我国农业龙头企业并购行为研究
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摘要
经过近20年的探索与实践,我国农业产业化已经取得了非常大的成就。农业产业化龙头企业数量不断增加,农业龙头企业对农业产业结构调整、农民增收、农村劳动力转移等方面起到了巨大的作用。“公司+农户”等模式在农业产业化的发展过程中对保护农民利益和促进农业龙头企业的成长曾起到过良好的作用。随着农业龙头企业的不断并购整合、发展与壮大,他们需要与农户在更大的规模和更深的层次上合作,但是面对农产品价格的上涨,农村人口流动的加大,农民与土地的感情关系的变化,“公司+农户”的关系也面临新的选择。
本文通过理论研究方法、实证研究方法、比较分析法,结合案例分析对并购理论进行了归纳与总结,并在理论的指导下,对农业龙头企业发展现状与农业龙头企业并购行为的研究,提出了农业龙头企业并购发展的基础必须是建立在一定的产业化基础之上的观点。农业龙头企业并购发展的道路可以分为两个阶段,一个阶段是在区域内的产业链构造,其目标是掌控原材料供应和开拓市场:第二个阶段是农业龙头企业走出本区域向全国乃至全世界范围进行的跨区域战略并购行为,其目标是完成企业规模化的战略布局。
通过对国内外农业企业发展现状的比较,对我国农业发展中存在的问题进行了梳理,指出了农村劳动力转移过程中,留在农村从事农业生产的劳动力素质下降,农村劳动生产率难以提高的主要问题,同时也提出了我国农业龙头企业发展的金融支持不足的问题。
通过对国内外的农业企业并购案例进行分析评述,总结出我国农业龙头企业在发展中应如何利用收购与兼并的手段快速发展与壮大,同时也发现了农业龙头企业并购后形成农业产业垄断产生的负面作用,提出发展农民组织,对抗农业垄断,及国家政府对农业垄断采取限制政策等解决办法。通过对中粮屯河及丰原生化重组前后的EVA指标的检验,证明了应用合理的并购可以提高企业资源利用效率,进而提高企业的经济利润。
通过对农业龙头企业并购行为的总结与归纳,提出了农业龙头企业并购发展的核心问题是解决公司与农户关系的问题,提出建立公司与农户之间和谐关系的前提是必须将公司与农户的利益目标通过产权关系连结起来,并为此设计了合作社模式、专业户的企业化经营等过渡模式。
目前公司与农户之间进行产权连结的主要障碍是中国农村的土地制度和农村劳动力转移与农民社会保障的问题。本文在讨论的过程中,提出了农民以土地换社保的初步构想,并以此促进农村的土地流动和集中,以保证农业龙头企业发展中要求土地规模化经营的需求。在土地制度设计方面主要提出了两种思路,一是以农户自愿的方式成立土地合作社,并通过合作社与公司的合作,取得农户与公司的平等法律地位,即保证了土地的集中又能平衡农户与公司的利益关系;二是对一些产业化成熟的地区和农村劳动力转化率较高的地区可以逐步试行“股田制”。
作为对以上方面的总结,本文从投资银行业务操作的角度,对辽宁省大米行业进行模拟并购整合的路线设计,对整合中涉及的主要环节提出解决方案,以期对中小型农业龙头企业的发展战略起到一个抛砖引玉的作用。
最后,本文提出农业企业并购行为是我国农业产业化发展到现在阶段必然的经济现象,学术界应加大对农业龙头企业并购的研究,提供理论支持。政府也应从多方面对农业龙头企业并购行为进行规范,并对合理健康的并购行为提供政策支持与保障,促进我国农业龙头企业快速通过当前的发展瓶颈期,结束中国农业龙头企业小、散、乱的局面,形成一批中国的大型农业产业化集团。
With nearly 20 years of development, China's agricultural industrialization has made great progress, and the ever-increasing agricultural leading enterprises in the industrial structure adjustment of agriculture, farmers income, transfer of rural labor force have played a tremendous role. The Exploration of the "companies + farmers" and other models has given an good impetus to the protection of the interests of farmers and promotion of the development and expansion of agricultural enterprises in the process of the development of the agricultural industry. With the continued integration, development and strengthening, agricultural enterprises need more large-scale cooperation with the farmers; however, faced with the rising prices of agricultural products, increasing flow of the rural population and the change of the feelings between farmers and the land, the relation of the "companies + farmers" is facing a new choice.
