农产品对外贸易对我国农村居民收入差距的影响
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摘要
自瑞典经济学家赫克歇尔和俄林在李嘉图的比较优势论基础上将生产要素的差异作为解释国际贸易的原因以后，贸易引起要素报酬变动进而影响收入分配问题就受到了学术界的广泛关注。我国作为世界第四大农产品贸易国，农产品贸易对农村居民收入分配的影响如何值得研究，本文旨在从区域差异的视角对农产品对外贸易与农村居民收入差距的关系问题进行理论探讨和实证分析。
本文的理论探讨和实证分析是建立在区域划分、我国农产品对外贸易的内部格局分析及农村居民收入差距测度研究基础之上。本文通过对区域概念的界定及我国现有区域划分的介绍，根据本文的研究目的和研究内容，在考虑农业开放、农业生产条件等因素的基础上对区域进行了重新划分，将我国大陆地区划分为九个区域。在此基础上，对我国农产品对外贸易的内部格局及农村居民收入差距进行了较为全面的分析。通过对我国农产品对外贸易的现状、内部区域格局及区域差异测度三个方面研究认为2002-2010年期间我国农产品对外贸易规模不断扩大，但贸易不均衡，主要集中在京三角、长三角和珠三角地区，农产品对外贸易的绝对和相对差异均有所扩大，区域间差异大于区域内差异。同时利用加权标准差、泰尔指数和收敛性对我国和各区域2002-2010年期间农村居民人均纯收入差距和人均家庭经营纯收入差距进行了考察，认为我国和各区域的农村居民收入（包括农村居民人均纯收入差距和人均家庭经营纯收入）的绝对差异在扩大，且均存在条件β收敛，说明我国各区域的农村居民收入收敛于自身的稳态，因而区域间的收入差距会持久存在。
理论探讨部分，本文以现有文献梳理作为铺垫，对农产品对外贸易影响农村居民区域收入差距的机制进行了梳理，认为农产品对外贸易影响农村居民区域收入差距的机制有：要素价格机制、农产品竞争能力变动机制和农业生产结构变动机制。研究认为我国的农产品生产资源禀赋决定了我国在劳动密集型农产品生产上占有比较优势，在土地密集型农产品生产上占比较劣势，我国出口占比较优势的农产品，进口占比较劣势的农产品，从而提高我国劳动力要素的价格，而降低土地要素价格，使我国不同农产品生产者因农产品对外贸易受到不同影响，进而影响农村居民的收入分配，即农产品对外贸易通过要素价格机制影响农村居民收入分配。在此基础上，本文还认为由于开展农产品对外贸易，使得我国主要进出口农产品不仅面临国内市场的竞争，也面临国际市场的竞争，随着各区域主要农产品国内、国际竞争能力的变动，各区域也会调整农业生产的结构，从而影响农村居民的收入分配，即为农产品竞争能力变动机制。同时由于各区域农产品生产资源禀赋的变化及要素价格机制和农产品竞争能力变动机制的影响，使得各区域的农业生产结构发生变动，从而影响农村居民收入分配，这就是农业生产结构变动机制。
实证研究部分，本文使用面板数据和时间序列数据从三个方面对我国农产品对外贸易与我国及各区域农村居民收入差距的关系进行了实证分析，一是在区域数据的基础上从全国层面对农产品对外贸易、农产品出口贸易和农产品进口贸易对我国农村居民收入差距（包括农村居民人均纯收入差距和人均家庭经营纯收入差距）的影响进行实证研究；二是在区域层面上对各区域农产品对外贸易、农产品出口贸易及农产品进口贸易对本区域农村居民收入差距的影响进行了实证研究；三是基于区域间的全国数据和区域内的数据对农产品对外贸易的不均衡与农村居民收入差距的关系进行了实证分析。每一方面的研究均按变量的单位根检验、变量间协整关系判断和协整关系估计的步骤展开，同时还对影响农村居民收入差距的其他变量如区域经济发展水平（用区域人均GDP表示）、农业生产技术水平、农业资本投入等进行了有效控制。通过实证检验，主要得出以下三个结论：
首先，自2002年以来，农产品对外贸易、农产品进口贸易对我国农村居民人均纯收入差距有缩小的效应，而对农村居民人均家庭经营纯收入差距有扩大的效应；农产品出口贸易对我国农村居民收入差距的影响不显著。
其次，只有农产品对外贸易发展领先地区（即京三角地区、长三角地区和珠三角地区）的农产品对外贸易对农村居民收入差距（包括农村居民人均纯收入差距和人均家庭经营纯收入差距）的影响较为显著，且这三个区域的农产品对外贸易对农村居民人均家庭经营纯收入分配的影响均大于对人均纯收入的影响，但这三个区域农产品对外贸易对农村居民收入差距的作用却并不相同。
最后，农产品对外贸易的区域间和区域内不均衡均有缩小农村居民收入差距的效应。
根据理论和实证研究的结论，本文从农产品对外贸易的视角分区域提出缩小我国农村居民收入差距的一些政策建议，认为对京三角、长三角和珠三角地区应以体制创新来实现传统优势农产品和进口竞争农产品竞争能力的提高，以技术、资本密集型农产品作为农产品出口贸易的新的增长点。东北地区应加大优势农产品-粮食产业的发展，并进一步向绿色和有机粮食发展。其他地区应利用好本区域的丰裕要素，发展本地区具有贸易竞争力和相对贸易优势农产品的出口，并突破农产品对外贸易中的绿色贸易壁垒。
Since Heckscher and Ohlin who are economists of Sweden think the differenceof factors of production is the reason of international trade base on comparativeadvantage theory which was put forward by Ricardo, the issue that internationaltrade cause return change of factors of production and then influence incomedistribute was paid more attention to by scholars. China is the fourth country ininternational trade of agricultural products, the relationship between agriculturalproducts foreign trade and income disparity of rural households in China is worthyto research, this paper researches the impact on agricultural products foreign trade toincome disparity of rural households in China from the perspective of regionaldifferences.
