我国农村环境侵权民事救济制度探析
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摘要
当前我国农村环境侵权问题日益突出,仅依靠行政法和刑法的公力救济保护受害人是远远不够的,还必须依靠民事私法救济。但当前我国农村环境侵权民事救济制度尚不完善,众多的受害居民权益还得不到应有的保护,因此笔者结合两大法系国家的农村环境侵权民事救济制度,分析了我国农村环境侵权民事救济制度的现状,并对我国农村环境侵权民事救济的现状进行了系统评析,旨在指出不足之处,以进一步健全和完善我国农村环境侵权民事救济制度。
本文共五章。第一章为绪论。主要介绍了农村环境侵权民事救济的国内外研究动态、目的、意义、研究的主要任务和预期目标。第二章主要概述了农村环境侵权民事救济的民法理论基础,即民法的生态化和民法的社会化。第三章概述了两大法系国家农村环境侵权民事救济理论和实践经验,并对农村环境侵权民事救济制度作出了系统分析和比较。在大陆法系国家,较为有特色的是日本的“忍受限度论”；德国的“受害人咨询请求权”、“环境责任保险制度”；法国的“团体诉讼制度”、“损害赔偿基金制度”。在英美法系国家,美国的主要特色为调和性和灵活性的“部分排除侵害”和“代替排除侵害”制度。第四章论述了我国农村环境侵权民事救济的现状,并作出了相应评析。主要对当前我国农村环境侵权民事救济方式和救济途径作出了系统评析。第五章论述了如何完善我国农村环境侵权民事救济的立法举措。首先,引入利益衡量原则作为农村环境侵权民事救济的基本原则。其次,完善民事救济方式和救济途径。民事救济方式主要为排除侵害和损害赔偿两种。在排除侵害方面,应引入调和性的“部分排除侵害”和“代替排除侵害之赔偿”制度；在损害赔偿方面,应扩展救济方式,引入损害赔偿社会化制度,以保证受害人能够获得及时的救济。通过对民事救济的各种途径进行比较分析,旨在建立完善的民事救济途径。最后,为使受害人能够得到更好的民事救济,应建立相应的受害者民事救济补贴制度或补偿机制、环境责任保险。
Current our country countryside environment tort problem increasingly, rely on the administrative law and criminal law of ram aid force to protect victims is not enough, also must rely on civil law relief. But the current our country rural environmental tort civil relief system also still is not perfected, many of the victims still lack of residents rights protection.Therefore I combine the countries of two important legal systems of the rural environment tort civil relief system, analysis of the rural environmental tort civil remedy system present situation, for China's rural environmental tort civil relief on the current situation of system are also elucidated, author aims to indicate deficiencies, to further perfect and perfect our country rural environmental tort civil relief system.
The paper has five chapters. The first chapter elaborated on introduction. This chapter introduces the rural environment tort civil remedy of the domestic and foreign research dynamic,purpose,meaning, the main task and expectations. The second chapter outlines the rural environment tort civil remedy of legal principles. The legal basis for ecological civil law and civil law socialization. The third chapter discusses the countries of two important legal systems of rural environmental tort civil remedies theory and practical experience, and the corresponding to the rural environment tort civil relief system made system analysis and comparison. In civil law countries, Relatively distinctive is Japan's endure limit theory; Germany's victim consulting claim, environmental liability insurance system; The French group litigation system, damage compensation fund system. In countries of Anglo-American law system, America's main features for harmonic sex and flexibility of "part exclude violations" and "instead of exclusion enroach on" system. The fourth chapter discusses our country rural environmental tort civil remedy of the status.,and has made the corresponding elucidated. Mainly to the current our country countryside environment tort civil relief way and relief way made a review systematically. The fifth chapter discusses how to perfect our country's rural environmental tort civil remedy legislation move. First of all, introducing the principle of benefit measure as rural environmental tort civil remedy for basic principles. Secondly, perfect civil relief way and relief way. Civil remedy way are mainly to eliminate violations and damages two kinds. In the exclusion of attacks, In the exclusion of attacks,should introduce harmonic sex "part exclude violations" and "replace exclude the infringement compensation" system. In damages, should expand relief way, introducing damages socialization system, to ensure the victim can get timely relief. Through the various approaches to civil remedy for comparison and analysis, aim to establish perfect civil relief way. Finally, in order to make the victim can get better civil remedy, shoud establish corresponding victims compensation system for civil remedy or compensation mechanism, environmental liability insurance.
