农村中介组织网络模型及其治理研究
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摘要
为了应对现代农业发展的复杂性和剧变性,适应农村改革发展新形势,农村中介组织亟需通过“合作求解、技术求解、创新求解”来解决农业产业化发展的困境,通过组织内结构的柔性变化和组织间的网络化协作,使之成为引领农民参与国内外市场竞争的现代农业经营组织形式。
农村中介组织网络是一个由农村中介组织、企业、农户、政府成员之间通过制度性和非制度性安排所构成的具有多层次、多维度的复杂网络系统。现代组织网络理论将组织看作是一种内部各子系统之间、子系统与外部环境之间的复杂互动关系。从这个意义上讲,农村中介组织网络不仅仅是指互惠互利的供销关系,而且是以契约作为组织联结机制和内部规则,以公司、农户、大户、中介组织为参与主体,以农产品产供销为组织活动内容,以营利为目的的组织形态。
根据网络节点的联结方式和活动的内容,可以分为项目联盟型组织网络、虚拟型组织网络、产业链型组织网络、中介组织内部网络等主要类型。项目联盟型农村中介组织网络把各类农村中介的经营要素和经营优势组合起来,形成产权和利益上的联合,实现了网络中跨越组织边界和经营内容的合作。虚拟型农村中介组织网络是通过利用以因特网为中心的信息技术,采用外包、共生、功能虚拟等形式所构建的一种动态、网络型经济组织。产业链型农村中介组织网络是以当地或周边地区特色产业链条为依托,为了生产销售共同产品而相互联系、相互依赖的组织系统。中介组织内部网络强调的是相互间的合作关系,它依靠跨组织的共同行动和相互协作,把与农业经营项目相关的各中介组织集结为一个统一的行动单元。
农村中介组织网络从满足农户偏好的角度,选择了“诱致性制度创新”路径,但这同时也导致了农户与农村中介组织之间的“囚徒困境”,阻碍了农村中介组织网络向前发展的动力。为弥补这些不足,就必须对农村中介组织网络模式进行系统分析,明确其结构特征,引入科学的治理机制,协调成员关系,从而使其更加有效的把农村经济与社会化大市场连接起来。
利益分配机制、决策协调机制和约束机制是农村中介组织网络治理的三个重要层面,它们在信息、资源、文化、利益与风险等多个角度发挥作用,维护组织网络成员交易和网络的整体功效。由于组织网络参与成员的广泛性,涉及的因素也很复杂,尤其是组织网络成员内部非线性的关系,这使得利用一般线性模型很难对组织网络治理给出合理的评价。基于此,为更科学合理地对农村中介组织网络的治理进行评价,要用神经网络分析法农村中介组织网络进行评价。
依据治理评价的结果对农村中介组织网络进行科学合理的治理,需要从网络内外部入手,综合考虑经济、政治、社会等各方面因素的影响。其中,内部力量主要是农村中介组织网络的组织者和被组织者,他们需要提高自身素质和经营管理水平,外部力量主要是政府、农村中介组织网络中的买方、卖方和竞争者,他们需要提供政策支持和规范自身行为。扶持农村中介组织网络健康发展的最有效途径就是先抓典型,开展试点示范,然后在巩固试点成果和总结经验的基础上,再逐步推开,稳步地一批批地办好农村中介组织网络。
农村中介组织网络作为一种组织和制度创新,整合了农村已有和正在发育的社会资本、人力资本和社会动员能力,降低了交易费用,使制度变迁的收益大于成本,促使“在组织环境中支配行为与相互关系的规则变化”,最终形成农产品能实现价值、农业科技能顺利转化为现实生产力的网络体系。
In response to cope with the complexity of the development of modern agriculture and rural reform and adapt to the new situation, development of rural intermediary organizations need to resolve the predicament of development of the agricultural industrialization through "solution of cooperation, technology and innovation". Meanwhile, through the soft structures changes and inter-organizational networks' collaboration, making it become the domestic and overseas markets of modern agricultural management organization which can lead the farmers to participate in.
Rural intermediary organization network is made by rural intermediary organizations, businesses, farmers, members of the government through the arrangements of such institutional ones as super-market contract and non-institutional ones which posed a multi-level, multi-dimensional complex network system. According to modern organization network theory, the organization is regarded as a kind of complex interaction among internal subsystems, subsystems and the external environment. In this sense, the rural intermediary organization network not only refers to the relationship of mutual benefits between supply and marketing, but also is a profit-oriented organization form, which bases on contracts as mechanism and internal rules; gets companies、farmers、large families and intermediary organizations together to participate in as the main bodies; as well as takes produce、supply and marketing of agricultural productions as organization activities.
