徐光启农业哲学思想研究
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摘要
中国传统农业历史悠久,不仅有很多著名的农学家,农学著作更是汗牛充栋。这些农学家一方面具有丰富的农业知识、农学思想,另一方面,他们的著作当中还蕴含着颇多的哲学智慧。徐光启作为我国传统农业思想的集大成者,他一方面继承了前代的农业哲学思想,另一方面通过自己的研究和实践,在吸取西方科学技术成果的基础上形成了自己独特的农业哲学思想。研究徐光启的农业哲学思想,不仅有助于弥补学术界一直以来偏重于研究徐光启的科学思想而忽视他的哲学思想的缺陷,而且对于国内成果较少,主题相对单一的农业哲学研究也是一种有益的补充。
农业是在一定的经济、自然与科学技术条件下进行的生产活动,农业哲学就是探讨它们之间的内在联系及相互作用。本论文以此为依据,从农业经济观、农业生态观和农业技术观三方面对徐光启的农业哲学思想进行全面探讨,并在它们的相互关系与相互作用中阐述徐光启农业哲学思想的特色。
在农业经济占主导地位的明代,徐光启以“食人之粟,衣人之帛”的财富观为基础阐述了他“富国必以本业”的农本思想,同时,在晚明资本主义萌芽出现的背景下,改中国传统的“农商对立论”,提出“重农不抑商”的主张,反映了他经世务实的品格和向近代过渡的思想特征。徐光启的荒政观是他农业经济思想的重要组成部分,从对灾荒原因的分析到对治荒措施的制定都充分体现了他对农业系统中生态、技术与经济要素相互制约、互为因果关系的理解和把握。他的义利观既有“道之精微,拯人以神”的德性主义维度也有“人富而仁义附焉”的功利主义维度,两种维度的圆融反应了徐光启试图从道德与民生两方面挽救明王朝的路径选择。
徐光启的农业技术观形成于他的农业实践和农学研究过程。他在南方稻田旱作、绿肥种植、甘薯与棉花的推广、水利灌溉以及除蝗等技术方面实现了对前代的继承和超越,深化了我国传统农业的精耕细作技术体系,并在此基础上形成了他技术思想中对待西方技术“会通以求超胜”、对待前代的“风土论”承认但不教条并且摈弃祈报、禳弭等迷信与唯心思想的异质性特征。对徐光启的农业实践与技术思想进行透视,我们可以总结出他主张“技术救世”的尚用务实的技术价值观,并且强调数学、几何学等基础科学对技术的指导和方法论作用。特别是他关于“物能”与“技能”并重以及从“技”与“道”两方面拯救王朝危机的主张对于我国现在的经济与国家建设都有重要的借鉴意义。
徐光启从小受儒家思想的影响,形成“天人合一”的生态观,后来受洗天主教,又接受了主、客二分的反阿卡狄亚式生态观。徐光启以经世致用为核心理念,对两种生态观的矛盾进行消解,最终形成既强调天人和谐,又凸显人在自然面前独立地位的耶儒互补的生态观。这种生态观使他具有了和今天生态学理论极为相近的强调作物与环境因子关系、重视作物之间的共生与竞争以及重视农业自然资源可持续利用的农业生态思想,并且以此为基础总结了包括废物利用、节水节能、病虫害防治等具有生态农业性质的技术体系和技术模式。这对当代建构科学、合理的农业发展模式具有重要意义。
徐光启农业哲学思想的特点不仅在于他形成了以“农”“政”辩证关系为基础,强调经济、技术和生态相统一以及各农业生产部门相统一的“大农业”系统观,而且在于他认同“私”与“利”的合理性,重视工商业发展,遏制封建土地兼并以及授田于民的均田主张等具有启蒙性质的农业经济思想,特别是他对近代科学方法的自觉运用使他的农业哲学思想具有了异于前代农学家的方法论特征。这些独特的思想反映了徐光启本人在特殊时代背景下对农业、农学的思考。它们不仅对我国现阶段的农业哲学研究具有很高的理论价值,而且对未来全球农业的发展模式以及我国的生态文明建设都有重要的可借鉴意义。
China has profound tradition in agriculture, with many celebrities in the field and numerous agriculture masterpieces. These experts are not only proficient with agriculture knolwlege but also reflecting deep philosophical reflections. As a master on Chinese traditional agriculture thought, Xu Guangqi formed unique agricultural philosophy based on his research and practice as well as learning from the achievements from Western science and technology while he also inherited the former Chinese agricultural philosophy. The research on Xu Guangqi's agricultural philosophy not only helps to scholars to make up for the defects which people used to focus on his agriculture science views while ignoring his philosophy thought, but also is a beneficial supplement for the domestic research on agricultural philosophy.
