生物炭技术缓解温室气体排放的潜力评估
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摘要
生物炭（Biochar）是一种富含碳的产品，是生物质原料在无氧或缺氧的条件通过热转化过程（<700°C）而得到的一种细粒度、多孔性的碳质材料。生物炭因其在土壤改良、缓解温室效益等方面具有的巨大潜力成为目前研究的热点问题，并取得了大量的研究成果。本文将对生物炭技术缓解我国温室气体排放的潜力进行评估，同时对生物炭生产和应用过程中的能源投入、产出情况进行分析，以考察该技术的应用对于缓解我国温室气体排放压力和改善能源结构方面的潜力。同时，经济因素是一项新兴技术被接受和广泛应用的基础因素，因此本文还对生物炭技术生产和应用过程的经济可行性进行了分析。最后，基于上述评估、分析的基础上，利用SWOT（是指Strength：优势、Weakness：弱点、Opportunity：机遇和Threat：挑战四个单词的首字母缩写）方法对我国发展和应用生物炭技术的前景进行系统、全面的分析。本文的研究结果期望能够为我国缓解温室气体排放、改善能源结构提供一条可行的途径，为废弃生物质资源的资源化利用提供一种有效的技术手段。同时，还期望能够为我国发展和应用生物炭技术提供科学的数据和理论支持。本文的主要研究结果如下：
（1）通过对生物炭技术固碳、减排主要途径的探讨，可知固碳、减排途径主要包括以下几个方面：生物炭自身的碳封存潜力；可再生能源生产取代化石能源而获得的减排潜力；作物生物量增加而从大气中吸收更多的CO_2；抑制农业土壤中N2O的排放；减少化肥使用量而获得的减排潜力；减少土壤有机碳（SOC）分解而获得的减排潜力。
（2）通过建立生命周期（LCA，Life CycleAssessment）评估模型，对不同生物质原料的生物炭生产及应用的全生命周期过程的温室气体和能源平衡情况进行定量分析。研究结果表明：农业、林木、家畜粪便和城市有机废弃物的温室气体平衡（以CO_(2e)计，CO_(2e)为CO_2当量）依次为-829.30、-1105.83、-742.37、-1953.70kg t-1原料，都表现出积极的固碳、减排效果；从生命周期阶段来看，前三种原料的固碳、减排潜力最大的是生物炭的土壤封存和能源生产抵消化石能源使用获得的减排，生物炭在农业生产应用过程中获得的潜力相对较小，而城市有机废弃物最大减排量是避免原处理过程产生的CH4排放；四种原料的能源生产潜力依次为334.06、-512.80、466.12、544.47MJ t~(-1)原料，林木原料由于在收集阶段需要消耗大量的能源，因此使得整个过程的能量平衡表现出净负的结果；从生命周期阶段来看，能源投入的主要阶段为生物炭田间施用、原料收集和运输三个阶段（合计的能量投入超过了总能量投入的90%以上）。
（3）在对不同原料的生物炭温室气体和能源平衡的生命周期分析结果的基础上，结合对我国四种生物质资源的可持续利用总量的调查，计算了我国利用生物炭技术能够获得的缓解温室气体排放和能量生产潜力。研究结果表明：我国四种生物质资源总量为23.14×10~8t，可持续用于生物炭生产的总量为14.02×10~8t；在上述资源背景下，我国能够获得的缓解温室气体排放总潜力为12.70×10~8t，相当于我国2005年温室气体排放总量的17%；我国能够获得的可再生能源潜力为49.50×10~(10)MJ，相当于13.75×10~(10)kWh。可见，生物炭技术对于同时缓解我国温室气体排放和改善能源结构具有巨大的潜力。
（4）经济性是影响一项新兴技术被接受和广泛应用的重要基础，因此在本研究中还对生物炭技术应用的经济可行性进行了分析。研究结果表明：碳减排市场交易价格和生物炭施用周期是影响生物炭技术应用经济可行性的两个重要因素。在低碳减排价格下，大部分原料（除城市有机废弃物外）生物炭都具有正的生产成本，在此情景确定的生物炭价格，农民应用生物炭除了在长的施用周期（10年）外，其它施用周期时都表现出负的经济效益；而在高减排价格下，生物炭的生产成本都呈负的（除了林木生物炭），在此情景确定的生物炭价格下，农民应用生物炭在任何施用周期具有积极的经济效益产出；利用城市有机废弃物为原料，在评估的任何情景中都表现出较大的经济潜力。根据本次经济分析的结果可知，随着未来温室气体排放压力的不断增大，碳减排价格必将升高，从而生物炭技术应用的经济吸引力也将逐步提高。另外，通过加强长期试验研究，选择一个合适的生物炭施用周期，对于解决目前生物炭应用过程中存在的经济问题也具有重要意义。
（5）最后本研究利用SWOT（方法对我国发展和应用生物炭技术的前景进行了系统全面的分析。通过分析可知：生物炭技术在固碳、减排、农业生产、可更新能源生产、抑制农业源污染、潜在经济吸引力和我国拥有丰富的生物质资源等方面具有显著的优势，而在可依靠的技术基础和研发水平、资金投入渠道少、生物质资源时空分布的差异性和生物炭应用预期效益的不稳定等方面存在一定的弱势；同时外部环境还为该技术带来了多方面的机遇和挑战：机遇表现在对减少农业源温室气体排放、缓解农业源污染和土壤酸化、加强可更新能源、降低农业生产成本和提高农民收入等方面的需求，挑战表现生物炭应用的不可逆性、碳减排评估和认证机制的缺失、面临与生物质能源之间的竞争、相关政策研究和制定的落后等多方面挑战。总体的研究表明，生物炭技术在我国的发展具有广阔的前景。
Biochar is a carbon-rich, fine-grained and porous product, which is produced bypyrolysis of organic materials under limited supply of oxygen and at relatively lowtemperatures (<700°C). Because of its potential in soil amelioration and mitigation ofgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, biochar has become a hot topic in many researchfields. In this thesis, The potential of biochar technology in mitigating GHG emissionswas assessed. Meanwhile, the