基于共生视角的村镇银行发展研究
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摘要
到2020年全面建成小康社会,是党的十八大确定的我国社会主义现代化建设的阶段性宏伟目标。推动城乡一体化发展,增强农村发展活力,促进城乡共同繁荣,是实现这一宏伟目标的重要组成部分。农民的富足、农村的稳定和农业的发展离不开金融的支持和推动。农村金融市场作为农村经济发展中最为重要的资本要素配置市场,其发展问题一直受到政府的高度重视。然而长期以来,由于农业生产的高风险性、分散性和波动性以及农村金融市场准入门槛过高、高度垄断等原因,现有的农村金融机构越来越无法满足“三农”对资金和服务的多样化需求,导致金融服务严重滞后于“三农”发展需要,供求不平衡的矛盾日益突出。为更好地推进农村金融体制改革和创新,解决农村资金供给存在较大缺口的问题,为农民、农业和农村经济提供更便利、更充分、更有效的金融服务,从2006年底开始,银监会陆续颁布关于村镇银行发展的政策与法规,鼓励村镇银行的发展。从2007年2月中国首家村镇银行一—四川仪陇惠民村镇银行设立到2013年2月,经银监部门批准设立的村镇银行已达1502家。实践证明,作为新型银行业金融机构的主要试点机构和我国农村金融改革的重要成果,村镇银行的诞生和发展是保证信贷资金到贫困户、广大农民和小微企业手中,缓解农村贷款难,加大金融支持新农村建设的有效手段。但作为新生事物,村镇银行在其成长过程中不可避免地遇到了一些困难和问题。我们认为,在村镇银行的发展中,只有牢固树立村镇银行与农户和小微企业以及其他金融组织的共生共荣的科学发展观,才能真正实现村镇银行的持续健康发展,发挥出新型农村金融机构对新农村建设的应有作用。本文将生物学的共生理论引入我国村镇银行的发展研究中,从一个全新的视角审视了我国村镇银行所处的共生关系,并试以运用共生理论的研究框架与方法来分析、解决村镇银行发展问题。本文的研究有益于国家和各级农村金融机构管理者、决策者以及广大农户、小微企业树立共生理念,培养金融机构的竞争意识和合作意识,使他们更好地满足广大农村地区的农户和小微企业资金需求,实现真正意义的普惠金融。探索和发展村镇银行,可以为农村正规金融机构培养一个新的竞争对手,’发挥其“鲶鱼效应”,促进正规金融机构的完善和创新,最终推进我国农村金融深化改革、繁荣农村经济。
在研究过程中,本文借鉴了金融学、制度经济学、信息经济学等领域已有的研究成果,以共生思想为指导,采用定性分析与定量分析相结合,归纳与演绎相结合,规范分析与实证分析相结合等方法,以农村金融改革为背景,构建了村镇银行发展过程中的共生关系的研究框架。首先通过对研究背景和国内外对村镇银行研究的分析,阐明了本文的研究目的和重要意义,提出从共生角度研究村镇银行发展的有效方法。然后从我国农村金融市场的现实出发,在介绍了共生理论和村镇银行发展概况之后,揭示出村镇银行健康发展的核心机制是共生机制。从共生角度对村镇银行与农户和小微企业、其他金融组织的关系进行了梳理,论证了村镇银行发展过程中的共生机理。在对农户、小微企业和其他金融机构发展状况分析的基础之上,建立了村镇银行与农户、小微企业、其他金融组织共生分析的基本框架,讨论了村镇银行与农户、小微企业以及其他农村金融组织共生的实际状况。进而运用共生理论找出制约村镇银行发展的主要因素。并利用这些因素从共生视角构建村镇银行发展水平的评价指标体系。结合调研取得的20家村镇银行的相关数据和年鉴资料,采用因子分析法对村镇银行的发展水平进行了实证评价。通过对村镇银行与农户、小微企业和其他金融组织共生状况的分析,并结合定量分析的结果,遵循共生规律,从村镇银行自身、共生对象、共生模式和共生环境四个方面提出村镇银行发展的具体建议。
结果表明,村镇银行与农户和农村小微企业之间存在共生关系。在发达农村地区,非对称互惠共生较为明显；而在欠发达农村地区,偏利共生广泛存在。村镇银行与农村其他金融组织之间也存在着紧密的共生关系,共生形式表现为同业竞争与合作。在共生关系中,制约村镇银行发展的因素主要有四个,即村镇银行作为共生单元自身存在缺陷,共生对象匹配度较差,共生模式不完善以及共生环境不理想。最终得出,只有加快村镇银行自身建设,提高共生对象的匹配度,完善共生模式并优化共生环境,才能使村镇银行与农户和小微企业形成和谐的共生关系,才能使村镇银行健康持续发展,更好地服务于三农。本文的创新在于：第一,将共生理论引入村镇银行的研究之中,分析村镇银行与农户、小微企业以及与其他农村金融组织的共生状态。第二,从共生的视角提出制约村镇银行发展的四个主要因素。第三,基于共生视角从单元自身、共生对象和共生环境三个维度构建了村镇银行发展水平评价指标体系。第四,遵循共生规律,提出了村镇银行发展的具体建议。
Completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by2020is a magnificent target presented by the18th CPC National Congress. As important components of this target, city and countryside integration, strengthening energy of rural development and city and rural common prosperity are arduous task we are facing. Farmer's rich and rural stability and agricultural development can't do without financial supporting and promotion. Rural finance market is the most important capital elements configuration market and its development always gets the attention of government. But for a long time, due to agricultural high risk and dispensability and volatility and high threshold for rural finance market, existing rural finance institution can't meet various financial needs of rural areas and lagged far behind agricultural development, supply-demand imbalance increasingly appeared. In order to propel the rural financial reform and innovation, solve the big financing gap and serve farmers and rural small enterprises better, CBRC issued some policies and regulations to encourage rural bank develop at the second half of2006. Since february2007, the first rural bank-Yi long huimin rural bank was founded in Si Chuan province, there are1502rural banks in China untill february2013.It has been found