中国养殖水产品质量安全管理问题研究
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摘要
中国是世界上最大的水产品生产国和消费国。近年来,尽管中国政府采取各项措施,加强水产品质量安全管理,但伴随着渔业的迅速发展,与水产品有关的食品安全事件仍频繁发生,不仅对广大人民群众的身体健康和生命安全造成威胁,也严重影响了中国水产品出口信誉和竞争力。提高养殖水产品质量安全管理水平,建立完善的养殖水产品质量安全管理体系,已经成为促进中国渔业健康、可持续发展的当务之急。本文在总结中国养殖水产品生产、经营、消费等各环节监管实践的基础上,综合运用食品科学、法学、经济学、管理学、质量管理学等多个学科的理论工具,对中国养殖水产品质量安全管理的基本问题进行分析,提出了中国养殖水产品质量安全管理体系构建的基本框架及相关配套政策措施。
论文在回顾水产品质量管理基础理论的基础上,首先总结了水产品质量管理的一般规律,指出水产品质量管理水平必须与社会经济发展水平、科学技术发展水平、消费者不断提高的生活水平、生产经营的集约程度相适应。并进一步提出了水产品全面质量管理(FPTQM)理论,即建立贯穿水产品生产的产前、产中、产后各环节的质量管理体系,以经济、高效的质量管理手段,实现质量管理效果最大化与成本最小化的有机统一。经综合分析,提出了中国现阶段养殖水产品质量安全管理目标:即以提高水产品质量安全水平为核心,大力发展无公害水产品的同时,积极提倡发展绿色水产品和有机水产品,以满足广大消费者对水产品更高的质量安全要求及提升中国水产品的国际竞争力。
本文概括了中国水产品质量安全管理取得的主要成绩,详细分析了目前在水产品质量管理工作中存在的诸如标准化发展滞后、认证体系不完善等问题。文中以青岛市为例,对消费者的水产品质量安全需求行为和生产者的水产品质量安全供给行为进行了问卷调查和统计分析。分析表明,当前消费者已经具有了一定的水产品质量安全意识,但对水产品质量安全知识的了解还有待进一步深化。生产者的水产品质量安全意识不是很强,对加强水产品质量安全管理的认识还未达到应有的高度。
本文还介绍了美国、日本、欧盟等发达国家在加强水产品质量管理方面的主要做法和成功经验。总结了加强水产品质量管理的有效途径:发挥政府作用,完善服务体系;完善法律法规体系,加大执法力度;实施“从养殖场到餐桌”的一体化管理;采取公开与透明的工作方式;推进水产品质量标准的国际化;加强信息交流等。
通过对水产品质量管理理论与国外管理实践进行分析研究,结合我国国情和渔业发展现状,本文提出了中国养殖水产品质量安全管理体系构建的基本框架和相关政策措施。提出应创新管理模式,构建统一协调、分工明确的食品(含水产品)管理机构——国家食品安全委员会;应建立健全水产品质量管理法律保障体系、质量标准体系、检验监测体系、认证认可体系(建议设立一星级安全食品、二星级安全食品、三星级安全食品的质量标准认证体系)、科技支撑体系、信息交流体系和安全预警体系;应强化水产品质量安全管理手段,建立和完善市场准入、可追溯管理制度、社会信用制度;发挥行业协会作用,实施品牌战略;建立以政府投入为主的多元化投入机制,加强水产品技术研究和基础设施建设,加大资源、环境保护力度;加强国际交流与合作。本文还对青岛市加强养殖水产品质量安全管理的具体措施进行了实证研究,为有关政策措施提供了经验支持。
综上所述,本文较系统地分析了中国养殖水产品质量安全管理问题,提出了构建完善的养殖水产品质量安全管理体系的设想;提出了水产品全面质量管理(FPTQM)理论和由国家食品安全委员会统一领导的管理新模式;另外对水产品质量安全内涵进行了科学界定,还针对中国水产品质量标准不统一的实际,提出了科学、实用的质量标准体系。
China is the largest country of fishery production and consumption.In last few years,however,food safety incidents related to fishery products happened frequently along with rapid growth of fishery industry,though the government has taken various actions to improve quality safety management.It not only threatens people's health and safety,but also affects the reputation and competitiveness of our exporting fishery products.To promote healthy and sustainable development of China's fishery industry, it has become the top priority to improve fishery product quality management and establish a consummate management system for it.Based on the review on practices of supervision and control of fishery production,processing,trading and consuming in China,this article presented analysis of fundamental issues in China fishery products quality management using comprehensive theoretic tools of food science, law,economics,business management and quality management.Then it presented the framework and relevant supporting policies to build quality safety management system of China's fishery products.