The theory and demonstration research of this paper is base on the analysis ofRegion partition, the internal pattern of agricultural products foreign trade andincome disparity of rural households in China. This paper defines the concept ofregion and introduces the existing state of Region partition, and then dividesChinese mainland into nine regions according to the studying purpose and content ofthis paper, the time of agriculture opening-up and production conditions inagriculture. On this basis, this paper analyses the internal pattern of agriculturalproducts foreign trade and income disparity of rural households in China. Throughresearches status quo of agricultural products foreign trade, the internal pattern andregion discrepancy of agricultural products foreign trade in China, concludes thatduring2002-2010, the scale of agricultural products foreign trade of China isceaseless enlarge, but agricultural products foreign trade of China isn’tdisproportion，the Beijing Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta are themain region, the absolute and relative discrepancy of agricultural products foreigntrade is enlarge mildly, discrepancy between region is bigger than that of internalregion. This paper also analyses the per capita net income disparity and the percapita net income of family-run operation disparity of rural households in China andeach region during2002-2010, used the index of Weighted standard deviation, theiland astringency, and concludes that absolute income disparity in China and eachregion is enlarge, and income disparity exists conditionallyβastringency, that meansincome disparity between region will continue.
Theoretically, base on the analysis of existing researches，the mechanism ofagricultural products foreign trade influence income disparity of rural households inChina is concluded, which is factor Prices mechanism, agricultural productscompetitiveness change mechanism and structure of agricultural productionalteration mechanism. This paper thinks that agricultural products of labor intensivehave comparative advantage, but agricultural products of land intensive haven’tcomparative advantage in China, just because of the resource of agriculture. SoChina export agricultural products of labor intensive and import agriculturalproducts of land intensive, which will improve the price of labor, reduce the price ofland, and then influence income distribution of rural households in China, that ischannel agricultural products foreign trade influence income disparity of ruralhouseholds in China by actor Prices mechanism. On this basis, this paper also thinksour main import and export agricultural products will be confronted withcompetition of home market and international market because of agriculturalproducts foreign trade, with the ability of competition of agricultural products ineach region changes, every region will adjust the structure of agriculture production,then will influence income distribution of rural households in China. And because ofthe change of the resource of agriculture, factor Prices mechanism, agriculturalproducts competitiveness change mechanism, every region will adjust the structureof agriculture production, which will influence income distribution of ruralhouseholds in China, it is structure of agricultural production alteration mechanism.
