失量地图数据质量控制的理论与实践
摘要
空间数据的精度分析和质量控制是地理信息科学研究的主要内容之一。矢量地图数据是空间数据的重要表现形式，其质量的好坏直接影响到所有基于该地图数据的应用系统分析、决策的正确性和可靠性，影响到系统的成败。因此如何进行地图数据质量控制就成为军事测绘数字信息工程中一个十分重要的问题。本文在分析地图数据质量标准、数据模型特点、要素编码、各种规范、细则的基础上，研究和探讨了矢量地图数据质量检查、评价和控制的技术、手段和方法，从理论到实践进行了较为全面系统的研究和探讨。主要内容包括：
(1)对军事测绘数字信息工程中所用的各种作业规范、标准进行了分析、理解，在对规范标准进行量化的基础上，提出了矢量地图数据质量的评价模型。
(2)在概述地图数据误差产生原因、误差含义的基础上，研究了扫描数字化目标的位置误差，对这些误差的性质、度量指标、分布规律进行了分布拟合检验，最后提出对地图数据进行平差的几种方法。
(3)采用基于视觉变量、可视化技术解决了地图属性数据的符号化检查和表示；用属性模板技术，对属性的值域、逻辑一致性、完整性进行自动检查；用户可根据检查结果对属性精度进行评价、改进和优化。
可打印输出检查结果图和符合图式规范要求的成果图。
(4)设计出一种方便、实用的拓扑关系，地名指针的可视化检查方法，对错误的拓扑信息可修改并进行拓扑重组。
(5)设计了自动拼接和人机交互接边相结合的方法解决图幅间的接边误差。对所有查出的错误，系统提供了较丰富的编辑修改工具。
(6)结合军事测绘数字信息工程建立系列比例尺地形图数据库的需要，设计并实现了原型系统——MapCheck软件，对MapCheck的结构、功能、实现方法进行了详细的论述。
文章的最后给出了完善地图数据质量检查和控制软件系统的几点想法。
The precision analysis and quality control of spatial data is one of the main contents of the research on geographic information science. The vector map data is an important presentation of spatial data, its quality influences directly the analysis of all the applied system based on the map data, the correctness and the reliability of the decision and the success of the system. Therefore how to perform the map data quality control becomes a very important problem in the digital information engineering of military surveying and mapping. Based on the analyses of the map data quality standards, data model characteristics, feature coding, various specifications and rules, the paper researches and discusses thoroughly the technology and method for vector map data quality check, evaluation and control both in theory and in practice. The main contents are as the following:
(1) Analyzing various operation specifications and standards for the digital information engineering of military surveying and mapping; and proposing the evaluation model for vector map data quality based on the quantification of the specifications and standards.
(2) Researching the position error of the scanning digital objective and checking the distribution fitting of the attributes, measurement index and distribution regularity of the errors based on the description of the causes and meanings of the map data error; and putting forward several methods for the adjustment of the map data.
(3) Resolving the symbolization check and presentation of the map attribute data based on the visual variants and visualization technology; automatically checking the range of the value of the attributes and logic consistency and integrity based on the attribute template technology. The users can evaluate, improve and optimize the precision of the attributes according to the checking results and print the map of the checking results as well as the resulting map consistent with the specification requirements.
(4) Designing a convenient and practical visulization method for checking topologic relation and geographic name; modifying and reorganizing topologically the wrongly topologic information.
(5) Designing the method combining automatic seaming with interactive seaming to remove the seaming error between the map sheets; providing many editing tools for all the errors having been found.
(6) Designing and realizing the prototype-MapCheck software by combing with the need for the digital information engineering of military surveying and mapping to establish series-scale map database; describing in detail the structure, function and the realization method of MapCheck.