本文共五章。第一章为绪论。主要介绍了农村环境侵权民事救济的国内外研究动态、目的、意义、研究的主要任务和预期目标。第二章主要概述了农村环境侵权民事救济的民法理论基础,即民法的生态化和民法的社会化。第三章概述了两大法系国家农村环境侵权民事救济理论和实践经验,并对农村环境侵权民事救济制度作出了系统分析和比较。在大陆法系国家,较为有特色的是日本的“忍受限度论”；德国的“受害人咨询请求权”、“环境责任保险制度”；法国的“团体诉讼制度”、“损害赔偿基金制度”。在英美法系国家,美国的主要特色为调和性和灵活性的“部分排除侵害”和“代替排除侵害”制度。第四章论述了我国农村环境侵权民事救济的现状,并作出了相应评析。主要对当前我国农村环境侵权民事救济方式和救济途径作出了系统评析。第五章论述了如何完善我国农村环境侵权民事救济的立法举措。首先,引入利益衡量原则作为农村环境侵权民事救济的基本原则。其次,完善民事救济方式和救济途径。民事救济方式主要为排除侵害和损害赔偿两种。在排除侵害方面,应引入调和性的“部分排除侵害”和“代替排除侵害之赔偿”制度；在损害赔偿方面,应扩展救济方式,引入损害赔偿社会化制度,以保证受害人能够获得及时的救济。通过对民事救济的各种途径进行比较分析,旨在建立完善的民事救济途径。最后,为使受害人能够得到更好的民事救济,应建立相应的受害者民事救济补贴制度或补偿机制、环境责任保险。
Current our country countryside environment tort problem increasingly, rely on the administrative law and criminal law of ram aid force to protect victims is not enough, also must rely on civil law relief. But the current our country rural environmental tort civil relief system also still is not perfected, many of the victims still lack of residents rights protection.Therefore I combine the countries of two important legal systems of the rural environment tort civil relief system, analysis of the rural environmental tort civil remedy system present situation, for China's rural environmental tort civil relief on the current situation of system are also elucidated, author aims to indicate deficiencies, to further perfect and perfect our country rural environmental tort civil relief system.
The paper has five chapters. The first chapter elaborated on introduction. This chapter introduces the rural environment tort civil remedy of the domestic and foreign research dynamic,purpose,meaning, the main task and expectations. The second chapter outlines the rural environment tort civil remedy of legal principles. The legal basis for ecological civil law and civil law socialization. The third chapter discusses the countries of two important legal systems of rural environmental tort civil remedies theory and practical experience, and the corresponding to the rural environment tort civil relief system made system analysis and comparison. In civil law countries, Relatively distinctive is Japan's endure limit theory; Germany's victim consulting claim, environmental liability insurance system; The French group litigation system, damage compensation fund system. In countries of Anglo-American law system, America's main features for harmonic sex and flexibility of "part exclude violations" and "instead of exclusion enroach on" system. The fourth chapter discusses our country rural environmental tort civil remedy of the status.,and has made the corresponding elucidated. Mainly to the current our country countryside environment tort civil relief way and relief way made a review systematically. The fifth chapter discusses how to perfect our country's rural environmental tort civil remedy legislation move. First of all, introducing the principle of benefit measure as rural environmental tort civil remedy for basic principles. Secondly, perfect civil relief way and relief way. Civil remedy way are mainly to eliminate violations and damages two kinds. In the exclusion of attacks, In the exclusion of attacks,should introduce harmonic sex "part exclude violations" and "replace exclude the infringement compensation" system. In damages, should expand relief way, introducing damages socialization system, to ensure the victim can get timely relief. Through the various approaches to civil remedy for comparison and analysis, aim to establish perfect civil relief way. Finally, in order to make the victim can get better civil remedy, shoud establish corresponding victims compensation system for civil remedy or compensation mechanism, environmental liability insurance.