Empirically，this paper analyses the impact of agricultural products foreigntrade to income disparity of rural households in China used panel date and timeserial date from follow aspects, one is analyses the impact of foreign trade、exportand import of agricultural products to income disparity of rural households(including the average annual per-capita net income gap and the per capitafamily-run operation net income gap for rural residents) in China used region datefrom the whole Chinese mainland angle. Another is analyses the impact of eachregion foreign trade、export and import of agricultural products to income disparityof rural households of each region based on region date. Three is analyses therelationship between disproportion of agricultural products foreign trade and incomedisparity of rural households used date of between region and internal region. Everyanalysis is base on the next three angles: unit root test，cointegration test and theestimation of cointegration, At the same time，some variables that can impact incomedisparity are controlled，such as GDP, technic and investment of agriculture, etc.according to empirical analysis，there are three conclusions:
First, foreign trade and import of agricultural products could reduce averageannual per capita net income disparity of rural households, but could broaden per capita household operations net income disparity of rural households since2002.theimpact of export of agricultural products to income disparity of rural householdsisn’t notable.
Second, the impact of agricultural products foreign trade to income disparity ofrural households in China is notable only in developed region of agriculturalproducts foreign trade (including Beijing Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl RiverDelta), and the impact of agricultural products foreign trade to the average annualper-capita net income disparity is bigger than the per capita family-run operation netincome disparity, but the impact are different in these regions.
Finally，the disproportion of agricultural products foreign trade in differentregions could reduce income disparity of rural households.
According to the conclusion of theoretical and empirical research, this paperputs forward some suggestion for different region to reduce income disparity of ruralhouseholds from agricultural products foreign trade angle, it thinks that the regionsof Beijing Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta should enhance theability of competition of the tradition advantage agricultural products and importedcompetitive agricultural products by innovating the agricultural management system,and enlarge export of the technology-intensive and capital-intensive agriculturalproducts. Dongbei region should develop the grain industry that is dominantagricultural product in Dongbei, and green and organic grain industry is better fit toDongbei region. Other regions should enlarge export of agricultural products whichhave trade competitiveness and relative trade advantage, and break down the greentrade barriers of agricultural products.
