular economy, we should bring market-based regulation, the guidance and supervision of government into full play, we should regard the interests of all parties as an important link to connect all the main objects, and then establish coordinated mechanisms. This dissertation analyzes the power mechanism of the development of circular economy for enterprises and constructs a multi-objects game model among a government, consumers and businesses. By analyzing the model, the conclusions are as follows: the external behavior of the main choices (the strategy of government and consumers) determines the choices of production behaviors; because there is a pseudo-adverse selection when consumers are facing with green products and fake green products, government has to intervene on the consumer market. The government can also encourage enterprises to develop circular economy by taking some effective means such as subsidies and incentives, monitoring and other means.
Foreign companies have formed a successful mode of circular economy, such as DuPont mode and Kalumborg mode, there is a certain reference and guide for promoting circular economy of enterprises. The common points of circular economy modes of enterprises are as follows: cleaning production is the core, recycling technology is the key point, recycling of resources is a goal, industry chain is a link. In the process of developing circular economy, some enterprises applied the cleaning production technology successfully aiming at the features of the industry and specific circumstances of themselves, established a horizontal pattern of circular economy between industrial systems and different processes in different sectors of the symbiosis. According to the business circular industrial chain formed by the power source, the combination of methods, different linkage, the types of circular business modes can be divided into five-business modes, including the development of mineral resources-oriented, outward radiation-based, technology-driven innovation, enterprise self-extended and the processing of renewable resources.
The core of developing circular economy for enterprises is to promote the cleaning production. This dissertation analyzes the theoretical basis of cleaning production. The motivation for enterprises to promote the cleaning production is because of the pressure from market competition, incentive and restraint from the relevant actors in the enterprises. While the resistances for enterprises are high fixed capital investment, asymmetric information, lacking enough investment on the supervision of cleaning production. The benefits for businesses to promote the technology are as follows, increasing productivity, upgrading technology, increasing exports and enhancing competitiveness. In this dissertation, the conservation of resources, products eco-design, cleaning production and the strategy of ISO14000 management integration are also discussed.
Establishing a science evaluating guideline system is in favor of evaluating circular economy of enterprise objectively and supervising the development of enterprise circular economy. By deeply studying the internal and external relevant evaluating guidelines, the dissertation constructs the comprehensive evaluation mode of enterprise circular economy, and designs the evaluating grade of enterprise comprehensive capability to make true, objective, and fair evaluation on the situation of the enterprise developing circular economy. Finally, it summaries the whole dissertation and presents the measures for enterprise to develop circular economy.
本文首先讨论了循环经济的理论基础,主要包括:可持续发展理论、工业生态学理论、系统科学、企业演化论、生产责任延伸制等,这些理论为深入研究企业发展循环经济,构建循环型企业的模式提供了理论支撑。传统体制下企业行为与循环经济下企业行为有着很大的差异:经营目标从追求自身利润最大化转变为经济效益与生态效益相结合,循环经济下企业要自觉地把环境资源价值纳入到生产核算体系中去,作为制定企业决策和衡量企业效益的重要依据,循环经济下企业必须更多地应用减量技术、再利用技术、资源化技术等循环经济的技术,环境质量的改善与循环型企业经济效益的提高是可以同时实现的。循环经济下,资源环境因素被内生化到企业生产函数中,计算资源成本和环境成本条件下的企业行为最优化与传统企业有很大的不同。
企业发展循环经济具有正的外部性,也面临一些难题:成本上升、技术限制、价格障碍等。发展循环经济,必须充分发挥市场的基础调节作用,政府的引导和监督作用,把各方利益当作连接各主体的重要纽带,建立相应的利益协调机制。本文分析了企业发展循环经济的动力机制,构建了政府、消费者和企业多主体博弈模型。通过分析可以得到以下结论:外部主体的行为选择(政府和消费者的策略)决定企业生产行为的选择;由于消费者对绿色产品和伪绿色产品存在着逆向选择,因此政府必须对消费市场进行干预,政府还可以采取补贴和有效的激励、监督等手段推动企业发展循环经济。
国外已经形成了企业循环经济成功模式,如杜邦模式和卡伦堡模式,对推动循环型企业的发展具有一定借鉴及指导意义。企业循环经济模式的共同点在于:清洁生产是核心,循环技术是关键,资源循环利用是目标,产业链是纽带。在发展循环经济的过程中,一些企业针对行业特点和企业自身的具体情况,成功地运用清洁生产技术,建立了产业系统中不同工艺流程和不同行业之间横向共生的循环经济模式。根据企业循环产业链形成的动力源、组合方式、联系纽带的不同,循环型企业的发展模式可分为矿产资源导向型、外向辐射主导型、技术创新推动型、企业自我延伸型、再生资源加工型企业五种模式,不同模式发展的侧重点各不相同,论文结合实际案例进行了具体分析。
企业发展循环经济的核心是推行清洁生产,本文分析了清洁生产理论基础。企业推行清洁生产的动力在于市场竞争的压力、企业相关行为主体的激励与约束,企业推行清洁生产的阻力在于需要高固定资本投入、信息不对称、投资对清洁生产的监督不足,企业推行清洁生产的收益表现在:提高生产力、提升技术、增加出口、提升竞争力。本文还分别对资源节约、产品生态设计、清洁生产与ISO14000管理一体化战略进行了探讨。
建立一套科学的评价指标体系有利于对企业发展循环经济进行客观的评价,对企业循环经济的发展提供指导,本文深入研究和总结国内外已有的相关评价指标的基础上,构建了企业循环经济的综合评价模型,同时设计出企业综合能力的评价等级,以对企业实行循环经济的状况作出真实、客观、公正的综合评价。最后在对全文进行总结基础上提出企业发展循环经济的发展对策。
Circular economy which promotes to be in harmony with the natural environment is an economic development mode. The goal of this kind of economic development mode is to achieve the maximization of resource utilization and minimize the waste discharge. Circular mode of economic development is considered to be fundamental resolution on the sharp conflict between environment and development for a long time, and it can realize harmonious development between human and nature. As a micro-object in economic activities, enterprise plays an important role, which can not be replaced, in circular economy. Enterprise is the basis of the whole society developing circular economy. Developing circular economy can not be separated from enterprises while the development of circular economy in enterprises determines the result of circular economic constructions on the whole society. Therefore, the research on the development of circular economy in enterprises has important theoretical and practical significance.