energy input and output in biochar production was alsoanalysed. Based on these results, the potential of biochar technology in mitigating thepressure from GHG emissions and improving the energy structure for our country wasinvestigated. Moreover, economics is a fundamental factor for a new technology thatis accepted and widely used in the initial stadges. Therefore, an economic analysis forbiochar’s production and application was conducted. Finally, the prospect ofdevelopment and application of biochar technology in our country was analyzed usingthe SWOT (Abbreviation of four words: Strength, Weakness, Opportunities andThreat) method. The results of this study are hoped to provide a feasible way tomitigate GHG emissions, improve energy structure and provide an effectivetechnology for utilizing the waste biomass resources. In the meanwhile, scientific dataand theoretical support would be provided in development and application of biochartechnology. The main results of this study are as following:
(1) The ways of carbon sequestration and GHG abatementusing biochar havebeen explored, including the following aspects: the carbon stored in biochars; theGHG abatement from renewable energy production, which can be alternative forfossil fuel; the carbon sequestration from increased biomass, which may absorb moreCO_2from atmosphere through photosynthesis; the abatement from reduction of soilN2O emissions; the GHG abatement from the reduced demand for synthetic fertilizers;the GHG abatement from suppressing soil organic carbon decomposition.
(2) The balances of GHG and energy of biochar technology were quantitativeanalysis using LCA method. The balance of GHG for biochar production from crop residues, forest residues, livestock excrement and municipal organic waste are-829.30,-1105.83,-742.37and~(-1)953.70kg CO_(2e) t~(-1)biomass, respectively, all showthe positive results. For crop residues, forest residues and livestock excrement, thegreatest contribution to carbon abatement is carbon sequestration in biochars, and thenext largestproportionis renewable energy production and fossil fuel offset,agricultural effects of biochar application show a relatively smaller amount. For themunicipal organic waste, the greatest contribution to carbon abatement is reduction ofCH4emission. The net energy production for these four feedstocks are334.06,-512.80,466.12,544.47MJ t~(-1)biomass, respectively. The forest residues shows anegative result because of the collection stage, which would consume a lot of energy.The main processes of energy input for all feedstocks in biochar technology are theprocesses of biochar application into field, feedstock collection and transport, totallyaccounting for90%of total energy input.