Agriculture is production activities under certain conditions mixed with economic, nature, science and technology. Agricultural philosophy is to explore the internal relations and interaction between them. In this thesis, Xu Guangqi's agricultural philosophy is fully explored from three aspects of agricultural economy, agricultural ecology and agricultural technology through discussing their relationship and interaction.
In the Ming Dynasty, agricultural economy occupies a leading position. Xu Guangqi elaborated his thought of agriculture being basis of wealth based on the view of "food to eat, clothes to wear ". At the same time, with the background of capitalism sprouting in the late Ming, he has changed the traditional Chinese theory which agriculture and commerce were set to opposition each other. He put forward the view of "laying stress on agriculture while not inhibiting commerce ", which reflected his pragmatic and enlightening thought characteristics. In his thought about famine which is an important part of his agricultural economic thought, Xu Guangqi analyzed the cause of famine as well as raised the ways to resist. All of these fully reflected his understanding and grasp of the restriction each other and the reciprocal causation relationship between ecological, technical and economic factors in agricultural systems. His views on justice and benefit had both moral dimension and utilitarian dimension by which Xu Guangqi attempted to save Ming Dynasty through morality and the people's livelihood.
Xu Guangqi's agricultural technology outlook was formed during his agricultural practice and research process. He inherited and exceeded the former agricultural technology in aspect of cultivating rice in southern drought paddy, green manure planting, the promotion of cotton or sweet potato, irrigation and eliminating of locusts, which deepen Chinese traditional agriculture intensive technology system and also formed his own distinguishing feature including mastering and overriding on the Western technology, admitting but not dogmatic to the Chinese ancient Soil suitability theory, especially abandoning some superstitious beliefs such as averting disaster by prayers. Researching into Xu Guangqi's agricultural practices and technology thought, we can summarize his value on pragmatic technology. His emphasis on taking advantage of mathematics and geometry to guide agricultural technology, his advocating of utilizing tools and skills on agricultural technology, and his proposal on developing his country by technology and morality, are great helpful to develop agriculture and economy in modern China.
Having been affected by Confucianism since he was a child, Xu Guangqi formed the Confucian ecological concept that emphasizes man being an integral part of nature. Later, he was baptized Catholics and then also accepted the Catholic ecological view. With his core concept as practicality, Xu Guangqi resolved contradictions between two ecological views and ultimately formed the complementary ecological view that emphasized harmony between man and nature as well as stressed on man's independence in front of nature. This ecological concept was very similar to modern ecology theory which balances the relationship between the crops and the environment, and stresses sustainable use of the natural resources. Xu Guangqi also summed up ecological agriculture technology system and model including the use of waste, water and energy conservation, pest control, etc. This is of great significance to build a rational and modern agricultural development mode.