Based on the review on theoretical fundamentals of fishery product quality management,firstly this article summarized its general rules,and pointed out that fishery product quality management has to fit the development of society,economy, science and technology,and fit the continuously increased living standard and integrating level of production and trading.Furthermore Fishery Product Total Quality Management(FPTQM) was proposed,which is to establish quality management system covering all the processes before,during and after fishery product production, and to achieve the balance of quality management maximization and cost minimization using economical and efficient management tools.After comprehensive study,this article presented the goal for fishery quality safety management in current China - first we should focus on improvement of fishery product quality and safety, and develop hazard-free fishery product;at same time,we should promote development of green seafood and organic seafood,in order to meet consumers' increasing demand for seafood quality,and to improve the competitiveness of exporting fishery product.
This article summarized the main achievement of fishery product quality management in China,and analyzed in details the problems such as delayed development of standardization,and incomplete certification system,etc.Taking Qingdao area as an example,questionnaire survey and statistic analysis was conducted on the demand behavior of consumers and supply behavior of manufacturers.The results indicated that consumers have acquired certain awareness on seafood quality and safety,but they still need more and deeper knowledge about it. Manufacturers don't have strong awareness of seafood quality and safety,and they don't have adequate understanding of improving seafood quality and safety.
The main practices and successful experience of fishery product quality management in developed countries like USA,Japanese and EU were introduced.It was generalized that the effective way to strengthen fishery product quality management is to utilize governmental function,improve service system and law and legislation system;strengthen law enforcement;implement integrated management from aqua-culture farm to dining table;be open and transparent;promote internationalization of fishery product quality standard;and strengthen information exchange,etc.
Through the analysis and study of theory and overseas practice of fishery product quality management,this article presented suggestion for framework and relevant supporting policies to build fishery product quality management in China,in the context of China' situation and fishing industry development.The following suggestion was made:make innovation to management model;build a harmonized and well-structured food management organization - national food safety committee; establish and improve supporting system for fishery product quality management; improve related law system,standard system,inspection and test system,certification and accreditation system(it was suggested to establish quality certification system to score for one-star safe food,two-star safe food,and three-star safe food),technical support system information exchange system,and safety warning system;strengthen quality management tools for fishery product;establish market entry policy,trace ability management policy,and social credit system;utilize industry associations' function;implement brand strategy;establish multiple investment system led by government investment;strengthen technological research and infrastructure,and strengthen resources and environmental protection;strengthen international exchange and cooperation.Regarding the measures to improve fishery product quality and safety management in Qingdao,experimental study was also conducted to provide evidence for related strategic suggestion.
In conclusion to this article,a systematic analysis was made to the subject of fishery product quality and safety management in China,and a proposal was made to set up a comprehensive food management system.Fishery Product Total Quality Management(FPTQM) was proposed,and the management model under the leadership of National Food Safety Committee.The scientific meaning of seafood quality and safety was defined.Regarding the disunion of fishery product quality standard in China,a scientific and practical quality standard system was proposed.