本文的理论探讨和实证分析是建立在区域划分、我国农产品对外贸易的内部格局分析及农村居民收入差距测度研究基础之上。本文通过对区域概念的界定及我国现有区域划分的介绍，根据本文的研究目的和研究内容，在考虑农业开放、农业生产条件等因素的基础上对区域进行了重新划分，将我国大陆地区划分为九个区域。在此基础上，对我国农产品对外贸易的内部格局及农村居民收入差距进行了较为全面的分析。通过对我国农产品对外贸易的现状、内部区域格局及区域差异测度三个方面研究认为2002-2010年期间我国农产品对外贸易规模不断扩大，但贸易不均衡，主要集中在京三角、长三角和珠三角地区，农产品对外贸易的绝对和相对差异均有所扩大，区域间差异大于区域内差异。同时利用加权标准差、泰尔指数和收敛性对我国和各区域2002-2010年期间农村居民人均纯收入差距和人均家庭经营纯收入差距进行了考察，认为我国和各区域的农村居民收入（包括农村居民人均纯收入差距和人均家庭经营纯收入）的绝对差异在扩大，且均存在条件β收敛，说明我国各区域的农村居民收入收敛于自身的稳态，因而区域间的收入差距会持久存在。
理论探讨部分，本文以现有文献梳理作为铺垫，对农产品对外贸易影响农村居民区域收入差距的机制进行了梳理，认为农产品对外贸易影响农村居民区域收入差距的机制有：要素价格机制、农产品竞争能力变动机制和农业生产结构变动机制。研究认为我国的农产品生产资源禀赋决定了我国在劳动密集型农产品生产上占有比较优势，在土地密集型农产品生产上占比较劣势，我国出口占比较优势的农产品，进口占比较劣势的农产品，从而提高我国劳动力要素的价格，而降低土地要素价格，使我国不同农产品生产者因农产品对外贸易受到不同影响，进而影响农村居民的收入分配，即农产品对外贸易通过要素价格机制影响农村居民收入分配。在此基础上，本文还认为由于开展农产品对外贸易，使得我国主要进出口农产品不仅面临国内市场的竞争，也面临国际市场的竞争，随着各区域主要农产品国内、国际竞争能力的变动，各区域也会调整农业生产的结构，从而影响农村居民的收入分配，即为农产品竞争能力变动机制。同时由于各区域农产品生产资源禀赋的变化及要素价格机制和农产品竞争能力变动机制的影响，使得各区域的农业生产结构发生变动，从而影响农村居民收入分配，这就是农业生产结构变动机制。
实证研究部分，本文使用面板数据和时间序列数据从三个方面对我国农产品对外贸易与我国及各区域农村居民收入差距的关系进行了实证分析，一是在区域数据的基础上从全国层面对农产品对外贸易、农产品出口贸易和农产品进口贸易对我国农村居民收入差距（包括农村居民人均纯收入差距和人均家庭经营纯收入差距）的影响进行实证研究；二是在区域层面上对各区域农产品对外贸易、农产品出口贸易及农产品进口贸易对本区域农村居民收入差距的影响进行了实证研究；三是基于区域间的全国数据和区域内的数据对农产品对外贸易的不均衡与农村居民收入差距的关系进行了实证分析。每一方面的研究均按变量的单位根检验、变量间协整关系判断和协整关系估计的步骤展开，同时还对影响农村居民收入差距的其他变量如区域经济发展水平（用区域人均GDP表示）、农业生产技术水平、农业资本投入等进行了有效控制。通过实证检验，主要得出以下三个结论：
首先，自2002年以来，农产品对外贸易、农产品进口贸易对我国农村居民人均纯收入差距有缩小的效应，而对农村居民人均家庭经营纯收入差距有扩大的效应；农产品出口贸易对我国农村居民收入差距的影响不显著。
其次，只有农产品对外贸易发展领先地区（即京三角地区、长三角地区和珠三角地区）的农产品对外贸易对农村居民收入差距（包括农村居民人均纯收入差距和人均家庭经营纯收入差距）的影响较为显著，且这三个区域的农产品对外贸易对农村居民人均家庭经营纯收入分配的影响均大于对人均纯收入的影响，但这三个区域农产品对外贸易对农村居民收入差距的作用却并不相同。
最后，农产品对外贸易的区域间和区域内不均衡均有缩小农村居民收入差距的效应。
根据理论和实证研究的结论，本文从农产品对外贸易的视角分区域提出缩小我国农村居民收入差距的一些政策建议，认为对京三角、长三角和珠三角地区应以体制创新来实现传统优势农产品和进口竞争农产品竞争能力的提高，以技术、资本密集型农产品作为农产品出口贸易的新的增长点。东北地区应加大优势农产品-粮食产业的发展，并进一步向绿色和有机粮食发展。其他地区应利用好本区域的丰裕要素，发展本地区具有贸易竞争力和相对贸易优势农产品的出口，并突破农产品对外贸易中的绿色贸易壁垒。
Since Heckscher and Ohlin who are economists of Sweden think the differenceof factors of production is the reason of international trade base on comparativeadvantage theory which was put forward by Ricardo, the issue that internationaltrade cause return change of factors of production and then influence incomedistribute was paid more attention to by scholars. China is the fourth country ininternational trade of agricultural products, the relationship between agriculturalproducts foreign trade and income disparity of rural households in China is worthyto research, this paper researches the impact on agricultural products foreign trade toincome disparity of rural households in China from the perspective of regionaldifferences.