引文
[1]曹明德.环境侵权法.北京：法律出版社,2001：17.
[2]马骧聪.环境保护法.成都：四川人民出版社,1988：141-142.
[3]金瑞林.环境法学.北京：北京大学出版社,1990：163.
[4]王明远.环境侵权救济法律制度.北京：中国法制出版社,2001：13.
[5]郑少华.生态主义法哲学.法律出版社,2002,1：59.
[6]梅冷,傅黎旭．日本环境法的新进展.载蔡守秋.环境资源法论丛.法律出版社,2002,1：258-262.
[7]孔刚,许昭怡.地下土壤渗滤法净化生活污水研究进展.江西农业学报.2001：2.
[8]乔世明主编.环境损害与法律责任.中国经济出版社,1999,1：46.
[9]载中国水利报,2005年3月8日.
[10]郑易生,阎林,钱薏红.90年代中期中国环境污染经济损失估算.载管理世界．1999,2：189-207.
[11]厉以宁,Jeremy Warford等著.中国的环境与可持续发展.经济科学出版社,2004,12(1)： 126．
[12]历年乡镇工业污染调查,1999年以来的中国环境年鉴,中国环境年鉴社,1999-2000.
[13]厉以宁,Jeremy Warford等著.中国的环境与可持续发展.经济科学出版社,2004,12(1)：125.
[14]牛津法律大辞典.北京：光明日报出版社,1988：764.
[15]张俊浩．民法学原理.中国政法大学出版社,2000：140.
[16]王利明．中国民法典学者建议稿及立法理由(人格权编).法律出版社,2005：178-179．
[17]徐国栋主编.绿色民法典草案.社会科学文献出版社,2004：84.
[18]马俊驹,舒广.环境问题对民法的冲击与21世纪民法的回应.中国民法百年回顾与前瞻学术研讨会文集,法律出版社,2003：246.
[19]Rudolf von Jhering, Law as a Means to an End, Translated by Isaac Husic etc., Boston, The Boston Book Company,1913:396-397.
[20][德]鲁道夫·冯·耶林.为权利而斗争.郑永流译,法律出版社,2007：12—36.
[21][日]原田尚彦.日本环境法.于敏译.北京,法律出版社,1999：21—30.
[22]曾隆兴.公害纠纷与民事救济.台湾,台湾三民书局股份有限公司,1995：3.
[23][日]北川山太郎.日本民法体系.李毅多译,科学出版社,1995：118.
[24]蔡守秋.论环境民事责任体制,韩德培,蔡守秋,吕忠梅.环境资源法论从.法津出版社,2001(1)：55—56.
[25]曹明德.环境侵权法.法律出版社,2000：92．
[26]曹明德.环境侵权法.北京：法律出版社,2000.
[27]曹明德．环境侵权法.法律出版社,2000：96.
[28]曹明德.环境侵权法.法律出版社,2000：96.
[29]王明远．环境侵权救济法律制度,中国法制出版社,2001：228.
[30][美]芬德利著,程正康译.美国环境法简论,中国环境出版社,1999：62.
[31]蔡守秋.论环境民事责任体制,韩德培,蔡守秋,吕忠梅.环境资源法论从.法津出版社,2001(1)：51—53.
[32]王曦主编.美国环境法概论.武汉大学出版社,1992：133.
[33]常纪文．环境法律责任原理研究.湖南人民出版社,2001：252.
[34]党的十六届五中全会.《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议》2005.12.