Firstly, the dissertation discusses the theoretical basis for circular economy, including sustainable development theory, theory of industrial ecology, system science, business evolution theory, extension of the production responsibility system and so on. These theories study the development of circular economy for enterprises, and provide a theoretical support for building a circular business mode. There is a great contrast on business behavior between under the traditional system and under the circular economy: the pursuit of business objectives is from maximizing their own profits into combining economic benefits with ecological benefits. Under the condition of circular economy, enterprises should consciously put the value of environmental resources into the system of production accounting. Circular economy is the important basis of establishing decision-making and measuring the benefit of enterprises. Under this kind of economic mode, enterprises must apply such circular economic technologies as reducing technology, reuse technology, resource technology. The improvement of environmental quality and economic efficiency of circular enterprises can be achieved at the same time. Under the circular economy, the factors of resources and environment are put into the production function of enterprises. The behaviors of enterprises are optimized under the condition of computing the cost of resources and environment, so it is quite different from the traditional enterprises.
The development of circular economy for enterprises not only has positive external characteristics but also face some challenges: rising costs, technical limitations, price barriers and so on. To develop circular economy, we should bring market-based regulation, the guidance and supervision of government into full play, we should regard the interests of all parties as an important link to connect all the main objects, and then establish coordinated mechanisms. This dissertation analyzes the power mechanism of the development of circular economy for enterprises and constructs a multi-objects game model among a government, consumers and businesses. By analyzing the model, the conclusions are as follows: the external behavior of the main choices (the strategy of government and consumers) determines the choices of production behaviors; because there is a pseudo-adverse selection when consumers are facing with green products and fake green products, government has to intervene on the consumer market. The government can also encourage enterprises to develop circular economy by taking some effective means such as subsidies and incentives, monitoring and other means.
Foreign companies have formed a successful mode of circular economy, such as DuPont mode and Kalumborg mode, there is a certain reference and guide for promoting circular economy of enterprises. The common points of circular economy modes of enterprises are as follows: cleaning production is the core, recycling technology is the key point, recycling of resources is a goal, industry chain is a link. In the process of developing circular economy, some enterprises applied the cleaning production technology successfully aiming at the features of the industry and specific circumstances of themselves, established a horizontal pattern of circular economy between industrial systems and different processes in different sectors of the symbiosis. According to the business circular industrial chain formed by the power source, the combination of methods, different linkage, the types of circular business modes can be divided into five-business modes, including the development of mineral resources-oriented, outward radiation-based, technology-driven innovation, enterprise self-extended and the processing of renewable resources.
The core of developing circular economy for enterprises is to promote the cleaning production. This dissertation analyzes the theoretical basis of cleaning production. The motivation for enterprises to promote the cleaning production is because of the pressure from market competition, incentive and restraint from the relevant actors in the enterprises. While the resistances for enterprises are high fixed capital investment, asymmetric information, lacking enough investment on the supervision of cleaning production. The benefits for businesses to promote the technology are as follows, increasing productivity, upgrading technology, increasing exports and enhancing competitiveness. In this dissertation, the conservation of resources, products eco-design, cleaning production and the strategy of ISO14000 management integration are also discussed.
Establishing a science evaluating guideline system is in favor of evaluating circular economy of enterprise objectively and supervising the development of enterprise circular economy. By deeply studying the internal and external relevant evaluating guidelines, the dissertation constructs the comprehensive evaluation mode of enterprise circular economy, and designs the evaluating grade of enterprise comprehensive capability to make true, objective, and fair evaluation on the situation of the enterprise developing circular economy. Finally, it summaries the whole dissertation and presents the measures for enterprise to develop circular economy.
引文
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