水平圆盘式撒肥部件的试验研究
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摘要
有机肥还田不但提供了庄稼生长需要的许多营养元素，而且增加土壤的有机物的含量，并能改善土壤的团粒结构，提高土壤通风和蓄水能力。合理撒施有机肥还可以改善农业大气环境、水环境、生物环境。
有机肥在施用前需要进行相应的处理。根据有机肥含水率的不同大致可分为两类：液体有机肥和固体有机肥，液体有机肥需要用处理池进行处理后才可以撒施到田间，处理池的位置应远离住宅、水源以免产生污染；而固体有机肥处理时采用堆积发酵处理，也应该尽量覆盖有机肥和畜禽有机肥堆放场，保护大气环境质量。我国现阶段的情况采用较多的是固体有机肥堆积发酵处理。
针对不同的有机肥应采用不同的撒施设备，有机肥撒施机国外已经有了系列产品，可以对不同形式的有机肥进行撒施。而国内还是采用传统式的人力撒施，对有机肥撒施机的研究才刚开始，除吉林农业大学对农家肥撒施机(螺旋式)已经进行了试验研究，其他尚无相关研究报道。应用农家肥撒施机可以改善劳动者的工作环境，减轻有机肥撒施作业的劳动强度，提高撒施的均匀度，提高农民施有机肥的积极性，是促进农业生态平衡和农业可持续发展战略的重要内容。
本文对固体有机肥撒施机的撒施部件(水平圆盘式)进行了试验研究。水平圆盘式撒肥部件对有机肥的适用性强，撒施均匀性好，因此具有广泛的使用价值。
首先对水平圆盘上有机肥颗粒进行了受力分析和运动分析，并给出了有机肥颗粒在撒肥盘边缘时的速度方程，运动轨迹方程，为仿真模拟提供了数学模型，利用MATLAB软件对轨迹方程进行求解，就得到有机肥颗粒的抛撒距离，从而实现了计算机的模拟仿真过程。之后选择肥料撒施测试模式，通过制作试验台，进行台架试验，通过测试和分析试验数据，初步明确了水平圆盘式撒肥部件的各个参数对撒肥均匀的影响程度，并且通过试验找到了影响撒施均匀度的主要影响因素为：有机肥的含水率，圆盘的转速，第一组叶片的排列形式及第二组叶片的排列形式。采用L_9(3~4)表进行正交试验，以撒施的均匀度为试验目标。
通过对试验结果的极差分析可知，影响撒施均匀度因素主次是：第二组叶片的排列形式、有机肥的含水率、第一组叶片的排列形式、圆盘的转速；最优参数组合是第二组叶片的偏心距离为0.06m，有机肥的含水率为15.4％第一组叶片的偏心距离为0.0385m，转速为140r/min。
为了避免极差分析的不足，对上述试验数据又进行了方差分析。看出因素D(第二组叶片的偏心距离)、A(有机肥的含水率)、C(第一组叶片的偏心距离)的F值都大于F_(0.01)=6.01，因此因素D、A、C对指标的影响显著，作出这个判断的
吉林农业大学硕士论文
水平圆盘式撒肥部件的试验研究
可信度为”%。而因素B(转速)的F值大于FO.。:一3.55，因此因素B对指标的影
响有一定的显著，这个判定的可信度为95%。通过分析得出影响试验指标的主次
因素顺序式D、A、C、B，与极差分析的结果相同。
通过对正交试验的数据分析可知，试验的最佳方案并不在正交表中，为了验
证试验的准确性，按照最优方案的试验条件又进行了追加试验，试验方法及数据
的测试都与前面的试验保持了一致性。对试验的结果分析可知，这组参数下的撒
施均匀度最好，从而验证了分析的结果。
通过对水平圆盘式撒肥部件各个参数的试验研究，得出的各参数的最佳组合
方案，为有机肥撒施机的研制莫定了基础。
Efficient use of manure nutrients can reduce fertilizer cost and increase organic matter quantity of the farm land and also can meliorate the soil to contain more water ,and minimize the risk of pollution to surface and groundwater and can improve the biology condition, water condition and agriculture atmosphere condition.