The theory and demonstration research of this paper is base on the analysis ofRegion partition, the internal pattern of agricultural products foreign trade andincome disparity of rural households in China. This paper defines the concept ofregion and introduces the existing state of Region partition, and then dividesChinese mainland into nine regions according to the studying purpose and content ofthis paper, the time of agriculture opening-up and production conditions inagriculture. On this basis, this paper analyses the internal pattern of agriculturalproducts foreign trade and income disparity of rural households in China. Throughresearches status quo of agricultural products foreign trade, the internal pattern andregion discrepancy of agricultural products foreign trade in China, concludes thatduring2002-2010, the scale of agricultural products foreign trade of China isceaseless enlarge, but agricultural products foreign trade of China isn’tdisproportion，the Beijing Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta are themain region, the absolute and relative discrepancy of agricultural products foreigntrade is enlarge mildly, discrepancy between region is bigger than that of internalregion. This paper also analyses the per capita net income disparity and the percapita net income of family-run operation disparity of rural households in China andeach region during2002-2010, used the index of Weighted standard deviation, theiland astringency, and concludes that absolute income disparity in China and eachregion is enlarge, and income disparity exists conditionallyβastringency, that meansincome disparity between region will continue.
Theoretically, base on the analysis of existing researches，the mechanism ofagricultural products foreign trade influence income disparity of rural households inChina is concluded, which is factor Prices mechanism, agricultural productscompetitiveness change mechanism and structure of agricultural productionalteration mechanism. This paper thinks that agricultural products of labor intensivehave comparative advantage, but agricultural products of land intensive haven’tcomparative advantage in China, just because of the resource of agriculture. SoChina export agricultural products of labor intensive and import agriculturalproducts of land intensive, which will improve the price of labor, reduce the price ofland, and then influence income distribution of rural households in China, that ischannel agricultural products foreign trade influence income disparity of ruralhouseholds in China by actor Prices mechanism. On this basis, this paper also thinksour main import and export agricultural products will be confronted withcompetition of home market and international market because of agriculturalproducts foreign trade, with the ability of competition of agricultural products ineach region changes, every region will adjust the structure of agriculture production,then will influence income distribution of rural households in China. And because ofthe change of the resource of agriculture, factor Prices mechanism, agriculturalproducts competitiveness change mechanism, every region will adjust the structureof agriculture production, which will influence income distribution of ruralhouseholds in China, it is structure of agricultural production alteration mechanism.
Empirically，this paper analyses the impact of agricultural products foreigntrade to income disparity of rural households in China used panel date and timeserial date from follow aspects, one is analyses the impact of foreign trade、exportand import of agricultural products to income disparity of rural households(including the average annual per-capita net income gap and the per capitafamily-run operation net income gap for rural residents) in China used region datefrom the whole Chinese mainland angle. Another is analyses the impact of eachregion foreign trade、export and import of agricultural products to income disparityof rural households of each region based on region date. Three is analyses therelationship between disproportion of agricultural products foreign trade and incomedisparity of rural households used date of between region and internal region. Everyanalysis is base on the next three angles: unit root test，cointegration test and theestimation of cointegration, At the same time，some variables that can impact incomedisparity are controlled，such as GDP, technic and investment of agriculture, etc.according to empirical analysis，there are three conclusions:
First, foreign trade and import of agricultural products could reduce averageannual per capita net income disparity of rural households, but could broaden per capita household operations net income disparity of rural households since2002.theimpact of export of agricultural products to income disparity of rural householdsisn’t notable.
Second, the impact of agricultural products foreign trade to income disparity ofrural households in China is notable only in developed region of agriculturalproducts foreign trade (including Beijing Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl RiverDelta), and the impact of agricultural products foreign trade to the average annualper-capita net income disparity is bigger than the per capita family-run operation netincome disparity, but the impact are different in these regions.
Finally，the disproportion of agricultural products foreign trade in differentregions could reduce income disparity of rural households.
