黄河南徙对徐淮地区生态和社会经济环境影响研究
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摘要
黄河南徙以来,对流域下游地区的生态环境、社会经济和人民生活带来了巨大的影响。依托江苏省社科基金重点项目的资助,本文综合运用多学科的理论方法,从黄河南徙演变过程、及其对徐淮地区自然生态环境变迁、社会经济影响等几个方面,系统地研究了徐淮地区生态环境与社会经济的变迁对黄河南徙响应过程及互动规律。得出如下结论:
1.以时间为序,探讨了黄河南徙的历史背景与黄河下游河道的历史变迁及不同阶段影响黄河南徙的自然和人为驱动因素。
2.从生态环境和社会经济两个方面,探讨了黄河南徙对徐淮地区的影响:黄河南徙打乱了区域河湖水系格局,改变了的地形地貌,加剧了水土流失,导致土壤沙化,使徐淮地区生态环境不断恶化,自然灾害频发,致使古黄河故道成为生态环境的脆弱带;同时导致了区域农田灌溉工程设施大量毁废,耕作制度的逆变,城市盛衰变迁,区域政治地位边缘化,社会心理趋于保守化,社会治安动荡混乱,严重限制了区域社会经济的发展。
3.在多方面现在调查的基础上,选取了徐州市黄泛区与非黄泛区的典型剖面土壤,进行了粒度组成、矿物成分组成、物理和与化学成分等方面的分析,结果表明:两区内表层土壤相比,非黄泛区有机质、全氮含量均显著大于黄泛区;前者pH平均值为7.34;而后者pH平均值为8.19;阳离子交换量前者是后者的1.46倍。两区内深层土壤相比,非黄泛区土壤有机质含量为黄泛区的1.75倍,全氮含量前者是后者的1.34倍,前者pH平均值为7.75;而后者pH平均值为8.31。表明由于古黄河泛滥的影响,黄泛区深层土壤肥力大大差于非黄泛区。
4.选择徐州市区彭城广场地基土壤剖面样品,进行了土壤磁化率、矿物组成、重金属元素含量等环境指标测试分析,结果表明:样本土壤矿物成分较为相近,明、清朝时期的土壤层Cu、Pb和Zn重金属元素积累较多,平均磁化率约是明清之前的2.3倍,反映了研究区土壤的成熟度较低,受到沙化侵蚀较重,印证了明清时期徐州雨量丰沛,水患频发,对徐州城的兴废产生了深远影响,也为徐州城叠城的演变提供了实验佐证。
5.黄河南徙的影响一直延续至今,利用耦合理论与系统演化方程,通过Matlab软件对徐州市1978年～2005年的生态环境与社会经济的综合指数进行非线性拟合与耦合度分析,结果表明:复合系统的耦合度分布在-90°～90°之间,经历了协调化发展、生态环境的恶化与修复重建,再到社会经济与生态环境均衡发展的阶段;并指出良好的生态环境需要稳定的社会环境与国家政策的引导保护,社会经济的运行发展也必须注重社会生产与生态环境保护相协调。
The southward diversion of the Yellow River has had great influence on the eco-environment, social economy and people’s life along its lower reaches. Subsidized by the key program of Jiangsu Social Science Funds, this dissertation applies multi-disciplinary theories and methods. It investigates the changing of eco-environment and social economy of Xu-Huai area and its interaction pattern with the southward diversion from the aspects of 1) evolution of the southward diversion of the Yellow River, 2) changing of natural eco-environment and 3) impact on social economy. The main conclusions are as following:
Firstly, The historical background and southward diversion of the Yellow River at the lower reaches are discussed chronologically. And the reason of southward diversion of Yellow River is analyzed in the aspects of nature and human.
Secondly, in the view of the eco-environment and social economy, effects of southward diversion of the Yellow River on Xu-Huai River Basin are analyzed. During this period, the change of the eco-environment in the area caused repeated flood, which in turn exerted great influence on the changes of the eco-environment, e.g. river diversion, formation of new lakes, siltation and disappearance of some lakes, eastern movement of the coastline and deterioration of the soil.Social and economical impact on Xu-Huai area is investigated in the aspects of agricultural economy, urban patterns and economy and social culture. The impact mainly includes the river’s diversion caused frequent agricultural disasters, many destroyed agricultural irrigation projects and facilities, reverse farming system, rise and fall of cities (or even cities being flooded), marginalization of regional political position, conservativeness of social psychology and turbulent social order.