Manure must be dispose before the use it.. According to the manure moisture content, there are define two type liquid manure and solid manure. Dispose the liquid manure need special pool which must leave far away from the town and the rivers to minimize the pollution. The solid manure can heap on the ground to ferment. This way used widely in China . It also need to cover the manure heap to minimize the pollution.
We should adopt different scatter equipment aim at different manure in the foreign country there are many types manure spreader can scatter different types of manure In China, there no spreader used .And the manure spreader research only can find in Jilin Agriculture University. Use manure spreader can meliorate the work condition reduce the work hard, improve the uniformity, and it can improve the enthusiasm of farmers And it is very important for the whole mechanization of fanning, for the ecotypic farming, and also for durative farming.
This research study how the spinning disc work on the manure spreader. Because this parts can be used for some manures ,and the well uniformity, so this type used widely.
First, we Analyses the movement of the manure particles on centrifugal disc ,and Calculation of horizontal velocity vector and the movement track equation. Provide the math model for simulink. The system was solved by a numerical integration (Matlab function ode45,Runge-Kutta,medium order).Secondly, we select the cylindrical distribution pattern for this research. At last, we make the test-bed for study. From the test we can know the influence factors :, disc rotational velocity, perpendicular distance from the disc center to the first group vanes, perpendicular distance from the disc center to the second group vanes. Use the L9 (34) orthogonal design for the best uniformity.
Analyses the test result we know the mostly influence factors is perpendicular distance from the disc center to the second group vanes, the best level is 0.06m,the second is manure moisture content, the best level is 15.4%,the third is perpendicular distance from the disc center to the first group vanes it best level is 0.003 85m,the last is disc rotational velocity, it best level is 140r/min.
For the sake of avoiding the shortage of the former analyse we use the other analyse for test data,find the facter D (the eccentricity distants of the second group vane)A(contenting water rate) C(the eccentricity distants of the first group vane) these three factors influence notability the reliability of this judge is 99 percent analyse this can know that the factors of influence test order is D A C B.
From the test result we know the best project ,but we have not do this. So we must do additional test to validate the forecast. The additional test used the same
condition. Ensure the test result at the same condition. After the test we find the best uniformity, so this group levels is the best.
This research obtain the best level of each factors. And it is the base of the manure spreader.
有机肥在施用前需要进行相应的处理。根据有机肥含水率的不同大致可分为两类：液体有机肥和固体有机肥，液体有机肥需要用处理池进行处理后才可以撒施到田间，处理池的位置应远离住宅、水源以免产生污染；而固体有机肥处理时采用堆积发酵处理，也应该尽量覆盖有机肥和畜禽有机肥堆放场，保护大气环境质量。我国现阶段的情况采用较多的是固体有机肥堆积发酵处理。
针对不同的有机肥应采用不同的撒施设备，有机肥撒施机国外已经有了系列产品，可以对不同形式的有机肥进行撒施。而国内还是采用传统式的人力撒施，对有机肥撒施机的研究才刚开始，除吉林农业大学对农家肥撒施机(螺旋式)已经进行了试验研究，其他尚无相关研究报道。应用农家肥撒施机可以改善劳动者的工作环境，减轻有机肥撒施作业的劳动强度，提高撒施的均匀度，提高农民施有机肥的积极性，是促进农业生态平衡和农业可持续发展战略的重要内容。
本文对固体有机肥撒施机的撒施部件(水平圆盘式)进行了试验研究。水平圆盘式撒肥部件对有机肥的适用性强，撒施均匀性好，因此具有广泛的使用价值。
首先对水平圆盘上有机肥颗粒进行了受力分析和运动分析，并给出了有机肥颗粒在撒肥盘边缘时的速度方程，运动轨迹方程，为仿真模拟提供了数学模型，利用MATLAB软件对轨迹方程进行求解，就得到有机肥颗粒的抛撒距离，从而实现了计算机的模拟仿真过程。之后选择肥料撒施测试模式，通过制作试验台，进行台架试验，通过测试和分析试验数据，初步明确了水平圆盘式撒肥部件的各个参数对撒肥均匀的影响程度，并且通过试验找到了影响撒施均匀度的主要影响因素为：有机肥的含水率，圆盘的转速，第一组叶片的排列形式及第二组叶片的排列形式。采用L_9(3~4)表进行正交试验，以撒施的均匀度为试验目标。
通过对试验结果的极差分析可知，影响撒施均匀度因素主次是：第二组叶片的排列形式、有机肥的含水率、第一组叶片的排列形式、圆盘的转速；最优参数组合是第二组叶片的偏心距离为0.06m，有机肥的含水率为15.4％第一组叶片的偏心距离为0.0385m，转速为140r/min。