(3) Based on the LCA results of biochar carbon abatement and energy production,combining with the survey of the potential in biomass sustainable utilization in ourcountry, the carbon abatement and energy production potential of biochar applicationwas assessed. The total amount of biomass resource for these four feedstocks in Chinaare23.14×10~8t, and thesustainable utilization potential are14.02×10~8t. In thisresources background, the total carbon sequestration and abatement are12.70×10~8t,equivalent to17%of total GHG emissionsin China in2005. The total renewableenergy production are49.50×10~(10)MJ, equivalent to13.75×10~(10)kWh. Therefore, itmay conclude that biochar technology has high potential to mitigate China’s GHGemissions and improve the structure of energy supply.
(4) The economic feasibility of biochar technology was also explored. Theresults demonstrate that the price of carbon abatement in the carbon trade market andthe cycle of biochar application are the critical factors to the economic feasibility ofbiochar technology. In the context of low carbon abatement price, most of biocharsfrom different materials have a plus production cost, and then farmers employ thebiochar in this scenario will obtain negative economic profits when the applied cycleis lower than ten years. In the contrary, at high carbon abatement price, excluding forest residues biochar, other three biochars may obtain negative production cost, andthen in this scenario farmers employ biochars have positive economic profits in everyapplied cycle. Employing municipal organic waste in biochar production may bring abigger economic potential than any other feedstocks. According to these results, wemay conclude that, with increasing pressure of GHG emissions in future, the carbonabatement price and the economically attractive of biochar technology will increase.Additional, choosing a suitable biochar applied cycle through strengthening thelong-term research also may improve the economic performance of biochartechnology.
(5) The prospects of biochar technology in China was also employed usingSWOT analysis method. The results reviewed and assessed the factors of strengths,weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of biochar technology. The strengths of biocharincluded the potential in carbon abatement, agricultural production, renewable energyproduction, inhibiting the pollution from agricultural sources, and high economicattractiveness. Abundant biomass resources in China is also the significant strengthfor biochar technology. The weaknesses of biochar can be listed as follow: the relativelow level of the reliable technology base and research, less funding channels,differences in spatial and temporal distribution of biomass resources, and instability ofthe expected benefits. In addition to the internal factors of biochar technology, theexternal environment also brings opportunities and threats to biochar technology. Thedemand for reducing agricultural sources of greenhouse gas emissions and pollution,easing soil acidification, strengthening renewable energy, reducing the cost ofagricultural production, increasing farmers’ income are the opportunities to biochar.The threats of biochar included: irreversibility of biochar application, lacking ofassessment and certification mechanism of carbon emission reduction, competitionbetween facing biomass energy, backward of related policy research and establishment. The overall studies show that biochar technology has broad prospectsin the development of our country.
（1）通过对生物炭技术固碳、减排主要途径的探讨，可知固碳、减排途径主要包括以下几个方面：生物炭自身的碳封存潜力；可再生能源生产取代化石能源而获得的减排潜力；作物生物量增加而从大气中吸收更多的CO_2；抑制农业土壤中N2O的排放；减少化肥使用量而获得的减排潜力；减少土壤有机碳（SOC）分解而获得的减排潜力。