Thirdly, on the basis of vast investigations, experiments are conducted on the particle size, mineral ,mechanical and chemical compositions of the typical soil profile from the former flooded areas and that from the non-flooded areas in Xuzhou. The experiments reveal in the contrast of the topsoil in these two areas, organic fertilizers and total nitrogen in the soil of the non-flooded areas are much more than those in the soil of the former flooded areas and the average pH value of the former is 7.34, the latter 8.19. The cation exchange capacity in the former soil is 1.46 times as much as that in the latter. In the contrast of the deepsoil, organic fertilizers in the soil of the non-flooded areas are 1.75 times as much as those in the former flooded areas and total nitrogen is 1.34 times as much as that in the former flooded areas. The former average pH value is 7.75, and the latter 8.31. The contrasts indicate fertility of soil in the former flooded areas is greatly inferior to that in the non-flooded areas.
Fourthly, with the foundation samples of soil profile beneath the Pengcheng Square of Xuzhou City as subjects, an experiment is conducted on the environmental indexes such as magnetic susceptibility, mineral composition and heavy metal contents of the soil. The result shows: mineral composition in different samples are similar and heavy metal elements such as Cu, Pb and Zn in soil accumulated more in the ming and qing dynasties and the average magnetic susceptibility of soil samples in that period is about 2.3 times as in the previous time. It reflects grade of maturity of soil under research is comparatively low and sand-erosion in these areas is serious. It proves there is plenty of rain in Xuzhou in the ming and qing dynasties and frequent floods have profound influence on the up and down of Xuzhou City. It consequently provides experimental evidence to the overlapping of Xuzhou City.
Lastly, the influence of the southward diversion of the Yellow River has extended to nowdays. With the help of the coupling theory and the evolution equations, a non-linear fitting and coupling degree analysis is made on composite index of the eco-environment and social economy of Xuzhou City from 1978 to 2005 by Matlab software. The analysis illustates distribution of coupling degree is between -90°~90°.The composite system comprises coordinated development phase, the deteriation and restoration of ecological environment phase and the balanced development phase between social economy and eco-environment. The dissertation points out a good eco-environment should be safeguarded by stable socio-environment and government policies and the development of social economy should keep pace with the protection of eco-environment.
1.以时间为序,探讨了黄河南徙的历史背景与黄河下游河道的历史变迁及不同阶段影响黄河南徙的自然和人为驱动因素。
2.从生态环境和社会经济两个方面,探讨了黄河南徙对徐淮地区的影响:黄河南徙打乱了区域河湖水系格局,改变了的地形地貌,加剧了水土流失,导致土壤沙化,使徐淮地区生态环境不断恶化,自然灾害频发,致使古黄河故道成为生态环境的脆弱带;同时导致了区域农田灌溉工程设施大量毁废,耕作制度的逆变,城市盛衰变迁,区域政治地位边缘化,社会心理趋于保守化,社会治安动荡混乱,严重限制了区域社会经济的发展。
3.在多方面现在调查的基础上,选取了徐州市黄泛区与非黄泛区的典型剖面土壤,进行了粒度组成、矿物成分组成、物理和与化学成分等方面的分析,结果表明:两区内表层土壤相比,非黄泛区有机质、全氮含量均显著大于黄泛区;前者pH平均值为7.34;而后者pH平均值为8.19;阳离子交换量前者是后者的1.46倍。两区内深层土壤相比,非黄泛区土壤有机质含量为黄泛区的1.75倍,全氮含量前者是后者的1.34倍,前者pH平均值为7.75;而后者pH平均值为8.31。表明由于古黄河泛滥的影响,黄泛区深层土壤肥力大大差于非黄泛区。
4.选择徐州市区彭城广场地基土壤剖面样品,进行了土壤磁化率、矿物组成、重金属元素含量等环境指标测试分析,结果表明:样本土壤矿物成分较为相近,明、清朝时期的土壤层Cu、Pb和Zn重金属元素积累较多,平均磁化率约是明清之前的2.3倍,反映了研究区土壤的成熟度较低,受到沙化侵蚀较重,印证了明清时期徐州雨量丰沛,水患频发,对徐州城的兴废产生了深远影响,也为徐州城叠城的演变提供了实验佐证。
5.黄河南徙的影响一直延续至今,利用耦合理论与系统演化方程,通过Matlab软件对徐州市1978年～2005年的生态环境与社会经济的综合指数进行非线性拟合与耦合度分析,结果表明:复合系统的耦合度分布在-90°～90°之间,经历了协调化发展、生态环境的恶化与修复重建,再到社会经济与生态环境均衡发展的阶段;并指出良好的生态环境需要稳定的社会环境与国家政策的引导保护,社会经济的运行发展也必须注重社会生产与生态环境保护相协调。
The southward diversion of the Yellow River has had great influence on the eco-environment, social economy and people’s life along its lower reaches. Subsidized by the key program of Jiangsu Social Science Funds, this dissertation applies multi-disciplinary theories and methods. It investigates the changing of eco-environment and social economy of Xu-Huai area and its interaction pattern with the southward diversion from the aspects of 1) evolution of the southward diversion of the Yellow River, 2) changing of natural eco-environment and 3) impact on social economy. The main conclusions are as following:
Firstly, The historical background and southward diversion of the Yellow River at the lower reaches are discussed chronologically. And the reason of southward diversion of Yellow River is analyzed in the aspects of nature and human.
Secondly, in the view of the eco-environment and social economy, effects of southward diversion of the Yellow River on Xu-Huai River Basin are analyzed. During this period, the change of the eco-environment in the area caused repeated flood, which in turn exerted great influence on the changes of the eco-environment, e.g. river diversion, formation of new lakes, siltation and disappearance of some lakes, eastern movement of the coastline and deterioration of the soil.Social and economical impact on Xu-Huai area is investigated in the aspects of agricultural economy, urban patterns and economy and social culture. The impact mainly includes the river’s diversion caused frequent agricultural disasters, many destroyed agricultural irrigation projects and facilities, reverse farming system, rise and fall of cities (or even cities being flooded), marginalization of regional political position, conservativeness of social psychology and turbulent social order.
Thirdly, on the basis of vast investigations, experiments are conducted on the particle size, mineral ,mechanical and chemical compositions of the typical soil profile from the former flooded areas and that from the non-flooded areas in Xuzhou. The experiments reveal in the contrast of the topsoil in these two areas, organic fertilizers and total nitrogen in the soil of the non-flooded areas are much more than those in the soil of the former flooded areas and the average pH value of the former is 7.34, the latter 8.19. The cation exchange capacity in the former soil is 1.46 times as much as that in the latter. In the contrast of the deepsoil, organic fertilizers in the soil of the non-flooded areas are 1.75 times as much as those in the former flooded areas and total nitrogen is 1.34 times as much as that in the former flooded areas. The former average pH value is 7.75, and the latter 8.31. The contrasts indicate fertility of soil in the former flooded areas is greatly inferior to that in the non-flooded areas.
Fourthly, with the foundation samples of soil profile beneath the Pengcheng Square of Xuzhou City as subjects, an experiment is conducted on the environmental indexes such as magnetic susceptibility, mineral composition and heavy metal contents of the soil. The result shows: mineral composition in different samples are similar and heavy metal elements such as Cu, Pb and Zn in soil accumulated more in the ming and qing dynasties and the average magnetic susceptibility of soil samples in that period is about 2.3 times as in the previous time. It reflects grade of maturity of soil under research is comparatively low and sand-erosion in these areas is serious. It proves there is plenty of rain in Xuzhou in the ming and qing dynasties and frequent floods have profound influence on the up and down of Xuzhou City. It consequently provides experimental evidence to the overlapping of Xuzhou City.
Lastly, the influence of the southward diversion of the Yellow River has extended to nowdays. With the help of the coupling theory and the evolution equations, a non-linear fitting and coupling degree analysis is made on composite index of the eco-environment and social economy of Xuzhou City from 1978 to 2005 by Matlab software. The analysis illustates distribution of coupling degree is between -90°~90°.The composite system comprises coordinated development phase, the deteriation and restoration of ecological environment phase and the balanced development phase between social economy and eco-environment. The dissertation points out a good eco-environment should be safeguarded by stable socio-environment and government policies and the development of social economy should keep pace with the protection of eco-environment.
引文
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