that as a new rural financial institution and important achievement of rural finacial innovation, rural bank is a kind of effective measure to offer loans to poor, farmers and small enterprises and alleviate loans pressure and strengthen financial support to new rural construction. But as a new thing, due to the establishment of a relatively short time, its lack of development and supporting system, it also faces a lot of problems. We think that only to built up a kind of symbiotic idea between rural banks and farmers, rural small enterprises, we can actualize rural banks sustainable development and play its role to support new rural construction.This paper bring symbiosis into rural bank studying and analyses rural bank's development from a new view and use symbiosis method to solve development problems of rural banks. This paper is of great theoretical and practical significance to national and level organization manager and decision makers, famers and small enterprises that there should be a symbiosis idea in their mind. This idea may let financial institution improve its service and innovation, let farmers and small enterprises understand finance and use finance to realize inclusive finance.At the same time, we can play "catfish effect" to increase competition among finanacial institution and deepen rural financial innovation and prosperity of agricultural economy.
During the research process, the paper uses other research findings about this project as reference, such as economics, institutional economics, information economics. Under the guidance of symbiosis theory, this paper takes advantage of a research method of combining development analysis and comparative analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, theoretical analysis and positive analysis. It is intended to build a frame about rural bank symbiosis analyse and hope to offer referance to rural bank. Based on a review of the research work on rural bank, the paper is presented the background, purpose and significance for this paper, and put forward the method for studying rural bank from symbiosis.It begins from chinese rural finance market physical truth.After introducing the theory of symbiosis and rural bank general situation, the paper put forward that core mechanics to rural bank healthy development is symbiosis mechanics. Discussing the relationship between rural bank and farmer, rural bank and small enterprises, rural bank and other financial institutions from symbiosis view, the paper demonstrates the symbiosis mechanism during rural bank development. Based on analyzing farmers and small enterprises and other financial institutions situation, the paper build up a frame about symbiosis analyzing and discuss rural bank and farmers, small enterprises and other finance institutions symbiosis situation and then finds main factors that restrict rural bank develop by using symbiosis. The paper makes use of these factors to structure system of indexes for evaluating rural bank development. Using data from20rural banks we have surveyed, we adopt factor analysis to take empirical study of rural bank development. The paper put forward proposals from symbiosis view including rural bank itself, symbiosis object, symbiosis model and symbiosis environment combing results of the analysis.