In this paper, through theoretical research, empirical research, comparative analysis and case analysis, summarized and synthesized the mergers and acquisitions theory. Moreover, in accordance with the guide of the theory, this paper put forward the basis of the development of the agricultural mergers and acquisitions was established on a certain degree of industrialization, and there were two phases of that development: the first phase was the regional industry chain structure, whose goal was to control the supply of raw materials and expand their market; the second stage was the cross-regional strategic merger and acquisition activity to the whole country and even the world-wide of the regional agricultural enterprises, whose aim was to complete the strategic layout of the business size.
With comparing of the development status of agricultural enterprises at home and abroad and sorting out the existing problems in China's agricultural development, pointed out that during the process of the shift of rural labor, the main problems were the decreased quality of the left labor force who engaged in agricultural production and the difficulties in enhancing the rural labor productivity; meanwhile, set forth the problem of inadequate financial support during the development of China's agricultural enterprises.
Through the analysis and review of the mergers and acquisitions of the agricultural enterprises at home and abroad, summarized how could make use of mergers and acquisitions means to rapid the development and expansion in the development of China's agricultural enterprises; simultaneously, found the negative effects of agricultural industry monopoly after the mergers and acquisitions of the agricultural enterprises and proposed some solutions such as the development of peasant organizations, the confrontation with the agricultural monopoly and the government restrictive policies on the agricultural monopoly. By inspecting the EVR indicators of COFCO Tunhe and Fenghuashenghua before and after their reorganization, proved that the application of the reasonable mergers and acquisitions could improve enterprise resource use efficiency and then enhance the enterprise's economic profit.
By summing up the merger and acquisition activities of agricultural enterprises, figured out that the core issue of the development of agricultural enterprises' mergers and acquisitions was to resolve the relationship between companies and farmers and if wanted to establish the harmonious relationship between the companies and farmers, needed to link their interests target by property relations, and also designed the cooperative, specialized households enterprise management and other transition models.
At present, the major obstacles of the property links between companies and farmers were the national rural land system and the problems of the transfer of rural laborers and social security for farmers. During the course of the discussion in this paper, the initial idea of land for social security was proposed, in order to promote the flow and concentration of rural land and ensure to meet the need of the scale of land management during the development of agricultural leading enterprises. There were mainly two ideas proposed in the land system design: one was to cooperate with companies through cooperatives which were established on the farmers' voluntary basis to obtain equal legal status with companies and ensure the concentration of land and the balance of farmers' interests; and the other way was to gradually put the trial implementation of "Farmland Stock System" into practice in the some regions with mature industrialization and a higher conversion rate of the rural labor force.
To sum up, from the investment banking operations perspective, this paper designed the route for simulating the merger and acquisition of the rice industry in Liaoning Province and gave some solving schemes for the main procedures in the integration, in order to attract more research on the development strategy of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises.
Finally, this paper presents that the agricultural merger and acquisition activities were the inevitable economic phenomenon of the present stage of the industrial development of Chinese agriculture, and the academic circles should enhance the researches on increase the mergers and acquisitions of agricultural enterprises and provide theoretical support. The Government should also regulate the agricultural merger and acquisition activities in many aspects and provide political support and guarantee for reasonable health merger and acquisition activity, so as to tide over the current bottleneck period of the rapid development of Chinese agricultural enterprises, end its small, scattered and chaotic situation and form a number of Chinese large-scale agriculture industrialization groups.