According to the conclusion of theoretical and empirical research, this paperputs forward some suggestion for different region to reduce income disparity of ruralhouseholds from agricultural products foreign trade angle, it thinks that the regionsof Beijing Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta should enhance theability of competition of the tradition advantage agricultural products and importedcompetitive agricultural products by innovating the agricultural management system,and enlarge export of the technology-intensive and capital-intensive agriculturalproducts. Dongbei region should develop the grain industry that is dominantagricultural product in Dongbei, and green and organic grain industry is better fit toDongbei region. Other regions should enlarge export of agricultural products whichhave trade competitiveness and relative trade advantage, and break down the greentrade barriers of agricultural products.
引文
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［3］Hanson G．H and Harrison A．E．Trade，Technology，and the Wage lneqIlality in Mexico[J]. Industrial Labor Relations Review，1999（52），2：27l-288．
［4］Ben-David D. Trade and convergence among countries [J]. Journal of InternationalEconomics，1996，40：279-298.
［5］Cyrus T. Does convergence cause trade，or does trade cause convergence [J]. InternationalTrade&Economic Development，2004，13：397-418.
［6］ParikhA, ShibataM. Does trade liberalization accelerate convergence in per capita incomesin developing countries?[J]. Journal of Asian Economics，2004，15：33-48.
［7］ Choi E K. North-south trade and income inequality [J]. International Review ofEconomics&Finance,，2007，16：347-356.
［8］Borjas, G. J.，Freeman, R. J. and Katz, L. F. On the labor market effects of immigrationand trade. In Immigration and the work force, ed. G. J. Borjas and R. J. Freeman, Chicago:University of Chicago Press，1992：213–244.
［9］Levy, F. and Murnane, R. J.. U.S. earnings levels and earnings inequality: A review ofrecent trends and proposed explanations [J]. Journal of Economic Literature，1992，30：1333–1381.
［10］Karoly, L. A. and Klerman, J. A. Using regional data to reexamine the contribution ofdemographic and sector changes to increasing U.S. wage inequality. In The changingdistribution of income in an open U.S. economy， ed. J. H. Bergstrand，T. F. Cosimano，J. W.Houck，and R. G. Sheehan，Amsterdam：North-Holland，1994：183–216.
［11］Pritchett, L. Divergence，big time [J]. Journal of Economic Perspectives，1997，11：3–18.
［12］Cline, W.. Trade and income distribution.Washington, D.C.：Institute for InternationalEconomics，1997.
［13］Cline, W.. Trade，immigration，and wage distribution. In The causes and consequencesof increasing inequality， ed. F. Welch，Chicago: University of Chicago Press，2001：241–262.
［14］Bernard, A. and Jensen, J. B..Understanding increasing and decreasing wage inequality.In The impact of international trade on wages， ed. R. Feenstra, Chicago：University ofChicago Press，2000：227–267.
［15］Silva, J. A. and Leichenko, R. M.. Regional income inequality and international trade [J].Economic Geography，2004，80：261–286.
［16］Sachs, J. D. and Shatz, H. J.. U.S. trade with developing countries and wage inequality[J]. AEA Papers and Proceedings，1996，86：234–239.
［17］Barro, R. J.. Inequality and growth in a panel of countries [J]. Journal of EconomicGrowth，2000，5：5–32.
［18］Lundberg, M. and Squire, L. The simultaneous evolution of growth and inequality [J].Economic Journal，2003（487），113：326–344.
［19］Wood, A. North–south trade, employment，and inequality：Changing fortunes in askilldriven world. Oxford，U.K.：Clarendon Press，1994.
［20］Rodrik, D.. Has globalization gone too far? Washington，D.C.: Institute for InternationalEconomics，1997.
［21］Ronald D. Fischer. The evolution of inequality after trade liberalization [J]. Journal ofDevelopment Economics，2001（66），2：555-579.
［22］Bourguignon．F and Morrisson．C．Income distribution，Development and Distribution[J]. European Economic Review，1990(34)：1113-1132
［23］Spillimbergo．A，and J．L．Londo o and M．Székely. Income Distribution，FactorEndowments，Trade Openness[J]. Journal of Development Ecnomics，1999（59），1：77-101．
［24］Seshanna, S. and Decornez, S.. Income polarization and inequality across countries:Anempirical study [J]. Journal of Policy Modeling，2003，25：335–358.