（2）通过建立生命周期（LCA，Life CycleAssessment）评估模型，对不同生物质原料的生物炭生产及应用的全生命周期过程的温室气体和能源平衡情况进行定量分析。研究结果表明：农业、林木、家畜粪便和城市有机废弃物的温室气体平衡（以CO_(2e)计，CO_(2e)为CO_2当量）依次为-829.30、-1105.83、-742.37、-1953.70kg t-1原料，都表现出积极的固碳、减排效果；从生命周期阶段来看，前三种原料的固碳、减排潜力最大的是生物炭的土壤封存和能源生产抵消化石能源使用获得的减排，生物炭在农业生产应用过程中获得的潜力相对较小，而城市有机废弃物最大减排量是避免原处理过程产生的CH4排放；四种原料的能源生产潜力依次为334.06、-512.80、466.12、544.47MJ t~(-1)原料，林木原料由于在收集阶段需要消耗大量的能源，因此使得整个过程的能量平衡表现出净负的结果；从生命周期阶段来看，能源投入的主要阶段为生物炭田间施用、原料收集和运输三个阶段（合计的能量投入超过了总能量投入的90%以上）。
（3）在对不同原料的生物炭温室气体和能源平衡的生命周期分析结果的基础上，结合对我国四种生物质资源的可持续利用总量的调查，计算了我国利用生物炭技术能够获得的缓解温室气体排放和能量生产潜力。研究结果表明：我国四种生物质资源总量为23.14×10~8t，可持续用于生物炭生产的总量为14.02×10~8t；在上述资源背景下，我国能够获得的缓解温室气体排放总潜力为12.70×10~8t，相当于我国2005年温室气体排放总量的17%；我国能够获得的可再生能源潜力为49.50×10~(10)MJ，相当于13.75×10~(10)kWh。可见，生物炭技术对于同时缓解我国温室气体排放和改善能源结构具有巨大的潜力。
（4）经济性是影响一项新兴技术被接受和广泛应用的重要基础，因此在本研究中还对生物炭技术应用的经济可行性进行了分析。研究结果表明：碳减排市场交易价格和生物炭施用周期是影响生物炭技术应用经济可行性的两个重要因素。在低碳减排价格下，大部分原料（除城市有机废弃物外）生物炭都具有正的生产成本，在此情景确定的生物炭价格，农民应用生物炭除了在长的施用周期（10年）外，其它施用周期时都表现出负的经济效益；而在高减排价格下，生物炭的生产成本都呈负的（除了林木生物炭），在此情景确定的生物炭价格下，农民应用生物炭在任何施用周期具有积极的经济效益产出；利用城市有机废弃物为原料，在评估的任何情景中都表现出较大的经济潜力。根据本次经济分析的结果可知，随着未来温室气体排放压力的不断增大，碳减排价格必将升高，从而生物炭技术应用的经济吸引力也将逐步提高。另外，通过加强长期试验研究，选择一个合适的生物炭施用周期，对于解决目前生物炭应用过程中存在的经济问题也具有重要意义。
（5）最后本研究利用SWOT（方法对我国发展和应用生物炭技术的前景进行了系统全面的分析。通过分析可知：生物炭技术在固碳、减排、农业生产、可更新能源生产、抑制农业源污染、潜在经济吸引力和我国拥有丰富的生物质资源等方面具有显著的优势，而在可依靠的技术基础和研发水平、资金投入渠道少、生物质资源时空分布的差异性和生物炭应用预期效益的不稳定等方面存在一定的弱势；同时外部环境还为该技术带来了多方面的机遇和挑战：机遇表现在对减少农业源温室气体排放、缓解农业源污染和土壤酸化、加强可更新能源、降低农业生产成本和提高农民收入等方面的需求，挑战表现生物炭应用的不可逆性、碳减排评估和认证机制的缺失、面临与生物质能源之间的竞争、相关政策研究和制定的落后等多方面挑战。总体的研究表明，生物炭技术在我国的发展具有广阔的前景。
Biochar is a carbon-rich, fine-grained and porous product, which is produced bypyrolysis of organic materials under limited supply of oxygen and at relatively lowtemperatures (<700°C). Because of its potential in soil amelioration and mitigation ofgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, biochar has become a hot topic in many researchfields. In this thesis, The potential of biochar technology in mitigating GHG emissionswas assessed. Meanwhile, the energy input and output in biochar production was alsoanalysed. Based on these results, the potential of biochar technology in mitigating thepressure from GHG emissions and improving the energy structure for our country wasinvestigated. Moreover, economics is a fundamental factor for a new technology thatis accepted and widely used in the initial stadges. Therefore, an economic analysis forbiochar’s production and application was conducted. Finally, the prospect ofdevelopment and application of biochar technology in our country was analyzed usingthe SWOT (Abbreviation of four words: Strength, Weakness, Opportunities andThreat) method. The results of this study are hoped to provide a feasible way tomitigate GHG emissions, improve energy structure and provide an effectivetechnology for utilizing the waste biomass resources. In the meanwhile, scientific dataand theoretical support would be provided in development and application of biochartechnology. The main results of this study are as following:
(1) The ways of carbon sequestration and GHG abatementusing biochar havebeen explored, including the following aspects: the carbon stored in biochars; theGHG abatement from renewable energy production, which can be alternative forfossil fuel; the carbon sequestration from increased biomass, which may absorb moreCO_2from atmosphere through photosynthesis; the abatement from reduction of soilN2O emissions; the GHG abatement from the reduced demand for synthetic fertilizers;the GHG abatement from suppressing soil organic carbon decomposition.