本文通过理论研究方法、实证研究方法、比较分析法,结合案例分析对并购理论进行了归纳与总结,并在理论的指导下,对农业龙头企业发展现状与农业龙头企业并购行为的研究,提出了农业龙头企业并购发展的基础必须是建立在一定的产业化基础之上的观点。农业龙头企业并购发展的道路可以分为两个阶段,一个阶段是在区域内的产业链构造,其目标是掌控原材料供应和开拓市场:第二个阶段是农业龙头企业走出本区域向全国乃至全世界范围进行的跨区域战略并购行为,其目标是完成企业规模化的战略布局。
通过对国内外农业企业发展现状的比较,对我国农业发展中存在的问题进行了梳理,指出了农村劳动力转移过程中,留在农村从事农业生产的劳动力素质下降,农村劳动生产率难以提高的主要问题,同时也提出了我国农业龙头企业发展的金融支持不足的问题。
通过对国内外的农业企业并购案例进行分析评述,总结出我国农业龙头企业在发展中应如何利用收购与兼并的手段快速发展与壮大,同时也发现了农业龙头企业并购后形成农业产业垄断产生的负面作用,提出发展农民组织,对抗农业垄断,及国家政府对农业垄断采取限制政策等解决办法。通过对中粮屯河及丰原生化重组前后的EVA指标的检验,证明了应用合理的并购可以提高企业资源利用效率,进而提高企业的经济利润。
通过对农业龙头企业并购行为的总结与归纳,提出了农业龙头企业并购发展的核心问题是解决公司与农户关系的问题,提出建立公司与农户之间和谐关系的前提是必须将公司与农户的利益目标通过产权关系连结起来,并为此设计了合作社模式、专业户的企业化经营等过渡模式。
目前公司与农户之间进行产权连结的主要障碍是中国农村的土地制度和农村劳动力转移与农民社会保障的问题。本文在讨论的过程中,提出了农民以土地换社保的初步构想,并以此促进农村的土地流动和集中,以保证农业龙头企业发展中要求土地规模化经营的需求。在土地制度设计方面主要提出了两种思路,一是以农户自愿的方式成立土地合作社,并通过合作社与公司的合作,取得农户与公司的平等法律地位,即保证了土地的集中又能平衡农户与公司的利益关系;二是对一些产业化成熟的地区和农村劳动力转化率较高的地区可以逐步试行“股田制”。
作为对以上方面的总结,本文从投资银行业务操作的角度,对辽宁省大米行业进行模拟并购整合的路线设计,对整合中涉及的主要环节提出解决方案,以期对中小型农业龙头企业的发展战略起到一个抛砖引玉的作用。
最后,本文提出农业企业并购行为是我国农业产业化发展到现在阶段必然的经济现象,学术界应加大对农业龙头企业并购的研究,提供理论支持。政府也应从多方面对农业龙头企业并购行为进行规范,并对合理健康的并购行为提供政策支持与保障,促进我国农业龙头企业快速通过当前的发展瓶颈期,结束中国农业龙头企业小、散、乱的局面,形成一批中国的大型农业产业化集团。
With nearly 20 years of development, China's agricultural industrialization has made great progress, and the ever-increasing agricultural leading enterprises in the industrial structure adjustment of agriculture, farmers income, transfer of rural labor force have played a tremendous role. The Exploration of the "companies + farmers" and other models has given an good impetus to the protection of the interests of farmers and promotion of the development and expansion of agricultural enterprises in the process of the development of the agricultural industry. With the continued integration, development and strengthening, agricultural enterprises need more large-scale cooperation with the farmers; however, faced with the rising prices of agricultural products, increasing flow of the rural population and the change of the feelings between farmers and the land, the relation of the "companies + farmers" is facing a new choice.
In this paper, through theoretical research, empirical research, comparative analysis and case analysis, summarized and synthesized the mergers and acquisitions theory. Moreover, in accordance with the guide of the theory, this paper put forward the basis of the development of the agricultural mergers and acquisitions was established on a certain degree of industrialization, and there were two phases of that development: the first phase was the regional industry chain structure, whose goal was to control the supply of raw materials and expand their market; the second stage was the cross-regional strategic merger and acquisition activity to the whole country and even the world-wide of the regional agricultural enterprises, whose aim was to complete the strategic layout of the business size.
With comparing of the development status of agricultural enterprises at home and abroad and sorting out the existing problems in China's agricultural development, pointed out that during the process of the shift of rural labor, the main problems were the decreased quality of the left labor force who engaged in agricultural production and the difficulties in enhancing the rural labor productivity; meanwhile, set forth the problem of inadequate financial support during the development of China's agricultural enterprises.