According to the way of network nodes and contents, rural intermediary organizations network can be classified such the main types:project allied organizations network, virtual organizations network, organizations network of industrial chains, internal network of intermediary organizations and so on. Project Allied type combines operating elements business advantages of all kinds of rural intermediaries to form the joint property rights and interests and then achieves network cooperation beyond organizational boundaries and operating contents. Virtual type makes use of the Internet as the center of information technology, adopting outsourcing, symbiosis, the virtual functional form to build a dynamic, network-based economic organization. The type of Industrial chain relies on the industrial chains with feature in local or surrounding areas, which is a system of organizations with interrelated, interdependent to produce and sale common productions. Internal network of intermediary organizations emphasize the symbiosis with internal network, which relies on cross-organizational collaboration and mutual co-operation, and prefer to build a unified unit of action by concentrating various intermediary organizations related to projects of agricultural operations.
Rural intermediary organizations network meet the farmers' preference, select the path of "induced institutional innovation", but they also lead to the phenomena of "Prisoners' Dilemma" appearing between farmers and rural intermediary organizations, which block rural intermediary network of organizations' momentum to move forward. To compensate for these shortcomings, we must take analysis of models of rural intermediary organizations network systematically, make clear their structural features, introduce scientific governance mechanism and coordinate the relationships of membership, making them connect the rural economy and society with a large market more effectively.
There are three important aspects in rural intermediary organizations network for governance:benefit-distribution mechanism, decision-making coordination mechanism and, which exert functions on information, resources, culture, benefits, risks, and other domains, and keep maintenance the transactions of members as well as the overall effectiveness of network. As the width of members and the complexity of involved factors, especiallygeneral linear model can not give the reasonable evaluation of organization network governanceBased on this, the analytical method of neural net is the more scientific and reasonable management of rural intermediary organizations network to evaluate.
Scientific and rational management of rural intermediary organizations network should be based on the results of governance assessment, should start from the inside and outside of networks, and consider various factors of economic、political、and social impact. Among of them, internal forces are mostly regarded as organizers and executors of rural intermediary organizations network, who need to improve their quality and management levels; external forces mainly come from buyers, sellers and competitors of government and rural intermediary organizations networks, who need to provide policy support and standardize their own behaviors. The most effective way to support the healthy development of rural intermediary organizations network is to build up representatives, carry out experimental demonstrations, and then on the basis of consolidating the results and lessons are learned from trial to run a number of rural intermediary organizations network steadily.
As an organizational and institutional innovation, rural intermediary organization network integrates social capital, human capital and the abilities of social mobilization in rural areas, reduces transaction costs, leads the benefits are greater than the cost of institutional change, makes the "dominance behavior and the relationship between rules in organizational environment changed", in order to form a smooth network system finally that agricultural products could realize their values, agricultural science and technology could transform into practical productive forces successfully.
农村中介组织网络是一个由农村中介组织、企业、农户、政府成员之间通过制度性和非制度性安排所构成的具有多层次、多维度的复杂网络系统。现代组织网络理论将组织看作是一种内部各子系统之间、子系统与外部环境之间的复杂互动关系。从这个意义上讲,农村中介组织网络不仅仅是指互惠互利的供销关系,而且是以契约作为组织联结机制和内部规则,以公司、农户、大户、中介组织为参与主体,以农产品产供销为组织活动内容,以营利为目的的组织形态。
根据网络节点的联结方式和活动的内容,可以分为项目联盟型组织网络、虚拟型组织网络、产业链型组织网络、中介组织内部网络等主要类型。项目联盟型农村中介组织网络把各类农村中介的经营要素和经营优势组合起来,形成产权和利益上的联合,实现了网络中跨越组织边界和经营内容的合作。虚拟型农村中介组织网络是通过利用以因特网为中心的信息技术,采用外包、共生、功能虚拟等形式所构建的一种动态、网络型经济组织。产业链型农村中介组织网络是以当地或周边地区特色产业链条为依托,为了生产销售共同产品而相互联系、相互依赖的组织系统。中介组织内部网络强调的是相互间的合作关系,它依靠跨组织的共同行动和相互协作,把与农业经营项目相关的各中介组织集结为一个统一的行动单元。
农村中介组织网络从满足农户偏好的角度,选择了“诱致性制度创新”路径,但这同时也导致了农户与农村中介组织之间的“囚徒困境”,阻碍了农村中介组织网络向前发展的动力。为弥补这些不足,就必须对农村中介组织网络模式进行系统分析,明确其结构特征,引入科学的治理机制,协调成员关系,从而使其更加有效的把农村经济与社会化大市场连接起来。
利益分配机制、决策协调机制和约束机制是农村中介组织网络治理的三个重要层面,它们在信息、资源、文化、利益与风险等多个角度发挥作用,维护组织网络成员交易和网络的整体功效。由于组织网络参与成员的广泛性,涉及的因素也很复杂,尤其是组织网络成员内部非线性的关系,这使得利用一般线性模型很难对组织网络治理给出合理的评价。基于此,为更科学合理地对农村中介组织网络的治理进行评价,要用神经网络分析法农村中介组织网络进行评价。
依据治理评价的结果对农村中介组织网络进行科学合理的治理,需要从网络内外部入手,综合考虑经济、政治、社会等各方面因素的影响。其中,内部力量主要是农村中介组织网络的组织者和被组织者,他们需要提高自身素质和经营管理水平,外部力量主要是政府、农村中介组织网络中的买方、卖方和竞争者,他们需要提供政策支持和规范自身行为。扶持农村中介组织网络健康发展的最有效途径就是先抓典型,开展试点示范,然后在巩固试点成果和总结经验的基础上,再逐步推开,稳步地一批批地办好农村中介组织网络。
农村中介组织网络作为一种组织和制度创新,整合了农村已有和正在发育的社会资本、人力资本和社会动员能力,降低了交易费用,使制度变迁的收益大于成本,促使“在组织环境中支配行为与相互关系的规则变化”,最终形成农产品能实现价值、农业科技能顺利转化为现实生产力的网络体系。
In response to cope with the complexity of the development of modern agriculture and rural reform and adapt to the new situation, development of rural intermediary organizations need to resolve the predicament of development of the agricultural industrialization through "solution of cooperation, technology and innovation". Meanwhile, through the soft structures changes and inter-organizational networks' collaboration, making it become the domestic and overseas markets of modern agricultural management organization which can lead the farmers to participate in.