论文在回顾水产品质量管理基础理论的基础上,首先总结了水产品质量管理的一般规律,指出水产品质量管理水平必须与社会经济发展水平、科学技术发展水平、消费者不断提高的生活水平、生产经营的集约程度相适应。并进一步提出了水产品全面质量管理(FPTQM)理论,即建立贯穿水产品生产的产前、产中、产后各环节的质量管理体系,以经济、高效的质量管理手段,实现质量管理效果最大化与成本最小化的有机统一。经综合分析,提出了中国现阶段养殖水产品质量安全管理目标:即以提高水产品质量安全水平为核心,大力发展无公害水产品的同时,积极提倡发展绿色水产品和有机水产品,以满足广大消费者对水产品更高的质量安全要求及提升中国水产品的国际竞争力。
本文概括了中国水产品质量安全管理取得的主要成绩,详细分析了目前在水产品质量管理工作中存在的诸如标准化发展滞后、认证体系不完善等问题。文中以青岛市为例,对消费者的水产品质量安全需求行为和生产者的水产品质量安全供给行为进行了问卷调查和统计分析。分析表明,当前消费者已经具有了一定的水产品质量安全意识,但对水产品质量安全知识的了解还有待进一步深化。生产者的水产品质量安全意识不是很强,对加强水产品质量安全管理的认识还未达到应有的高度。
本文还介绍了美国、日本、欧盟等发达国家在加强水产品质量管理方面的主要做法和成功经验。总结了加强水产品质量管理的有效途径:发挥政府作用,完善服务体系;完善法律法规体系,加大执法力度;实施“从养殖场到餐桌”的一体化管理;采取公开与透明的工作方式;推进水产品质量标准的国际化;加强信息交流等。
通过对水产品质量管理理论与国外管理实践进行分析研究,结合我国国情和渔业发展现状,本文提出了中国养殖水产品质量安全管理体系构建的基本框架和相关政策措施。提出应创新管理模式,构建统一协调、分工明确的食品(含水产品)管理机构——国家食品安全委员会;应建立健全水产品质量管理法律保障体系、质量标准体系、检验监测体系、认证认可体系(建议设立一星级安全食品、二星级安全食品、三星级安全食品的质量标准认证体系)、科技支撑体系、信息交流体系和安全预警体系;应强化水产品质量安全管理手段,建立和完善市场准入、可追溯管理制度、社会信用制度;发挥行业协会作用,实施品牌战略;建立以政府投入为主的多元化投入机制,加强水产品技术研究和基础设施建设,加大资源、环境保护力度;加强国际交流与合作。本文还对青岛市加强养殖水产品质量安全管理的具体措施进行了实证研究,为有关政策措施提供了经验支持。
综上所述,本文较系统地分析了中国养殖水产品质量安全管理问题,提出了构建完善的养殖水产品质量安全管理体系的设想;提出了水产品全面质量管理(FPTQM)理论和由国家食品安全委员会统一领导的管理新模式;另外对水产品质量安全内涵进行了科学界定,还针对中国水产品质量标准不统一的实际,提出了科学、实用的质量标准体系。
China is the largest country of fishery production and consumption.In last few years,however,food safety incidents related to fishery products happened frequently along with rapid growth of fishery industry,though the government has taken various actions to improve quality safety management.It not only threatens people's health and safety,but also affects the reputation and competitiveness of our exporting fishery products.To promote healthy and sustainable development of China's fishery industry, it has become the top priority to improve fishery product quality management and establish a consummate management system for it.Based on the review on practices of supervision and control of fishery production,processing,trading and consuming in China,this article presented analysis of fundamental issues in China fishery products quality management using comprehensive theoretic tools of food science, law,economics,business management and quality management.Then it presented the framework and relevant supporting policies to build quality safety management system of China's fishery products.
Based on the review on theoretical fundamentals of fishery product quality management,firstly this article summarized its general rules,and pointed out that fishery product quality management has to fit the development of society,economy, science and technology,and fit the continuously increased living standard and integrating level of production and trading.Furthermore Fishery Product Total Quality Management(FPTQM) was proposed,which is to establish quality management system covering all the processes before,during and after fishery product production, and to achieve the balance of quality management maximization and cost minimization using economical and efficient management tools.After comprehensive study,this article presented the goal for fishery quality safety management in current China - first we should focus on improvement of fishery product quality and safety, and develop hazard-free fishery product;at same time,we should promote development of green seafood and organic seafood,in order to meet consumers' increasing demand for seafood quality,and to improve the competitiveness of exporting fishery product.