The results show that there is symbiosis relationship between rural banks and farmers and small enterprises. In deveoped rural area, unsymmetrical mutual beneficial symbiosis is obvious. In underdeveloped rural area, commensalism exist extensively. There is also symbiosis relationship between rural bank and other financial institutions and its form is competition and cooperation. In the symbiosis relationship, there are four main factors that restrict rural bank including rural bank itself shortage, symbiosis object mismatching, and symbiosis model imperfection, and symbiosis environment unsatisfactory. The paper draws the conclusion that we need to accelerate the construction of rural bank's own, improve symbiosis object matching rate, perfact symbiosis model and optimize the symbiosis environment to guarantee rural bank's healthy development. The first innovation of the paper is that this paper brings symbiosis into rural bank studying and analyses rural bank's development from a new view. The second one is that this paper comes up with four main factors which restrict rural bank's development. The third one is that this paper structures system of indexes for evaluating rural bank development from rural bank itself, symbiosis object and symbiosis environment. The fourth is that this paper put forward proposals for rural bank's development from symbiosis view.
在研究过程中,本文借鉴了金融学、制度经济学、信息经济学等领域已有的研究成果,以共生思想为指导,采用定性分析与定量分析相结合,归纳与演绎相结合,规范分析与实证分析相结合等方法,以农村金融改革为背景,构建了村镇银行发展过程中的共生关系的研究框架。首先通过对研究背景和国内外对村镇银行研究的分析,阐明了本文的研究目的和重要意义,提出从共生角度研究村镇银行发展的有效方法。然后从我国农村金融市场的现实出发,在介绍了共生理论和村镇银行发展概况之后,揭示出村镇银行健康发展的核心机制是共生机制。从共生角度对村镇银行与农户和小微企业、其他金融组织的关系进行了梳理,论证了村镇银行发展过程中的共生机理。在对农户、小微企业和其他金融机构发展状况分析的基础之上,建立了村镇银行与农户、小微企业、其他金融组织共生分析的基本框架,讨论了村镇银行与农户、小微企业以及其他农村金融组织共生的实际状况。进而运用共生理论找出制约村镇银行发展的主要因素。并利用这些因素从共生视角构建村镇银行发展水平的评价指标体系。结合调研取得的20家村镇银行的相关数据和年鉴资料,采用因子分析法对村镇银行的发展水平进行了实证评价。通过对村镇银行与农户、小微企业和其他金融组织共生状况的分析,并结合定量分析的结果,遵循共生规律,从村镇银行自身、共生对象、共生模式和共生环境四个方面提出村镇银行发展的具体建议。
结果表明,村镇银行与农户和农村小微企业之间存在共生关系。在发达农村地区,非对称互惠共生较为明显；而在欠发达农村地区,偏利共生广泛存在。村镇银行与农村其他金融组织之间也存在着紧密的共生关系,共生形式表现为同业竞争与合作。在共生关系中,制约村镇银行发展的因素主要有四个,即村镇银行作为共生单元自身存在缺陷,共生对象匹配度较差,共生模式不完善以及共生环境不理想。最终得出,只有加快村镇银行自身建设,提高共生对象的匹配度,完善共生模式并优化共生环境,才能使村镇银行与农户和小微企业形成和谐的共生关系,才能使村镇银行健康持续发展,更好地服务于三农。本文的创新在于：第一,将共生理论引入村镇银行的研究之中,分析村镇银行与农户、小微企业以及与其他农村金融组织的共生状态。第二,从共生的视角提出制约村镇银行发展的四个主要因素。第三,基于共生视角从单元自身、共生对象和共生环境三个维度构建了村镇银行发展水平评价指标体系。第四,遵循共生规律,提出了村镇银行发展的具体建议。
Completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by2020is a magnificent target presented by the18th CPC National Congress. As important components of this target, city and countryside integration, strengthening energy of rural development and city and rural common prosperity are arduous task we are facing. Farmer's rich and rural stability and agricultural development can't do without financial supporting and promotion. Rural finance market is the most important capital elements configuration market and its development always gets the attention of government. But for a long time, due to agricultural high risk and dispensability and volatility and high threshold for rural finance market, existing rural finance institution can't meet various financial needs of rural areas and lagged far behind agricultural development, supply-demand imbalance increasingly appeared. In order to propel the rural financial reform and innovation, solve the big financing gap and serve farmers and rural small enterprises better, CBRC issued some policies and regulations to encourage rural bank develop at the second half of2006. Since february2007, the first rural bank-Yi long huimin rural bank was founded in Si Chuan province, there are1502rural banks in China untill february2013.It has been found that as a new rural financial institution and important achievement of rural finacial innovation, rural bank is a kind of effective measure to offer loans to poor, farmers and small enterprises and alleviate loans pressure and strengthen financial support to new rural construction. But as a new thing, due to the establishment of a relatively short time, its lack of development and supporting system, it also faces a lot of problems. We think that only to built up a kind of symbiotic idea between rural banks and farmers, rural