为了避免极差分析的不足，对上述试验数据又进行了方差分析。看出因素D(第二组叶片的偏心距离)、A(有机肥的含水率)、C(第一组叶片的偏心距离)的F值都大于F_(0.01)=6.01，因此因素D、A、C对指标的影响显著，作出这个判断的
吉林农业大学硕士论文
水平圆盘式撒肥部件的试验研究
可信度为”%。而因素B(转速)的F值大于FO.。:一3.55，因此因素B对指标的影
响有一定的显著，这个判定的可信度为95%。通过分析得出影响试验指标的主次
因素顺序式D、A、C、B，与极差分析的结果相同。
通过对正交试验的数据分析可知，试验的最佳方案并不在正交表中，为了验
证试验的准确性，按照最优方案的试验条件又进行了追加试验，试验方法及数据
的测试都与前面的试验保持了一致性。对试验的结果分析可知，这组参数下的撒
施均匀度最好，从而验证了分析的结果。
通过对水平圆盘式撒肥部件各个参数的试验研究，得出的各参数的最佳组合
方案，为有机肥撒施机的研制莫定了基础。
Efficient use of manure nutrients can reduce fertilizer cost and increase organic matter quantity of the farm land and also can meliorate the soil to contain more water ,and minimize the risk of pollution to surface and groundwater and can improve the biology condition, water condition and agriculture atmosphere condition.
Manure must be dispose before the use it.. According to the manure moisture content, there are define two type liquid manure and solid manure. Dispose the liquid manure need special pool which must leave far away from the town and the rivers to minimize the pollution. The solid manure can heap on the ground to ferment. This way used widely in China . It also need to cover the manure heap to minimize the pollution.
We should adopt different scatter equipment aim at different manure in the foreign country there are many types manure spreader can scatter different types of manure In China, there no spreader used .And the manure spreader research only can find in Jilin Agriculture University. Use manure spreader can meliorate the work condition reduce the work hard, improve the uniformity, and it can improve the enthusiasm of farmers And it is very important for the whole mechanization of fanning, for the ecotypic farming, and also for durative farming.
This research study how the spinning disc work on the manure spreader. Because this parts can be used for some manures ,and the well uniformity, so this type used widely.
First, we Analyses the movement of the manure particles on centrifugal disc ,and Calculation of horizontal velocity vector and the movement track equation. Provide the math model for simulink. The system was solved by a numerical integration (Matlab function ode45,Runge-Kutta,medium order).Secondly, we select the cylindrical distribution pattern for this research. At last, we make the test-bed for study. From the test we can know the influence factors :, disc rotational velocity, perpendicular distance from the disc center to the first group vanes, perpendicular distance from the disc center to the second group vanes. Use the L9 (34) orthogonal design for the best uniformity.
Analyses the test result we know the mostly influence factors is perpendicular distance from the disc center to the second group vanes, the best level is 0.06m,the second is manure moisture content, the best level is 15.4%,the third is perpendicular distance from the disc center to the first group vanes it best level is 0.003 85m,the last is disc rotational velocity, it best level is 140r/min.
For the sake of avoiding the shortage of the former analyse we use the other analyse for test data,find the facter D (the eccentricity distants of the second group vane)A(contenting water rate) C(the eccentricity distants of the first group vane) these three factors influence notability the reliability of this judge is 99 percent analyse this can know that the factors of influence test order is D A C B.
From the test result we know the best project ,but we have not do this. So we must do additional test to validate the forecast. The additional test used the same
condition. Ensure the test result at the same condition. After the test we find the best uniformity, so this group levels is the best.
This research obtain the best level of each factors. And it is the base of the manure spreader.