Xu Guangqi's agricultural philosophy had showed his own style and feature. Based on the dialectical relationship between "farming" and "politics", He formed the concept of big agriculture "system where economy, technology and ecology as well as agricultural production departments were emphasized to be united and balanced. He recognized the rationality of "private" and "benefit". It is great illuminative value that he stressed development of industry and commerce, granting land to all farmers other than collecting lands to country or few landlords. Also, it made his agricultural philosophy quite different from former agronomists' for him to make use of modern agricultural thoughts. These unique ideas about agriculture and agronomy which reflected the special historical background not only are great theoretical value to modern Chinese agricultural philosophy but also are helpful to both of Chinese ecology development and global agriculture patterns in the future.
农业是在一定的经济、自然与科学技术条件下进行的生产活动,农业哲学就是探讨它们之间的内在联系及相互作用。本论文以此为依据,从农业经济观、农业生态观和农业技术观三方面对徐光启的农业哲学思想进行全面探讨,并在它们的相互关系与相互作用中阐述徐光启农业哲学思想的特色。
在农业经济占主导地位的明代,徐光启以“食人之粟,衣人之帛”的财富观为基础阐述了他“富国必以本业”的农本思想,同时,在晚明资本主义萌芽出现的背景下,改中国传统的“农商对立论”,提出“重农不抑商”的主张,反映了他经世务实的品格和向近代过渡的思想特征。徐光启的荒政观是他农业经济思想的重要组成部分,从对灾荒原因的分析到对治荒措施的制定都充分体现了他对农业系统中生态、技术与经济要素相互制约、互为因果关系的理解和把握。他的义利观既有“道之精微,拯人以神”的德性主义维度也有“人富而仁义附焉”的功利主义维度,两种维度的圆融反应了徐光启试图从道德与民生两方面挽救明王朝的路径选择。
徐光启的农业技术观形成于他的农业实践和农学研究过程。他在南方稻田旱作、绿肥种植、甘薯与棉花的推广、水利灌溉以及除蝗等技术方面实现了对前代的继承和超越,深化了我国传统农业的精耕细作技术体系,并在此基础上形成了他技术思想中对待西方技术“会通以求超胜”、对待前代的“风土论”承认但不教条并且摈弃祈报、禳弭等迷信与唯心思想的异质性特征。对徐光启的农业实践与技术思想进行透视,我们可以总结出他主张“技术救世”的尚用务实的技术价值观,并且强调数学、几何学等基础科学对技术的指导和方法论作用。特别是他关于“物能”与“技能”并重以及从“技”与“道”两方面拯救王朝危机的主张对于我国现在的经济与国家建设都有重要的借鉴意义。
徐光启从小受儒家思想的影响,形成“天人合一”的生态观,后来受洗天主教,又接受了主、客二分的反阿卡狄亚式生态观。徐光启以经世致用为核心理念,对两种生态观的矛盾进行消解,最终形成既强调天人和谐,又凸显人在自然面前独立地位的耶儒互补的生态观。这种生态观使他具有了和今天生态学理论极为相近的强调作物与环境因子关系、重视作物之间的共生与竞争以及重视农业自然资源可持续利用的农业生态思想,并且以此为基础总结了包括废物利用、节水节能、病虫害防治等具有生态农业性质的技术体系和技术模式。这对当代建构科学、合理的农业发展模式具有重要意义。
徐光启农业哲学思想的特点不仅在于他形成了以“农”“政”辩证关系为基础,强调经济、技术和生态相统一以及各农业生产部门相统一的“大农业”系统观,而且在于他认同“私”与“利”的合理性,重视工商业发展,遏制封建土地兼并以及授田于民的均田主张等具有启蒙性质的农业经济思想,特别是他对近代科学方法的自觉运用使他的农业哲学思想具有了异于前代农学家的方法论特征。这些独特的思想反映了徐光启本人在特殊时代背景下对农业、农学的思考。它们不仅对我国现阶段的农业哲学研究具有很高的理论价值,而且对未来全球农业的发展模式以及我国的生态文明建设都有重要的可借鉴意义。
China has profound tradition in agriculture, with many celebrities in the field and numerous agriculture masterpieces. These experts are not only proficient with agriculture knolwlege but also reflecting deep philosophical reflections. As a master on Chinese traditional agriculture thought, Xu Guangqi formed unique agricultural philosophy based on his research and practice as well as learning from the achievements from Western science and technology while he also inherited the former Chinese agricultural philosophy. The research on Xu Guangqi's agricultural philosophy not only helps to scholars to make up for the defects which people used to focus on his agriculture science views while ignoring his philosophy thought, but also is a beneficial supplement for the domestic research on agricultural philosophy.
