中国主要生物质废物环境影响与污染治理策略研究
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摘要
中国主要固体废物的年产生量约为71.6亿吨,其中62.1%是生物质废物。生物质废物是环境污染物的重要排放源,也是潜力巨大的可再生资源。本文提出将生物质废物作为独立概念,重新综合审视固体废物管理与可再生资源开发,对于提升固体废物管理水平、提高污染控制系统效率、优化资源利用结构体系、实施“节能减排”战略具有重要意义。
本文研究发现,食物链产生的生物质废物占生物质废物产生量的95.2%,可以代表生物质废物领域的现状和需求。因此本文围绕食物链及其环境污染治理的全过程,以元素流分析和生命周期评价方法为基础,构建了生物质废物环境影响的研究方法;通过食物链元素流跟踪分析,全面、系统梳理了生物质废物的产生源和处理处置途径,开发了中国生物质废物研究模型。
本文利用所开发的模型工具综合评价了我国主要生物质废物的产生及处理处置过程的环境影响。研究结果表明,2005年我国主要生物质废物产生量为42.64亿吨(13.06亿吨干物质)。生物质废物的富营养化污染潜势是城市污水和食品工业废水总和的2.98倍;生物质废物排放的CH_4和N_2O对全国温室气体排放的贡献率为6.07%,其无害化处理过程的温室气体排放强度较高;养殖业生物质废物是富营养化污染物和温室气体的主要排放源;生物质废物无害化处理率仅为2.82%,16.87亿吨(4.78亿吨干物质)生物质废物向环境无控排放,无控排放是生物质废物造成环境污染的首要途径。
生物质废物的表观资源利用率较高,但利用结构不合理。从降低环境影响的角度出发,生物质废物资源化的优先次序是饲料资源开发、清洁高效能源开发和有机肥料资源化利用;生物质废物饲料资源开发潜力为5.58亿吨干物质,燃料资源开发潜力为2.78亿吨干物质;资源化同时也是解决生物质废物污染环境问题的根本途径。
Annual quantity of solid waste in China is about 7160 million tons, in which 62.1% is biomass waste. Biomass waste is not only a considerable source of environmental contaminants, but also is the renewable resources with huge recovery potential. This thesis, therefore, attempts the consideration of biomass waste as an independent concept in order to solve the following issues: (1) to rethink the problem of waste management; and (2) to assess the relationship among waste management, treatment of eutrophication contaminants, reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and the development of renewable resources. Accordingly, the research not only has the ability to comprehensively improve the level of waste management, but also has advantage in enhancing system efficiency of environmental pollutants treatment and optimizing structure of resources utilization, thereby indicating significance to implement‘energy saving strategy’.
It is found out that amount of biomass waste derived from food consumption takes up 95.2% of its total generation, which is unique in China and considered as an independent research system. The system boundary of this research is thus designed as food chain and treatment of pollution generated from food chain; thereafter, a methodology concerning environmental impact assessment of biomass waste in China is developed herein, based on the substance flow analysis (SFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). According to the methodology, a Biomass Waste Research Model is developed through trace analysis on substance flow of food chain and clear understanding of the source of the biomass waste generated and the treatment process.
With the model developed in this thesis, environmental impact of biomass waste in China is assessed. The research findings clearly indicate that 4264 million tons of main biomass waste was generated in 2005 (1306 million tons of dry matter). Amount of eutrophication contaminants derived from biomass waste including livestock wastewater is about 2.98 times of that from municipal sewage and food processing industry. Further, amount of CH_4 and N_2O emitted from biomass waste accounts for about 6.07% into national overall GHG emissions. GHG emission intensity in harmless treatment is high. Animal waste is the major source of eutrophication contaminants and GHG. Harmless treatment ratio of biomass waste was merely 2.82% in 2005, with 1687 million tons (478 million tons of dry matter) being disposed without any treatment, which is the major way in causing the serious environmental pollution.
Biomass waste has a high recourse utilization rate seemingly; however, the utilization structure is not reasonable. From the perspective of reduction of eutrophication contaminants and GHG emission, recycling hierarchy of biomass waste should be the exploitation of feed resources, development of clean and efficient resources, and utilization of organic fertilizer.? ? The potential resources from feed biomass waste are about 558 million tons of dry matter while the value from fuel source is about 278 million tons of dry matter. Recycling of biomass waste is strongly regarded as the fundamental way of solving the problem of treatment of biomass waste.