[35]王明远．环境侵权救济法律制度．北京：中国法制出版社,2001：60.
[36]胡玉鸿.关于“利益衡量”的几个法理问题．现代法学．2001(4).
[37]蔡守秋.环境资源法教程.武汉：武汉大学出版社,2000：546.
[38]邵明.民事纠纷及其解决机制略论.法学家.2002(5)：22．
[39]梁从诫.关于尽快建立健全环保公益诉讼制度的提案,粱从诫主编.2005：中国的环境危局与突围．社会科学文献出版社,2006.3(1)：393.
[40]周纪昌.中国农村环境侵权问题研究.经济科学出版社,2007.
[41]梁慧星.侵权责任法．法律出版社,2010.6
[42]JamesT.McClymonds,The Human Right to A Healthy Environment:An International Legal Perspective,37 N.Y.L.Seh.l.Rev.2009
[43]Oi,Jean 2009,Rural China Takes Off:Institutional Foundation of Economic Reform,Berkeley,CA:University of California Press.
[44]Henk Folmer,et al.Frontiers of Environmental Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,UK,2009.
[45]Taylor E.,From Environmental to Ecological Human Rights:Anew Dynamic in International Law,10 Geo.Int'I EnvtI.L.Rev.2008.
[46]Stretesky,P., and M.Hogan.2007.Environmental Justice:An Analysis of Superfund sites in Florida.Social problems 45 (2).
[47]Humilton,James T.2009.Testing for Envionmental Racism:Prejudice,Profits, Political Power? Journal of Policy Analysis and management 14 (1).
[48]Glikman,Theodore S.2009. Measuring environmental Equity with Geographical Information Systems. RESOURCES [Resources for the Futuer, Inc.]
[49]Chase, Anthony R.2009.Assessing and addressing Problems Posed by Environment Rasism, Rutgers law review 45.
[50]Edin, Maria 2008,Market Force and Communist Power:Local Institutions and Development in China, Uppsala University Press.
[51]Fisher, A.myrick Ⅲ,2009. Distribution of Environmental Quality. In Environmental Quality Analysi:Theory and method in the Social Science, edited by Allen V. Kneese and Blair T. Bower, Baltimoer, MD:John Hopkins University Press.
[2]马骧聪.环境保护法.成都：四川人民出版社,1988：141-142.
[3]金瑞林.环境法学.北京：北京大学出版社,1990：163.
[4]王明远.环境侵权救济法律制度.北京：中国法制出版社,2001：13.
[5]郑少华.生态主义法哲学.法律出版社,2002,1：59.
[6]梅冷,傅黎旭．日本环境法的新进展.载蔡守秋.环境资源法论丛.法律出版社,2002,1：258-262.
[7]孔刚,许昭怡.地下土壤渗滤法净化生活污水研究进展.江西农业学报.2001：2.
[8]乔世明主编.环境损害与法律责任.中国经济出版社,1999,1：46.
[9]载中国水利报,2005年3月8日.
[10]郑易生,阎林,钱薏红.90年代中期中国环境污染经济损失估算.载管理世界．1999,2：189-207.
[11]厉以宁,Jeremy Warford等著.中国的环境与可持续发展.经济科学出版社,2004,12(1)： 126．
[12]历年乡镇工业污染调查,1999年以来的中国环境年鉴,中国环境年鉴社,1999-2000.
[13]厉以宁,Jeremy Warford等著.中国的环境与可持续发展.经济科学出版社,2004,12(1)：125.
[14]牛津法律大辞典.北京：光明日报出版社,1988：764.
[15]张俊浩．民法学原理.中国政法大学出版社,2000：140.
[16]王利明．中国民法典学者建议稿及立法理由(人格权编).法律出版社,2005：178-179．
[17]徐国栋主编.绿色民法典草案.社会科学文献出版社,2004：84.