Through the analysis and review of the mergers and acquisitions of the agricultural enterprises at home and abroad, summarized how could make use of mergers and acquisitions means to rapid the development and expansion in the development of China's agricultural enterprises; simultaneously, found the negative effects of agricultural industry monopoly after the mergers and acquisitions of the agricultural enterprises and proposed some solutions such as the development of peasant organizations, the confrontation with the agricultural monopoly and the government restrictive policies on the agricultural monopoly. By inspecting the EVR indicators of COFCO Tunhe and Fenghuashenghua before and after their reorganization, proved that the application of the reasonable mergers and acquisitions could improve enterprise resource use efficiency and then enhance the enterprise's economic profit.
By summing up the merger and acquisition activities of agricultural enterprises, figured out that the core issue of the development of agricultural enterprises' mergers and acquisitions was to resolve the relationship between companies and farmers and if wanted to establish the harmonious relationship between the companies and farmers, needed to link their interests target by property relations, and also designed the cooperative, specialized households enterprise management and other transition models.
At present, the major obstacles of the property links between companies and farmers were the national rural land system and the problems of the transfer of rural laborers and social security for farmers. During the course of the discussion in this paper, the initial idea of land for social security was proposed, in order to promote the flow and concentration of rural land and ensure to meet the need of the scale of land management during the development of agricultural leading enterprises. There were mainly two ideas proposed in the land system design: one was to cooperate with companies through cooperatives which were established on the farmers' voluntary basis to obtain equal legal status with companies and ensure the concentration of land and the balance of farmers' interests; and the other way was to gradually put the trial implementation of "Farmland Stock System" into practice in the some regions with mature industrialization and a higher conversion rate of the rural labor force.
To sum up, from the investment banking operations perspective, this paper designed the route for simulating the merger and acquisition of the rice industry in Liaoning Province and gave some solving schemes for the main procedures in the integration, in order to attract more research on the development strategy of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises.