(1)对军事测绘数字信息工程中所用的各种作业规范、标准进行了分析、理解，在对规范标准进行量化的基础上，提出了矢量地图数据质量的评价模型。
(2)在概述地图数据误差产生原因、误差含义的基础上，研究了扫描数字化目标的位置误差，对这些误差的性质、度量指标、分布规律进行了分布拟合检验，最后提出对地图数据进行平差的几种方法。
(3)采用基于视觉变量、可视化技术解决了地图属性数据的符号化检查和表示；用属性模板技术，对属性的值域、逻辑一致性、完整性进行自动检查；用户可根据检查结果对属性精度进行评价、改进和优化。
可打印输出检查结果图和符合图式规范要求的成果图。
(4)设计出一种方便、实用的拓扑关系，地名指针的可视化检查方法，对错误的拓扑信息可修改并进行拓扑重组。
(5)设计了自动拼接和人机交互接边相结合的方法解决图幅间的接边误差。对所有查出的错误，系统提供了较丰富的编辑修改工具。
(6)结合军事测绘数字信息工程建立系列比例尺地形图数据库的需要，设计并实现了原型系统——MapCheck软件，对MapCheck的结构、功能、实现方法进行了详细的论述。
文章的最后给出了完善地图数据质量检查和控制软件系统的几点想法。
The precision analysis and quality control of spatial data is one of the main contents of the research on geographic information science. The vector map data is an important presentation of spatial data, its quality influences directly the analysis of all the applied system based on the map data, the correctness and the reliability of the decision and the success of the system. Therefore how to perform the map data quality control becomes a very important problem in the digital information engineering of military surveying and mapping. Based on the analyses of the map data quality standards, data model characteristics, feature coding, various specifications and rules, the paper researches and discusses thoroughly the technology and method for vector map data quality check, evaluation and control both in theory and in practice. The main contents are as the following:
(1) Analyzing various operation specifications and standards for the digital information engineering of military surveying and mapping; and proposing the evaluation model for vector map data quality based on the quantification of the specifications and standards.
(2) Researching the position error of the scanning digital objective and checking the distribution fitting of the attributes, measurement index and distribution regularity of the errors based on the description of the causes and meanings of the map data error; and putting forward several methods for the adjustment of the map data.
(3) Resolving the symbolization check and presentation of the map attribute data based on the visual variants and visualization technology; automatically checking the range of the value of the attributes and logic consistency and integrity based on the attribute template technology. The users can evaluate, improve and optimize the precision of the attributes according to the checking results and print the map of the checking results as well as the resulting map consistent with the specification requirements.
(4) Designing a convenient and practical visulization method for checking topologic relation and geographic name; modifying and reorganizing topologically the wrongly topologic information.
(5) Designing the method combining automatic seaming with interactive seaming to remove the seaming error between the map sheets; providing many editing tools for all the errors having been found.
(6) Designing and realizing the prototype-MapCheck software by combing with the need for the digital information engineering of military surveying and mapping to establish series-scale map database; describing in detail the structure, function and the realization method of MapCheck.