[18]马俊驹,舒广.环境问题对民法的冲击与21世纪民法的回应.中国民法百年回顾与前瞻学术研讨会文集,法律出版社,2003：246.
[19]Rudolf von Jhering, Law as a Means to an End, Translated by Isaac Husic etc., Boston, The Boston Book Company,1913:396-397.
[20][德]鲁道夫·冯·耶林.为权利而斗争.郑永流译,法律出版社,2007：12—36.
[21][日]原田尚彦.日本环境法.于敏译.北京,法律出版社,1999：21—30.
[22]曾隆兴.公害纠纷与民事救济.台湾,台湾三民书局股份有限公司,1995：3.
[23][日]北川山太郎.日本民法体系.李毅多译,科学出版社,1995：118.
[24]蔡守秋.论环境民事责任体制,韩德培,蔡守秋,吕忠梅.环境资源法论从.法津出版社,2001(1)：55—56.
[25]曹明德.环境侵权法.法律出版社,2000：92．
[26]曹明德.环境侵权法.北京：法律出版社,2000.
[27]曹明德．环境侵权法.法律出版社,2000：96.
[28]曹明德.环境侵权法.法律出版社,2000：96.
[29]王明远．环境侵权救济法律制度,中国法制出版社,2001：228.
[30][美]芬德利著,程正康译.美国环境法简论,中国环境出版社,1999：62.
[31]蔡守秋.论环境民事责任体制,韩德培,蔡守秋,吕忠梅.环境资源法论从.法津出版社,2001(1)：51—53.
[32]王曦主编.美国环境法概论.武汉大学出版社,1992：133.
[33]常纪文．环境法律责任原理研究.湖南人民出版社,2001：252.
[34]党的十六届五中全会.《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议》2005.12.
[35]王明远．环境侵权救济法律制度．北京：中国法制出版社,2001：60.
[36]胡玉鸿.关于“利益衡量”的几个法理问题．现代法学．2001(4).
[37]蔡守秋.环境资源法教程.武汉：武汉大学出版社,2000：546.
[38]邵明.民事纠纷及其解决机制略论.法学家.2002(5)：22．
[39]梁从诫.关于尽快建立健全环保公益诉讼制度的提案,粱从诫主编.2005：中国的环境危局与突围．社会科学文献出版社,2006.3(1)：393.
[40]周纪昌.中国农村环境侵权问题研究.经济科学出版社,2007.
[41]梁慧星.侵权责任法．法律出版社,2010.6
[42]JamesT.McClymonds,The Human Right to A Healthy Environment:An International Legal Perspective,37 N.Y.L.Seh.l.Rev.2009
[43]Oi,Jean 2009,Rural China Takes Off:Institutional Foundation of Economic Reform,Berkeley,CA:University of California Press.
[44]Henk Folmer,et al.Frontiers of Environmental Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,UK,2009.
[45]Taylor E.,From Environmental to Ecological Human Rights:Anew Dynamic in International Law,10 Geo.Int'I EnvtI.L.Rev.2008.
[46]Stretesky,P., and M.Hogan.2007.Environmental Justice:An Analysis of Superfund sites in Florida.Social problems 45 (2).
[47]Humilton,James T.2009.Testing for Envionmental Racism:Prejudice,Profits, Political Power? Journal of Policy Analysis and management 14 (1).
[48]Glikman,Theodore S.2009. Measuring environmental Equity with Geographical Information Systems. RESOURCES [Resources for the Futuer, Inc.]
[49]Chase, Anthony R.2009.Assessing and addressing Problems Posed by Environment Rasism, Rutgers law review 45.
[50]Edin, Maria 2008,Market Force and Communist Power:Local Institutions and Development in China, Uppsala University Press.
[51]Fisher, A.myrick Ⅲ,2009. Distribution of Environmental Quality. In Environmental Quality Analysi:Theory and method in the Social Science, edited by Allen V. Kneese and Blair T. Bower, Baltimoer, MD:John Hopkins University Press.