Finally, this paper presents that the agricultural merger and acquisition activities were the inevitable economic phenomenon of the present stage of the industrial development of Chinese agriculture, and the academic circles should enhance the researches on increase the mergers and acquisitions of agricultural enterprises and provide theoretical support. The Government should also regulate the agricultural merger and acquisition activities in many aspects and provide political support and guarantee for reasonable health merger and acquisition activity, so as to tide over the current bottleneck period of the rapid development of Chinese agricultural enterprises, end its small, scattered and chaotic situation and form a number of Chinese large-scale agriculture industrialization groups.
引文
1 徐观华,试论农业产业化,中国农村经济,1996年第5期
2 李建平,刘冬梅,外资并购对我国农业企业发展的影响及对策,农业经济问题,2006第11期P69-71
3 所谓行为经济学,是指以人类行为作为基本研究对象的经济理论,它通过观察和实验等方法对个体和群体的经济行为特征进行规律性的研究。李树,《行为经济学的理论框架及其评析》,《探索》2003(5)
4 邵万钦.美国企业并购浪潮.中国商务出版社2005年1月1日
9 参见《关于鼓励和引导农业产业化龙头企业参与新农村建设的意见》2006年8月15日
10 资料参考:《獐子岛渔业集团股份有限公司招股说明书》《做强龙头企业带动渔民致富》,中国渔业报,2007年3月22日 渔业第一版关于该公司的案例引用,均来自上述两篇文章,后文不再注释。
15 《对美国农业产业化的观察与思考》农业部赴美国考察组 2001年10月
16 韩鹏,许惠渊.日本农地制度的变迁及其启示.世界农业,2002,(12)
17 周淑景,法国农业经营组织体系的变化与发展.中国农村经济2002,(10)
18 蒋和平.宋莉莉,巴西现代农业建设模式及其借鉴和启示.龙源期刊.2007,(4)
24 陈柳钦.我国农业产业化经营的金融支持.经济研究参考.2005年54期
25 刘元琪。新自由主义与发展中国家的农业危机,国外理论动态,2004年09期
26 1986年“乌拉圭回合”谈判开始时,农业贸易问题被确定为本轮谈判的中心议题。于1992年11月20日达成了《布莱尔大厦协定》,其主要内容是:(1)进口壁垒关税化,并在其1986-1988年平均关税等值的基础上降低36%。(2)出口补贴的预算支出和有补贴的产品出口量在1986-1990年基础上分别削减36%和21%;(3)综合支持总量(AMS)从1986-1988年的基础上减少20%,但产量控制计划的直接支付款项不在减少之列;(4)1995年欧盟市场准入为基准期1986-1988年消费的3%,到2000年增加至5%。此外,《布莱尔大厦协定》还规定1995-96年度欧共体油料作物种植面积不得超过512.8万公顷,以后逐年减少,减少的面积要反映出欧盟可耕作物面积的年休闲比率,但无论如何不得低于基础面积的10%。在此基础上,谈判各方终于在1993年12月15日签署了《乌拉圭回合农业协定》(即WTO农业协定)。
27 David R.Moeller,2003,"The Problem of Agricultural Concetration:The case of THE Tyson-IBP merger" Drake Journal of Agricultural Law,vol.8,
37 杜吟棠.“公司+农户”模式初探——兼论其合理性与局限性,中国农村观察,2002年01期
孙道萃.“公司加农户模式”的法律思考,来源:北大法律信息网http://article.chinalawinfo.com/2007-11-21
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2 李建平,刘冬梅,外资并购对我国农业企业发展的影响及对策,农业经济问题,2006第11期P69-71
3 所谓行为经济学,是指以人类行为作为基本研究对象的经济理论,它通过观察和实验等方法对个体和群体的经济行为特征进行规律性的研究。李树,《行为经济学的理论框架及其评析》,《探索》2003(5)
4 邵万钦.美国企业并购浪潮.中国商务出版社2005年1月1日
9 参见《关于鼓励和引导农业产业化龙头企业参与新农村建设的意见》2006年8月15日
10 资料参考:《獐子岛渔业集团股份有限公司招股说明书》《做强龙头企业带动渔民致富》,中国渔业报,2007年3月22日 渔业第一版关于该公司的案例引用,均来自上述两篇文章,后文不再注释。
15 《对美国农业产业化的观察与思考》农业部赴美国考察组 2001年10月
16 韩鹏,许惠渊.日本农地制度的变迁及其启示.世界农业,2002,(12)
17 周淑景,法国农业经营组织体系的变化与发展.中国农村经济2002,(10)
18 蒋和平.宋莉莉,巴西现代农业建设模式及其借鉴和启示.龙源期刊.2007,(4)
24 陈柳钦.我国农业产业化经营的金融支持.经济研究参考.2005年54期
25 刘元琪。新自由主义与发展中国家的农业危机,国外理论动态,2004年09期
26 1986年“乌拉圭回合”谈判开始时,农业贸易问题被确定为本轮谈判的中心议题。于1992年11月20日达成了《布莱尔大厦协定》,其主要内容是:(1)进口壁垒关税化,并在其1986-1988年平均关税等值的基础上降低36%。(2)出口补贴的预算支出和有补贴的产品出口量在1986-1990年基础上分别削减36%和21%;(3)综合支持总量(AMS)从1986-1988年的基础上减少20%,但产量控制计划的直接支付款项不在减少之列;(4)1995年欧盟市场准入为基准期1986-1988年消费的3%,到2000年增加至5%。此外,《布莱尔大厦协定》还规定1995-96年度欧共体油料作物种植面积不得超过512.8万公顷,以后逐年减少,减少的面积要反映出欧盟可耕作物面积的年休闲比率,但无论如何不得低于基础面积的10%。在此基础上,谈判各方终于在1993年12月15日签署了《乌拉圭回合农业协定》(即WTO农业协定)。
27 David R.Moeller,2003,"The Problem of Agricultural Concetration:The case of THE Tyson-IBP merger" Drake Journal of Agricultural Law,vol.8,
37 杜吟棠.“公司+农户”模式初探——兼论其合理性与局限性,中国农村观察,2002年01期
孙道萃.“公司加农户模式”的法律思考,来源:北大法律信息网http://article.chinalawinfo.com/2007-11-21
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