引文
[1]．汪清平，王晓燕 畜禽养殖污染及其控制 首都师范大学学报(自然科学版)第24卷 2003，(2)96～101
[2]．曹志洪 施肥与大气环境质量—论施肥对环境的影响 土壤 第35卷2003，35(4)：265～270
[3]．施继红 农家肥撒施机工作部件的试验研究 吉林农业大学硕士论文 2002 1～51
[4]. Persson K. Interactions between fertilizers and spreaders. Proceedings no. 424. The International Fertilizer Society, york, UK 1996, 265～275
[5]. Sogaard H T; Kierkegaard P. Yield reduction resulting from uneven fertilizer distribution. Trans actions of the ASAE, 37(6), 1749-1752
[6]. J.Reumers; E.Tijskens; H.Ramon Experimental Characterization of the Cylindrical Distribution Pat tern of Centrifugal Fertilizer Distrbution Pattern from a Spinning Disc: A Parameter Study Bi osystems Engineering 2003, 86(3), 327-337
[7]. ISO(1983). ISO 5690 Equiment for distributing fertilizers-test methods-part 1: full width fertilizer s distributors. International Organization for Standardization Standards Handbook 13, Agricultura 1 Machinery. 1983, 373-386
[8]. Heoppler K. A parameter study on granular fertilizer distribution by centrifugal spreaders. Ph d Thesis, Germany 1993, 565～575
[9]. Olieslagers B. Fertilizer distribution modeling for centrifugal spreader design. PhD. Tesis, Facu lteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische etenschappen, K.U.Leuven, Belgium 1993, 1 24～129
[10]. Hofstee J W. Handling and spreading of fertilizer: part 3, measurementsof particle velocities and directions with ultrasonic transducers, theory, measurement system and experimental arra ngement. Journal of Agricultural Engineering research, 1994, 1～16
[11]．农业机械学 北京农业工程大学 中国农业出版社239—242
[12]. Reumers J; E.Tijsken; H.Ramon Experimental Characterization of the Cylindrical Distribution Pattern of Centrifugal Fertiliser Spreader: towards an Alternative for Spreading Hall Measurements Biosystems Engineering(2003)86(4), 431～439.
[13]．薛定宇 陈阳泉 基于MATLAB／Sinulink的系统仿真技术与应用。清华大学出版社2002年4月第一版 125～165
[14]．尹泽明，丁春利 精通MATLAB6 清华大学出版社2002年6月第一版 1～409
[15]．何月娥 农机试验设计 机械工业出版社 1986，12 1～350
[16]．朱祖详 土壤学 农业出版社 1986 1～20
[17[．苏金明，张莲花，刘波等 MATLAB工具箱应用 电子工业出版社2004年1月第一版218～318
[18]. Persson K Physical qualities of fertilizers and variable rate spreading-interactions. The inter national Fertiliser Society, Proceeing No.424 1998, 742～753
[19]. Persson K,Skovsgaard H Fertilizers characteristics and spreading patterns from centrifugal s preaders. Proceedings of the International Conference on Agricultural Engineering., AgEng, Osl o, No.98-A-058 1998, 345～353
[20]. Mennel R M; Reece A R The theory of the centrifugal distributor: particle trajectories. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Reasearch, 8(1), 78～84
[21]. Lori Marsh, Greg Mullins, Scott Ambler Manure Spreader Calibrationfor Rear-discharge E quipment Biological Systems Engineering 2003 442～004
[22]．屠秉恒 农业机械试验设计与直观分析优选法 农业出版社 1982，5
[23]．濮良贵 机械设计 高等教育出版社(第五版)1989，8：159～170
[24]. Pettersen J M, Svendsen J A A method of studying the influence of fertilizer particle size on the distribution from a twin-disc spreader. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Reasearch, 50(4), 291～303
[25]. Pitt R E, Farmer G S, Walker L P Approximating equations for rotary distributor spread patterns patterns. Transactions of the ASAE, 1982 25(6), 1544～1552
[26]. Pettersen J M, Sevendsen J A, Ovland S A method of studying the influence of fertilizer particle size on the distribution from a twin-disc spreader. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 1991 50(4) 291～303