This article summarized the main achievement of fishery product quality management in China,and analyzed in details the problems such as delayed development of standardization,and incomplete certification system,etc.Taking Qingdao area as an example,questionnaire survey and statistic analysis was conducted on the demand behavior of consumers and supply behavior of manufacturers.The results indicated that consumers have acquired certain awareness on seafood quality and safety,but they still need more and deeper knowledge about it. Manufacturers don't have strong awareness of seafood quality and safety,and they don't have adequate understanding of improving seafood quality and safety.
The main practices and successful experience of fishery product quality management in developed countries like USA,Japanese and EU were introduced.It was generalized that the effective way to strengthen fishery product quality management is to utilize governmental function,improve service system and law and legislation system;strengthen law enforcement;implement integrated management from aqua-culture farm to dining table;be open and transparent;promote internationalization of fishery product quality standard;and strengthen information exchange,etc.
Through the analysis and study of theory and overseas practice of fishery product quality management,this article presented suggestion for framework and relevant supporting policies to build fishery product quality management in China,in the context of China' situation and fishing industry development.The following suggestion was made:make innovation to management model;build a harmonized and well-structured food management organization - national food safety committee; establish and improve supporting system for fishery product quality management; improve related law system,standard system,inspection and test system,certification and accreditation system(it was suggested to establish quality certification system to score for one-star safe food,two-star safe food,and three-star safe food),technical support system information exchange system,and safety warning system;strengthen quality management tools for fishery product;establish market entry policy,trace ability management policy,and social credit system;utilize industry associations' function;implement brand strategy;establish multiple investment system led by government investment;strengthen technological research and infrastructure,and strengthen resources and environmental protection;strengthen international exchange and cooperation.Regarding the measures to improve fishery product quality and safety management in Qingdao,experimental study was also conducted to provide evidence for related strategic suggestion.
In conclusion to this article,a systematic analysis was made to the subject of fishery product quality and safety management in China,and a proposal was made to set up a comprehensive food management system.Fishery Product Total Quality Management(FPTQM) was proposed,and the management model under the leadership of National Food Safety Committee.The scientific meaning of seafood quality and safety was defined.Regarding the disunion of fishery product quality standard in China,a scientific and practical quality standard system was proposed.
引文
1 资料来源:《中国渔业年鉴》,中国农业出版社,2006,第8-9页。
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9 技术性贸易壁垒,使指某些国家(主要是发达国家)通过及时贵州与规定、包装与标签要求、环境要求、认证认可制度、检验检验制度等,设置障碍,实行贸易保护主义,限制别国产品的进口。
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12 2006年3月中旬,本人参与了青岛市农贸市场(随机抽取了30个)现状调研,实地调查中,发现仅有43.2%的市场有无公害销售柜台标志:消费者在回答所购物品农贸市场是否有农药检测设施并能提供检测的问题上,仅21.2%的市场被消费者认为有检测设施,并且能够提供检测服务。 http://news.xinhuanet.com/health/2006-09/08/content_5065221.htm
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77 《中华人民共和国农产品质量安全法》由中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十一次会议于2006年4月29日通过,自2006年11月1日起施行。
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88 按柯林斯的分类,领导能力的五个层次分别是:第一级,才华横溢的个人,能运用个人才华、知识、技能和良好的工作习惯,对组织做出建设性的贡献;第二级,发挥团体力量,能奉献个人的能力,并协调 好团队成员完成共同目标;第三级,胜任职务,能够组织各种资源,有成效地追求预定目标;第四级,有效能的领导者,能够激发团队实现和追求现有和更高的目标;第五级,具有谦虚的个性和专业的坚持、建立起持久卓越绩效的领导人。
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103 美国80%以上标准与法规都经过了3次以上的修订,有的不到3年就修订了一次,甚至有的标准从开始制定到现在已修订了十几次。
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105 数据来源:李怡芳,大力推进渔业品牌效应,中国渔业经济,2002年第3期。
106 农业部关于《2003-2010年全国新型农民科技培训计划》中指出,我国农村技术人才严重不足,农民平均受教育年限不足7年,在农村劳动力中,小学文化程度和文盲半文盲占40.31%,初中文化程度占48.07%,高中以上文化程度仅占11.62%,系统接受农业职业教育的农村劳动力不到5%。由于缺乏劳动技能,文化科学水平低,现有适合农村应用的科技成果的70%左右在农村推广不了,科学技术进步因素对农业增产的贡献率只有30%,而发达国家的这一比率一般都在60%-80%.