(2) The balances of GHG and energy of biochar technology were quantitativeanalysis using LCA method. The balance of GHG for biochar production from crop residues, forest residues, livestock excrement and municipal organic waste are-829.30,-1105.83,-742.37and~(-1)953.70kg CO_(2e) t~(-1)biomass, respectively, all showthe positive results. For crop residues, forest residues and livestock excrement, thegreatest contribution to carbon abatement is carbon sequestration in biochars, and thenext largestproportionis renewable energy production and fossil fuel offset,agricultural effects of biochar application show a relatively smaller amount. For themunicipal organic waste, the greatest contribution to carbon abatement is reduction ofCH4emission. The net energy production for these four feedstocks are334.06,-512.80,466.12,544.47MJ t~(-1)biomass, respectively. The forest residues shows anegative result because of the collection stage, which would consume a lot of energy.The main processes of energy input for all feedstocks in biochar technology are theprocesses of biochar application into field, feedstock collection and transport, totallyaccounting for90%of total energy input.
(3) Based on the LCA results of biochar carbon abatement and energy production,combining with the survey of the potential in biomass sustainable utilization in ourcountry, the carbon abatement and energy production potential of biochar applicationwas assessed. The total amount of biomass resource for these four feedstocks in Chinaare23.14×10~8t, and thesustainable utilization potential are14.02×10~8t. In thisresources background, the total carbon sequestration and abatement are12.70×10~8t,equivalent to17%of total GHG emissionsin China in2005. The total renewableenergy production are49.50×10~(10)MJ, equivalent to13.75×10~(10)kWh. Therefore, itmay conclude that biochar technology has high potential to mitigate China’s GHGemissions and improve the structure of energy supply.
(4) The economic feasibility of biochar technology was also explored. Theresults demonstrate that the price of carbon abatement in the carbon trade market andthe cycle of biochar application are the critical factors to the economic feasibility ofbiochar technology. In the context of low carbon abatement price, most of biocharsfrom different materials have a plus production cost, and then farmers employ thebiochar in this scenario will obtain negative economic profits when the applied cycleis lower than ten years. In the contrary, at high carbon abatement price, excluding forest residues biochar, other three biochars may obtain negative production cost, andthen in this scenario farmers employ biochars have positive economic profits in everyapplied cycle. Employing municipal organic waste in biochar production may bring abigger economic potential than any other feedstocks. According to these results, wemay conclude that, with increasing pressure of GHG emissions in future, the carbonabatement price and the economically attractive of biochar technology will increase.Additional, choosing a suitable biochar applied cycle through strengthening thelong-term research also may improve the economic performance of biochartechnology.
(5) The prospects of biochar technology in China was also employed usingSWOT analysis method. The results reviewed and assessed the factors of strengths,weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of biochar technology. The strengths of biocharincluded the potential in carbon abatement, agricultural production, renewable energyproduction, inhibiting the pollution from agricultural sources, and high economicattractiveness. Abundant biomass resources in China is also the significant strengthfor biochar technology. The weaknesses of biochar can be listed as follow: the relativelow level of the reliable technology base and research, less funding channels,differences in spatial and temporal distribution of biomass resources, and instability ofthe expected benefits. In addition to the internal factors of biochar technology, theexternal environment also brings opportunities and threats to biochar technology. Thedemand for reducing agricultural sources of greenhouse gas emissions and pollution,easing soil acidification, strengthening renewable energy, reducing the cost ofagricultural production, increasing farmers’ income are the opportunities to biochar.The threats of biochar included: irreversibility of biochar application, lacking ofassessment and certification mechanism of carbon emission reduction, competitionbetween facing biomass energy, backward of related policy research and establishment. The overall studies show that biochar technology has broad prospectsin the development of our country.
引文
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