[27]．任露泉 试验优化设计与分析 吉林科学技术出版社2001年第1版 8～39
[2]．曹志洪 施肥与大气环境质量—论施肥对环境的影响 土壤 第35卷2003，35(4)：265～270
[3]．施继红 农家肥撒施机工作部件的试验研究 吉林农业大学硕士论文 2002 1～51
[4]. Persson K. Interactions between fertilizers and spreaders. Proceedings no. 424. The International Fertilizer Society, york, UK 1996, 265～275
[5]. Sogaard H T; Kierkegaard P. Yield reduction resulting from uneven fertilizer distribution. Trans actions of the ASAE, 37(6), 1749-1752
[6]. J.Reumers; E.Tijskens; H.Ramon Experimental Characterization of the Cylindrical Distribution Pat tern of Centrifugal Fertilizer Distrbution Pattern from a Spinning Disc: A Parameter Study Bi osystems Engineering 2003, 86(3), 327-337
[7]. ISO(1983). ISO 5690 Equiment for distributing fertilizers-test methods-part 1: full width fertilizer s distributors. International Organization for Standardization Standards Handbook 13, Agricultura 1 Machinery. 1983, 373-386
[8]. Heoppler K. A parameter study on granular fertilizer distribution by centrifugal spreaders. Ph d Thesis, Germany 1993, 565～575
[9]. Olieslagers B. Fertilizer distribution modeling for centrifugal spreader design. PhD. Tesis, Facu lteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische etenschappen, K.U.Leuven, Belgium 1993, 1 24～129
[10]. Hofstee J W. Handling and spreading of fertilizer: part 3, measurementsof particle velocities and directions with ultrasonic transducers, theory, measurement system and experimental arra ngement. Journal of Agricultural Engineering research, 1994, 1～16
[11]．农业机械学 北京农业工程大学 中国农业出版社239—242
[12]. Reumers J; E.Tijsken; H.Ramon Experimental Characterization of the Cylindrical Distribution Pattern of Centrifugal Fertiliser Spreader: towards an Alternative for Spreading Hall Measurements Biosystems Engineering(2003)86(4), 431～439.
[13]．薛定宇 陈阳泉 基于MATLAB／Sinulink的系统仿真技术与应用。清华大学出版社2002年4月第一版 125～165
[14]．尹泽明，丁春利 精通MATLAB6 清华大学出版社2002年6月第一版 1～409
[15]．何月娥 农机试验设计 机械工业出版社 1986，12 1～350
[16]．朱祖详 土壤学 农业出版社 1986 1～20
[17[．苏金明，张莲花，刘波等 MATLAB工具箱应用 电子工业出版社2004年1月第一版218～318
[18]. Persson K Physical qualities of fertilizers and variable rate spreading-interactions. The inter national Fertiliser Society, Proceeing No.424 1998, 742～753
[19]. Persson K,Skovsgaard H Fertilizers characteristics and spreading patterns from centrifugal s preaders. Proceedings of the International Conference on Agricultural Engineering., AgEng, Osl o, No.98-A-058 1998, 345～353
[20]. Mennel R M; Reece A R The theory of the centrifugal distributor: particle trajectories. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Reasearch, 8(1), 78～84
[21]. Lori Marsh, Greg Mullins, Scott Ambler Manure Spreader Calibrationfor Rear-discharge E quipment Biological Systems Engineering 2003 442～004
[22]．屠秉恒 农业机械试验设计与直观分析优选法 农业出版社 1982，5
[23]．濮良贵 机械设计 高等教育出版社(第五版)1989，8：159～170
[24]. Pettersen J M, Svendsen J A A method of studying the influence of fertilizer particle size on the distribution from a twin-disc spreader. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Reasearch, 50(4), 291～303
[25]. Pitt R E, Farmer G S, Walker L P Approximating equations for rotary distributor spread patterns patterns. Transactions of the ASAE, 1982 25(6), 1544～1552
[26]. Pettersen J M, Sevendsen J A, Ovland S A method of studying the influence of fertilizer particle size on the distribution from a twin-disc spreader. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research. 1991 50(4) 291～303
[27]．任露泉 试验优化设计与分析 吉林科学技术出版社2001年第1版 8～39