引文
[1] 王家耀，空间信息系统原理，科学出版社，2001
[2] 王家耀、华一新，军事地理信息系统原理，解放军出版社，1997
[3] 刘大杰、史文中、童小华、孙红春，GIS空间数据的精度分析与质量控制，上海科学计算文献出版社，1999．10
[4] 龚健雅，当代GtS的若干理论与计算，武汉测绘科技大学出版社，1999．3,p196
[5] 史文中，空间数据误差处理的理论与方法，科学出版社，1998．12
[6] 张保钢，朱凌，朱光：GIS中矢量数据缓冲区操作的不确定性传播模型，测绘学报，1998，3
[7] 吴芳华：地图数据质量的检查方法，军事测绘，1997，4
[8] 刘文宝，邓敏，夏宗国．矢量GIS中属性数据的不确定性分析，测绘学报，2000，1：76-82
[9] 童小华，史文中，刘大杰：GIS中数字化数据误差的分布检验与处理，武汉测绘科技大学学报，2000，2：77-83
[10] 杜道生，孙家柄：用随机模拟方法建立矢量数据的误差模型，武汉测绘科技大学学报，2000，2：49-53
[11] 童小华、刘大杰：道路曲线数字化数据的联合平差模型，武汉大学学报，信息科学版，2001，1：64-69
[12] 童小华，刘大杰等：地图数字化数据误差的P-范检验，同济大学博士生论文集，1997
[13] 孟晓林，刘大杰，朱照宏：地图数字化数据误差的NL分布检验，同济大学学报，1996(5)
[14] 赵书茂，赵永江，黄万华．地图质量的模糊综合评价，测绘学院学报，2000，1：70-72
[15] 华一新，吴升，赵军喜：地理信息系统原理与技术，解放军出版社，2001
[16] 黄幼才，刘文宝等：GIS空间数据误差分析和处理，中国地质大学出版社，1995
[17] 吴芳华：通用地图符号库的设计与实现，《军事测绘》，1998．3
[18] 吴芳华：GIS空间数据质量的评价，《解放军测绘学院学报》，2001，1
[19] 吴芳华：数字地图数据质量评价软件的设计《解放军测绘研究所学报》，2001．1
[20] 吴芳华：数字地图质量评价软件的实现，《广州数字地图生产论文集》2000．10
[21] 吴芳华：《成都地理信息系统年会论文集》，GIS空间数据质量评价方法的探讨，2000．3
[22] 1：5万基础地理信息框架数据产品检查验收与质量评定规定 2002．2
[23] 1：5万基础地理信息框架数据产品生产工程监理细则 2002．2
[24] 数字测绘产品生产工程质量监理条例 2002．2
[25] 1：5万军用矢量数字地形图(框架数据)采集细则
[26] 军用基础地理信息要素分类及编码
[27] 军用数字地形图矢量数据模型及格式
[28] 国家干线公路线路名称和编码
[29] 中华人民共和国行政区划代码
[30] 中华人民共和国铁路路线名称代码
[31] 中华人民共和国铁路车站站名代码
[32] 全国河流名称代码。
[33] 1：2500、1：50000、1：100000军用地形图图式
[34] 指挥自动化军用地形图分幅及编码
[35] 中国海图图式
[36] 1：2500、1：50000、1：100000地形图航空摄影测量内业规范
[37] 1：2500、1：50000、1：100000地形图航空援影测量像片判绘规则
[38] 航空摄影测量成果成图检查验收规定
[39] Caspry, W. and R.Scheuring,1992, Error-band as measurers of geographic accuracy, Proceeding of EGIS'92,226～233
[40] Goodchild,M.F. and Gopal,S.(ed.),1989b,the Accuracy of Spatial Databases. New York, Taylor and Francis
[41] Goodchild,M.F. and Hunter, G.J.,A Simple Positional Accuracy Measure for Linear Features. International Journal of Geographical Information Science. Val.11 No.3, 1997:397-408
[42] Goodchild,M.F.,1998, Geomatics and geographic information science: tran-century directions and application,Proceeding of SIST'98, Wuhan, China: 70;304～311
[43] Shi,W.Z.,1998,A Generic Statistical Approach for Modeling Errors of Geomatric Features in GIS.International Journal of Geographical Information Science. Vol. 12, No.2., 1998:131～143
[44] UCGIS,1996,Research Priorities for geographic information science. Cartography and GIS 23(3):115～127
[200] Maha A.jaafar. Ph.D. Accuracy Of Topographic Mapping Using Different Scanning Resolutions, The 20th International Cartographic Conference. ICC 2001 Beijing China volume 5;2859～2865
[45] Tong Xiaohua, Liu Dajie, A Methodology to Adijust Digital Cadastral Areas in GIS, The 20th International Cartographic Conference. ICC 2001 Beijing China. volume 5; 2866～2874
[46] Mr Antti Jakobsson, Status of Data Quality in European National Mapping Agencies, The 20th International Cartographic Conference. ICC 2001 Beijing China. volume 5; 2875～2880