［25］Anderson, E.. Openness and inequality in developing countries: A review of theory andrecent evidence [J]. World Development，2005，33：1045–1063.
［26］Paluzie, E.. Trade policy and regional inequalities [J]. Papers in Regional Science，2001，80：67–85.
［27］Rodríguez-Pose, A. and Gill, N.. How does trade affect regional disparities?[J]. WorldDevelopmen，t2006，34：1201–22.
［28］Fuchs R. J. and Pernia E. M. External economic forces and national spatial development:Japanese Direct Investment in Pacific Asia[A], Fuchs R. J. and Pernia E. M.: Urbanization andurban policies in Pacific Asia [C], Boulder and London：Westview Press，1987：88-111
［29］Sanchez-Reaza, J. and Rodriguez-Pose, A.. The Impact of Trade Liberalization onRegional Disparities in Mexico [J]. Growth and Change,2002,（33）：72-90
［30］Henderson, V. Urbanization in developing countries [J]. The World Bank ResearchObserver，2002（17），1：89-112.
［31］Pernia, E. M. and Quising, P. F. Trade Openness and regional development in adeveloping country [J]. The Annals of Regional Science，2003（37）：91-406.
［32］Willianmson J G．Regional inequality and the process of national development [J].Economic Development and Cultural Change，1965，13：3—45．
［33］AMOS O M，Jr．Unbalanced regional growth and regional income inequality [J].Regional Science and Urban Development，1988，18：549-566．
［34］Parikh, A. and Shibata, M. DoesTrade Liberalization Accelerate Convergence in perCapita Incomes in Developing Countries [J]. Journal of Asian Economics，2004（15）：33-48.
［35］SILVA J A，ROBIN M L. Regional income inequality and international trade[J]．Economic Geotraphy，2003，80：261-286．
［36］Julie A. Silva. Trade and Income Inequality in a Less Developed Country：The Case ofMozambique [J]. Economic Geography，2007（83），2：111–136.
［37］Barro，Robert J. and Sala-I-Matrin， Xavier. Economic Growth [M]. McGraw-Hill,1995.
［38］Jones，Ronald W. The Structure of Simple General Equilibrium Models[J]．Journal ofPolitical Economy，1965（73），6：557-572．
［39］Helpman，Elhanan and Paul R，Krugman. Market structure and Foreign Trade: IncreasingReturns，Imperfect Competition， and International Economy[M]. Cambridge，MA: MIT Press，1985：190-195.
［40］Fei J. C. H. and G. Ranis. Income Inequality by Additive Factor Components[M].Economic Growth Center，Yale University，1974：207.
［41］Fisher，R. A..Statistical Methods for Research Works（4thEdition）[M].Edinburgh:Oliver&Boyd，1932.
［42］Pedroni，P. Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogeneous Paneas withMultiple Regressors[J]．Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics，1999，61：653-670.
［43］Kao，C. Spurious Regression and Residual-Based Tests for Cointegration in PanelDatas[J]．Journal of Econometrics，1999（90）：1-44.
［44］Brown，Drusilla K.，Deardorff，Alan V. and Stern，RobertM. Protection and RealWages:Old and New Trade Theories and Their Empirical Counterparts[C]．CEPR/CESPRIConference， New Trade Theories:A Look at the Empirical Evidence， Milan， BocconiUniversity，May1993：27-28.
［45］Dagum，C.，On the Relationship between Income and Inequality Measures and SocialWelfare Functions[J]．Journal of Econometrics，1990，43，91-102.
［46］赵莹．中国的对外开放和收入差距[J]．世界经济文汇，2003，（4）：55-70．
［47］戴枫．贸易自由化与收入不平等—基于中国的经验研究[J]．世界经济研究，2005，（10）：39-46．
［48］王小鲁、樊纲．中国收入差距的走势和影响因素分析[J]．经济研究，2005，（10）：24-36．
［49］王少瑾．对外开放与我国的收入不平等—基于面板数据的实证研究[J]．世界经济研究，2007，（4）：16-20．
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