本文研究发现,食物链产生的生物质废物占生物质废物产生量的95.2%,可以代表生物质废物领域的现状和需求。因此本文围绕食物链及其环境污染治理的全过程,以元素流分析和生命周期评价方法为基础,构建了生物质废物环境影响的研究方法;通过食物链元素流跟踪分析,全面、系统梳理了生物质废物的产生源和处理处置途径,开发了中国生物质废物研究模型。
本文利用所开发的模型工具综合评价了我国主要生物质废物的产生及处理处置过程的环境影响。研究结果表明,2005年我国主要生物质废物产生量为42.64亿吨(13.06亿吨干物质)。生物质废物的富营养化污染潜势是城市污水和食品工业废水总和的2.98倍;生物质废物排放的CH_4和N_2O对全国温室气体排放的贡献率为6.07%,其无害化处理过程的温室气体排放强度较高;养殖业生物质废物是富营养化污染物和温室气体的主要排放源;生物质废物无害化处理率仅为2.82%,16.87亿吨(4.78亿吨干物质)生物质废物向环境无控排放,无控排放是生物质废物造成环境污染的首要途径。
生物质废物的表观资源利用率较高,但利用结构不合理。从降低环境影响的角度出发,生物质废物资源化的优先次序是饲料资源开发、清洁高效能源开发和有机肥料资源化利用;生物质废物饲料资源开发潜力为5.58亿吨干物质,燃料资源开发潜力为2.78亿吨干物质;资源化同时也是解决生物质废物污染环境问题的根本途径。
Annual quantity of solid waste in China is about 7160 million tons, in which 62.1% is biomass waste. Biomass waste is not only a considerable source of environmental contaminants, but also is the renewable resources with huge recovery potential. This thesis, therefore, attempts the consideration of biomass waste as an independent concept in order to solve the following issues: (1) to rethink the problem of waste management; and (2) to assess the relationship among waste management, treatment of eutrophication contaminants, reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and the development of renewable resources. Accordingly, the research not only has the ability to comprehensively improve the level of waste management, but also has advantage in enhancing system efficiency of environmental pollutants treatment and optimizing structure of resources utilization, thereby indicating significance to implement‘energy saving strategy’.
It is found out that amount of biomass waste derived from food consumption takes up 95.2% of its total generation, which is unique in China and considered as an independent research system. The system boundary of this research is thus designed as food chain and treatment of pollution generated from food chain; thereafter, a methodology concerning environmental impact assessment of biomass waste in China is developed herein, based on the substance flow analysis (SFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA). According to the methodology, a Biomass Waste Research Model is developed through trace analysis on substance flow of food chain and clear understanding of the source of the biomass waste generated and the treatment process.
With the model developed in this thesis, environmental impact of biomass waste in China is assessed. The research findings clearly indicate that 4264 million tons of main biomass waste was generated in 2005 (1306 million tons of dry matter). Amount of eutrophication contaminants derived from biomass waste including livestock wastewater is about 2.98 times of that from municipal sewage and food processing industry. Further, amount of CH_4 and N_2O emitted from biomass waste accounts for about 6.07% into national overall GHG emissions. GHG emission intensity in harmless treatment is high. Animal waste is the major source of eutrophication contaminants and GHG. Harmless treatment ratio of biomass waste was merely 2.82% in 2005, with 1687 million tons (478 million tons of dry matter) being disposed without any treatment, which is the major way in causing the serious environmental pollution.
Biomass waste has a high recourse utilization rate seemingly; however, the utilization structure is not reasonable. From the perspective of reduction of eutrophication contaminants and GHG emission, recycling hierarchy of biomass waste should be the exploitation of feed resources, development of clean and efficient resources, and utilization of organic fertilizer.? ? The potential resources from feed biomass waste are about 558 million tons of dry matter while the value from fuel source is about 278 million tons of dry matter. Recycling of biomass waste is strongly regarded as the fundamental way of solving the problem of treatment of biomass waste.
引文
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