[47] BURROUGH P A, MCDONNELL R A.Principles of Geographical Information Systems[M].New York:Oxford University Press, 1998.231-240
[48] Abler, R.F.,1987,The National Science Foundation Center for Geographic Information and Analysis. International Journal of Geographic Information System 1:303～326
[49] MacDougall,E.B.,1975,The Accuracy of map overlays. Lanscape and Planning 2:23～30
[50] Huang Y.C. and Liu W.B., Building the Estimation Model of Digitizing Error. Photogrammetric Engineering and RemoteSeneing. Vol.63, No.10,1997:1203～1209
[51][44] Shi,W.Z.,1994,Modeling Positional and Thematic Uncertainties in Integration of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems,ITC Publication,Enschede. ISBN 90 6164 099 7,147 pages
[52] Shi,W.Z.,1997,Statistical Modeling Uncertainties of three-Dimentional GIS Features Cartography and Geographic Information System, Vol.24, No. 1., 1997:21～26
[53] Nina M.Kelly, 2000, Spatial Accuracy Assessment of Wetland Permit Data, Cartography and Geographic Information Science, Vol.27, p117～127
[54] Bolstad, P.V.,1990,A Variance Component Analysis of Manually Digilized Map Data, Surveying ang Land Information System, Vol.50,No.3:201～207
[55] BURROUGH P A, MCDONNELL R A.Principles of Geographical Information Systems[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1998.231-240
[2] 王家耀、华一新，军事地理信息系统原理，解放军出版社，1997
[3] 刘大杰、史文中、童小华、孙红春，GIS空间数据的精度分析与质量控制，上海科学计算文献出版社，1999．10
[4] 龚健雅，当代GtS的若干理论与计算，武汉测绘科技大学出版社，1999．3,p196
[5] 史文中，空间数据误差处理的理论与方法，科学出版社，1998．12
[6] 张保钢，朱凌，朱光：GIS中矢量数据缓冲区操作的不确定性传播模型，测绘学报，1998，3
[7] 吴芳华：地图数据质量的检查方法，军事测绘，1997，4
[8] 刘文宝，邓敏，夏宗国．矢量GIS中属性数据的不确定性分析，测绘学报，2000，1：76-82
[9] 童小华，史文中，刘大杰：GIS中数字化数据误差的分布检验与处理，武汉测绘科技大学学报，2000，2：77-83
[10] 杜道生，孙家柄：用随机模拟方法建立矢量数据的误差模型，武汉测绘科技大学学报，2000，2：49-53
[11] 童小华、刘大杰：道路曲线数字化数据的联合平差模型，武汉大学学报，信息科学版，2001，1：64-69
[12] 童小华，刘大杰等：地图数字化数据误差的P-范检验，同济大学博士生论文集，1997
[13] 孟晓林，刘大杰，朱照宏：地图数字化数据误差的NL分布检验，同济大学学报，1996(5)
[14] 赵书茂，赵永江，黄万华．地图质量的模糊综合评价，测绘学院学报，2000，1：70-72
[15] 华一新，吴升，赵军喜：地理信息系统原理与技术，解放军出版社，2001
[16] 黄幼才，刘文宝等：GIS空间数据误差分析和处理，中国地质大学出版社，1995
[17] 吴芳华：通用地图符号库的设计与实现，《军事测绘》，1998．3
[18] 吴芳华：GIS空间数据质量的评价，《解放军测绘学院学报》，2001，1
[19] 吴芳华：数字地图数据质量评价软件的设计《解放军测绘研究所学报》，2001．1
[20] 吴芳华：数字地图质量评价软件的实现，《广州数字地图生产论文集》2000．10
[21] 吴芳华：《成都地理信息系统年会论文集》，GIS空间数据质量评价方法的探讨，2000．3
[22] 1：5万基础地理信息框架数据产品检查验收与质量评定规定 2002．2
[23] 1：5万基础地理信息框架数据产品生产工程监理细则 2002．2
[24] 数字测绘产品生产工程质量监理条例 2002．2
[25] 1：5万军用矢量数字地形图(框架数据)采集细则
[26] 军用基础地理信息要素分类及编码
[27] 军用数字地形图矢量数据模型及格式
[28] 国家干线公路线路名称和编码
[29] 中华人民共和国行政区划代码
[30] 中华人民共和国铁路路线名称代码
[31] 中华人民共和国铁路车站站名代码
[32] 全国河流名称代码。
[33] 1：2500、1：50000、1：100000军用地形图图式
[34] 指挥自动化军用地形图分幅及编码
[35] 中国海图图式
[36] 1：2500、1：50000、1：100000地形图航空摄影测量内业规范
[37] 1：2500、1：50000、1：100000地形图航空援影测量像片判绘规则