Rural intermediary organization network is made by rural intermediary organizations, businesses, farmers, members of the government through the arrangements of such institutional ones as super-market contract and non-institutional ones which posed a multi-level, multi-dimensional complex network system. According to modern organization network theory, the organization is regarded as a kind of complex interaction among internal subsystems, subsystems and the external environment. In this sense, the rural intermediary organization network not only refers to the relationship of mutual benefits between supply and marketing, but also is a profit-oriented organization form, which bases on contracts as mechanism and internal rules; gets companies、farmers、large families and intermediary organizations together to participate in as the main bodies; as well as takes produce、supply and marketing of agricultural productions as organization activities.
According to the way of network nodes and contents, rural intermediary organizations network can be classified such the main types:project allied organizations network, virtual organizations network, organizations network of industrial chains, internal network of intermediary organizations and so on. Project Allied type combines operating elements business advantages of all kinds of rural intermediaries to form the joint property rights and interests and then achieves network cooperation beyond organizational boundaries and operating contents. Virtual type makes use of the Internet as the center of information technology, adopting outsourcing, symbiosis, the virtual functional form to build a dynamic, network-based economic organization. The type of Industrial chain relies on the industrial chains with feature in local or surrounding areas, which is a system of organizations with interrelated, interdependent to produce and sale common productions. Internal network of intermediary organizations emphasize the symbiosis with internal network, which relies on cross-organizational collaboration and mutual co-operation, and prefer to build a unified unit of action by concentrating various intermediary organizations related to projects of agricultural operations.
Rural intermediary organizations network meet the farmers' preference, select the path of "induced institutional innovation", but they also lead to the phenomena of "Prisoners' Dilemma" appearing between farmers and rural intermediary organizations, which block rural intermediary network of organizations' momentum to move forward. To compensate for these shortcomings, we must take analysis of models of rural intermediary organizations network systematically, make clear their structural features, introduce scientific governance mechanism and coordinate the relationships of membership, making them connect the rural economy and society with a large market more effectively.
There are three important aspects in rural intermediary organizations network for governance:benefit-distribution mechanism, decision-making coordination mechanism and, which exert functions on information, resources, culture, benefits, risks, and other domains, and keep maintenance the transactions of members as well as the overall effectiveness of network. As the width of members and the complexity of involved factors, especiallygeneral linear model can not give the reasonable evaluation of organization network governanceBased on this, the analytical method of neural net is the more scientific and reasonable management of rural intermediary organizations network to evaluate.
Scientific and rational management of rural intermediary organizations network should be based on the results of governance assessment, should start from the inside and outside of networks, and consider various factors of economic、political、and social impact. Among of them, internal forces are mostly regarded as organizers and executors of rural intermediary organizations network, who need to improve their quality and management levels; external forces mainly come from buyers, sellers and competitors of government and rural intermediary organizations networks, who need to provide policy support and standardize their own behaviors. The most effective way to support the healthy development of rural intermediary organizations network is to build up representatives, carry out experimental demonstrations, and then on the basis of consolidating the results and lessons are learned from trial to run a number of rural intermediary organizations network steadily.
As an organizational and institutional innovation, rural intermediary organization network integrates social capital, human capital and the abilities of social mobilization in rural areas, reduces transaction costs, leads the benefits are greater than the cost of institutional change, makes the "dominance behavior and the relationship between rules in organizational environment changed", in order to form a smooth network system finally that agricultural products could realize their values, agricultural science and technology could transform into practical productive forces successfully.
引文
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