107 我国每百万农民中拥有的科研人员为77人,世界平均水平为137人,发达国家为2458人;我国百万农业人口中拥有农业科技推广人员只有1人,而日本为5人,美国为7.5人(罗友和,2003)。
108 参见任爱胜,胡志全,我国农产品质量安全发展的成就、经验与问题,农业经济问题,2005(增刊)。
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111 参见雷振华,对加强我国食品安全标准体系建设的思考,农业质量管理,2004(4):34-35。
112 参见胡兰英,我国农产品质量安全体系建设构想.农村经济,2004,(9):6-8.
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2 资料来源:《中国渔业年鉴》,中国农业出版社,2006,第10-11页。
3 参见褚英奂,生态经济通讯第9期(总第148期),2003年7月15日。
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5 参见王继东,崔凯,水产品行业研究报告,http://www.foodmate.net/news/guonei/2006/06/27 493,htm.
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9 技术性贸易壁垒,使指某些国家(主要是发达国家)通过及时贵州与规定、包装与标签要求、环境要求、认证认可制度、检验检验制度等,设置障碍,实行贸易保护主义,限制别国产品的进口。
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11 参见范小建,在全国水产品质量安全管理工作会议上的讲话,2006,6。
12 2006年3月中旬,本人参与了青岛市农贸市场(随机抽取了30个)现状调研,实地调查中,发现仅有43.2%的市场有无公害销售柜台标志:消费者在回答所购物品农贸市场是否有农药检测设施并能提供检测的问题上,仅21.2%的市场被消费者认为有检测设施,并且能够提供检测服务。 http://news.xinhuanet.com/health/2006-09/08/content_5065221.htm
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88 按柯林斯的分类,领导能力的五个层次分别是:第一级,才华横溢的个人,能运用个人才华、知识、技能和良好的工作习惯,对组织做出建设性的贡献;第二级,发挥团体力量,能奉献个人的能力,并协调 好团队成员完成共同目标;第三级,胜任职务,能够组织各种资源,有成效地追求预定目标;第四级,有效能的领导者,能够激发团队实现和追求现有和更高的目标;第五级,具有谦虚的个性和专业的坚持、建立起持久卓越绩效的领导人。
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103 美国80%以上标准与法规都经过了3次以上的修订,有的不到3年就修订了一次,甚至有的标准从开始制定到现在已修订了十几次。
104 参见陈萍、张士胜,关于我国农业标准采标的研究.农业质量标准,2004,(4):22-24。
105 数据来源:李怡芳,大力推进渔业品牌效应,中国渔业经济,2002年第3期。
106 农业部关于《2003-2010年全国新型农民科技培训计划》中指出,我国农村技术人才严重不足,农民平均受教育年限不足7年,在农村劳动力中,小学文化程度和文盲半文盲占40.31%,初中文化程度占48.07%,高中以上文化程度仅占11.62%,系统接受农业职业教育的农村劳动力不到5%。由于缺乏劳动技能,文化科学水平低,现有适合农村应用的科技成果的70%左右在农村推广不了,科学技术进步因素对农业增产的贡献率只有30%,而发达国家的这一比率一般都在60%-80%.
107 我国每百万农民中拥有的科研人员为77人,世界平均水平为137人,发达国家为2458人;我国百万农业人口中拥有农业科技推广人员只有1人,而日本为5人,美国为7.5人(罗友和,2003)。
108 参见任爱胜,胡志全,我国农产品质量安全发展的成就、经验与问题,农业经济问题,2005(增刊)。
110 参见王志刚,食品安全认知和消费决定-关于天津市个体消费者的实证分析,中国农村经济,2003,(4):41-48。
111 参见雷振华,对加强我国食品安全标准体系建设的思考,农业质量管理,2004(4):34-35。
112 参见胡兰英,我国农产品质量安全体系建设构想.农村经济,2004,(9):6-8.
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