[38] 航空摄影测量成果成图检查验收规定
[39] Caspry, W. and R.Scheuring,1992, Error-band as measurers of geographic accuracy, Proceeding of EGIS'92,226～233
[40] Goodchild,M.F. and Gopal,S.(ed.),1989b,the Accuracy of Spatial Databases. New York, Taylor and Francis
[41] Goodchild,M.F. and Hunter, G.J.,A Simple Positional Accuracy Measure for Linear Features. International Journal of Geographical Information Science. Val.11 No.3, 1997:397-408
[42] Goodchild,M.F.,1998, Geomatics and geographic information science: tran-century directions and application,Proceeding of SIST'98, Wuhan, China: 70;304～311
[43] Shi,W.Z.,1998,A Generic Statistical Approach for Modeling Errors of Geomatric Features in GIS.International Journal of Geographical Information Science. Vol. 12, No.2., 1998:131～143
[44] UCGIS,1996,Research Priorities for geographic information science. Cartography and GIS 23(3):115～127
[200] Maha A.jaafar. Ph.D. Accuracy Of Topographic Mapping Using Different Scanning Resolutions, The 20th International Cartographic Conference. ICC 2001 Beijing China volume 5;2859～2865
[45] Tong Xiaohua, Liu Dajie, A Methodology to Adijust Digital Cadastral Areas in GIS, The 20th International Cartographic Conference. ICC 2001 Beijing China. volume 5; 2866～2874
[46] Mr Antti Jakobsson, Status of Data Quality in European National Mapping Agencies, The 20th International Cartographic Conference. ICC 2001 Beijing China. volume 5; 2875～2880
[47] BURROUGH P A, MCDONNELL R A.Principles of Geographical Information Systems[M].New York:Oxford University Press, 1998.231-240
[48] Abler, R.F.,1987,The National Science Foundation Center for Geographic Information and Analysis. International Journal of Geographic Information System 1:303～326
[49] MacDougall,E.B.,1975,The Accuracy of map overlays. Lanscape and Planning 2:23～30
[50] Huang Y.C. and Liu W.B., Building the Estimation Model of Digitizing Error. Photogrammetric Engineering and RemoteSeneing. Vol.63, No.10,1997:1203～1209
[51][44] Shi,W.Z.,1994,Modeling Positional and Thematic Uncertainties in Integration of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems,ITC Publication,Enschede. ISBN 90 6164 099 7,147 pages
[52] Shi,W.Z.,1997,Statistical Modeling Uncertainties of three-Dimentional GIS Features Cartography and Geographic Information System, Vol.24, No. 1., 1997:21～26
[53] Nina M.Kelly, 2000, Spatial Accuracy Assessment of Wetland Permit Data, Cartography and Geographic Information Science, Vol.27, p117～127
[54] Bolstad, P.V.,1990,A Variance Component Analysis of Manually Digilized Map Data, Surveying ang Land Information System, Vol.50,No.3:201～207
[55] BURROUGH P A, MCDONNELL R A.Principles of Geographical Information Systems[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1998.231-240