small enterprises, we can actualize rural banks sustainable development and play its role to support new rural construction.This paper bring symbiosis into rural bank studying and analyses rural bank's development from a new view and use symbiosis method to solve development problems of rural banks. This paper is of great theoretical and practical significance to national and level organization manager and decision makers, famers and small enterprises that there should be a symbiosis idea in their mind. This idea may let financial institution improve its service and innovation, let farmers and small enterprises understand finance and use finance to realize inclusive finance.At the same time, we can play "catfish effect" to increase competition among finanacial institution and deepen rural financial innovation and prosperity of agricultural economy.
During the research process, the paper uses other research findings about this project as reference, such as economics, institutional economics, information economics. Under the guidance of symbiosis theory, this paper takes advantage of a research method of combining development analysis and comparative analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, theoretical analysis and positive analysis. It is intended to build a frame about rural bank symbiosis analyse and hope to offer referance to rural bank. Based on a review of the research work on rural bank, the paper is presented the background, purpose and significance for this paper, and put forward the method for studying rural bank from symbiosis.It begins from chinese rural finance market physical truth.After introducing the theory of symbiosis and rural bank general situation, the paper put forward that core mechanics to rural bank healthy development is symbiosis mechanics. Discussing the relationship between rural bank and farmer, rural bank and small enterprises, rural bank and other financial institutions from symbiosis view, the paper demonstrates the symbiosis mechanism during rural bank development. Based on analyzing farmers and small enterprises and other financial institutions situation, the paper build up a frame about symbiosis analyzing and discuss rural bank and farmers, small enterprises and other finance institutions symbiosis situation and then finds main factors that restrict rural bank develop by using symbiosis. The paper makes use of these factors to structure system of indexes for evaluating rural bank development. Using data from20rural banks we have surveyed, we adopt factor analysis to take empirical study of rural bank development. The paper put forward proposals from symbiosis view including rural bank itself, symbiosis object, symbiosis model and symbiosis environment combing results of the analysis.
The results show that there is symbiosis relationship between rural banks and farmers and small enterprises. In deveoped rural area, unsymmetrical mutual beneficial symbiosis is obvious. In underdeveloped rural area, commensalism exist extensively. There is also symbiosis relationship between rural bank and other financial institutions and its form is competition and cooperation. In the symbiosis relationship, there are four main factors that restrict rural bank including rural bank itself shortage, symbiosis object mismatching, and symbiosis model imperfection, and symbiosis environment unsatisfactory. The paper draws the conclusion that we need to accelerate the construction of rural bank's own, improve symbiosis object matching rate, perfact symbiosis model and optimize the symbiosis environment to guarantee rural bank's healthy development. The first innovation of the paper is that this paper brings symbiosis into rural bank studying and analyses rural bank's development from a new view. The second one is that this paper comes up with four main factors which restrict rural bank's development. The third one is that this paper structures system of indexes for evaluating rural bank development from rural bank itself, symbiosis object and symbiosis environment. The fourth is that this paper put forward proposals for rural bank's development from symbiosis view.
引文
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