Agriculture is production activities under certain conditions mixed with economic, nature, science and technology. Agricultural philosophy is to explore the internal relations and interaction between them. In this thesis, Xu Guangqi's agricultural philosophy is fully explored from three aspects of agricultural economy, agricultural ecology and agricultural technology through discussing their relationship and interaction.
In the Ming Dynasty, agricultural economy occupies a leading position. Xu Guangqi elaborated his thought of agriculture being basis of wealth based on the view of "food to eat, clothes to wear ". At the same time, with the background of capitalism sprouting in the late Ming, he has changed the traditional Chinese theory which agriculture and commerce were set to opposition each other. He put forward the view of "laying stress on agriculture while not inhibiting commerce ", which reflected his pragmatic and enlightening thought characteristics. In his thought about famine which is an important part of his agricultural economic thought, Xu Guangqi analyzed the cause of famine as well as raised the ways to resist. All of these fully reflected his understanding and grasp of the restriction each other and the reciprocal causation relationship between ecological, technical and economic factors in agricultural systems. His views on justice and benefit had both moral dimension and utilitarian dimension by which Xu Guangqi attempted to save Ming Dynasty through morality and the people's livelihood.
Xu Guangqi's agricultural technology outlook was formed during his agricultural practice and research process. He inherited and exceeded the former agricultural technology in aspect of cultivating rice in southern drought paddy, green manure planting, the promotion of cotton or sweet potato, irrigation and eliminating of locusts, which deepen Chinese traditional agriculture intensive technology system and also formed his own distinguishing feature including mastering and overriding on the Western technology, admitting but not dogmatic to the Chinese ancient Soil suitability theory, especially abandoning some superstitious beliefs such as averting disaster by prayers. Researching into Xu Guangqi's agricultural practices and technology thought, we can summarize his value on pragmatic technology. His emphasis on taking advantage of mathematics and geometry to guide agricultural technology, his advocating of utilizing tools and skills on agricultural technology, and his proposal on developing his country by technology and morality, are great helpful to develop agriculture and economy in modern China.
Having been affected by Confucianism since he was a child, Xu Guangqi formed the Confucian ecological concept that emphasizes man being an integral part of nature. Later, he was baptized Catholics and then also accepted the Catholic ecological view. With his core concept as practicality, Xu Guangqi resolved contradictions between two ecological views and ultimately formed the complementary ecological view that emphasized harmony between man and nature as well as stressed on man's independence in front of nature. This ecological concept was very similar to modern ecology theory which balances the relationship between the crops and the environment, and stresses sustainable use of the natural resources. Xu Guangqi also summed up ecological agriculture technology system and model including the use of waste, water and energy conservation, pest control, etc. This is of great significance to build a rational and modern agricultural development mode.
Xu Guangqi's agricultural philosophy had showed his own style and feature. Based on the dialectical relationship between "farming" and "politics", He formed the concept of big agriculture "system where economy, technology and ecology as well as agricultural production departments were emphasized to be united and balanced. He recognized the rationality of "private" and "benefit". It is great illuminative value that he stressed development of industry and commerce, granting land to all farmers other than collecting lands to country or few landlords. Also, it made his agricultural philosophy quite different from former agronomists' for him to make use of modern agricultural thoughts. These unique ideas about agriculture and agronomy which reflected the special historical background not only are great theoretical value to modern Chinese agricultural philosophy but also are helpful to both of Chinese ecology development and global agriculture patterns in the future.
引文
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